AQUACULTURE PROGRESS AQUACULTURE TODAY MILESTONE 1: MINIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS. Facts:
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1 MILESTONE 1: MINIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Background: Like all other animals, as fish metabolize food they produce wastes soluble nitrogenous compounds and settable solids (feces). A priority has been the development of protocols to help farmers locate their farms so to avoid the build-up of sediment on the seabed or organic changes in the water column. There are now modeling tools that evaluate the suitability of prospective farm sites for their ability to provide for the adequate dispersal and prevent assimilation of wastes. Usually this means locating mariculture facilities in areas with medium to strong tidal currents and water depths greater than 60 feet. A criticism of such an approach is that dilution is not the solution to pollution. But nutrients, managed properly, are beneficial wastes. On land, animal wastes are routinely used as fertilizer. In fact, under appropriately controlled conditions, this is a prerequisite of organic farming. It is entirely possible that, if all the interacting factors can be understood, mariculture wastes can result in a beneficial, localized enhancement of marine flora and fauna, including natural fisheries. The digestive wastes from fish in mariculture facilities are the same as those generated by schools of wild fish. In mariculture facilities, there is often an additional amount of organic material (small proportion of uneaten feed) passing through the net meshes and into the water column. These wastes do not contain toxic substances, unlike many industrial, landbased agricultural and domestic wastes, and they are biodegradable. Uneaten feed is, in well-managed farms, a very minor proportion of solid waste. Since it is not economical to use expensive raw materials inefficiently, fish farmers use a variety of monitoring devices, such as underwater cameras and acoustic Doppler systems, to ensure that the fish are adequately fed with minimal feed waste. Adverse effects on the cultured fish themselves are almost always the first indicators of excessive soluble wastes. It is in a fish farmer s best interest to prevent this, so examples of soluble wastes causing problems in mariculture are extremely rare. Accumulation of solid wastes under a mariculture facility can now be predicted by powerful new computer models and can be monitored by regular sediment sampling. In properly managed mariculture facilities, these changes in the sediment are minimal. In some cases, the changes fall within the range of natural variability (i.e., changes observed following storms or seasonal fluctuations in water temperature). In other cases, deposition of organic material in the sediment leads to an increase in sea floor productivity and increased aggregations of fish and marine invertebrates, changes that may be considered beneficial. Ammonia, in the form of urea, is excreted by fish and is quickly oxidized by marine bacteria to become nitrate, which is a basic plant nutrient. Solid wastes are also biodegraded by bacteria or in some part consumed by marine invertebrates. But this process is slower and, therefore, these wastes can accumulate on the seabed if they are not adequately dispersed.
2 MILESTONE 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND FOOD SAFETY Background: The presence of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and mercury in both wild and farmed salmon is a concern that some translate as a significant issue for all aquaculture operations. The most recent research shows that the levels of PCBs in wild and farmed salmon are virtually the same at about 1/200th of the FDA tolerance. These levels pose no health risk to consumers, according to leading public health organizations worldwide. The levels of PCBs in other foods, such as butter, are higher than in either wild or farmed salmon. With wild or farmed salmon in particular, public health organizations note that any potential risk is outweighed by health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids and other nutritional factors. Overall, levels of PCBs in all foods have declined about 90 percent since PCBs were banned in the late 1970s. It is widely believed that mercury (methylmercury) is absorbed by single-cell ocean plants (phytoplankton) and is then concentrated as it moves up the food chain (a process known as bioaccumulation). Larger, longer-lived, carnivorous fish tend to have the relatively higher concentrations. Mercury levels in wild fish are down slightly or the same as they have been since the 1970s, according to a 2005 U.S. House of Representatives Resources Committee report. New efforts such as the EPA s Clean Air Mercury Rule are likely to reduce mercury emissions. Like all farmed animals, cultured fish are given controlled diets. By testing for mercury in feed, fish farmers can better monitor and minimize mercury intake in their fish. In Australia, farmed tuna have been extensively tested for mercury and, as a result, have been removed from the mercury advisory list. Further testing may provide a better sense of the actual risks weighed against the widely acknowledged, proven health benefits of eating seafood. It is easier to limit fish intake of PCBs in aquaculture (by controlling PCBs in the diet) than it is to limit such intake in the wild. Aquaculturists now monitor PCB levels in the fish oil and fish meal components of fish feeds. For this reason, it is likely that that PCB levels in farmed fish may soon be lower than those in wild fish.
3 MILESTONE 3: PREVENTING ESCAPEMENT IMPACTS Background: One school of thought is that escaped farmed fish may impact wild populations if they breed and dilute the genetic structure of the wild population, or through competition for resources or possibly by disease transfer. No genetically modified fish products are commercially available in the U.S Additionally, California maintains strict regulations regarding the use of genetically modified organisms in aquaculture. In collaboration with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute has released cultured fish into the ocean for nearly 20 years. During this period, the program has consulted experts from around the world to understand and minimize any potential risks. This includes pre-release health assessment and certification of cultured fish by a veterinary fish pathologist, and implementation of management practices designed to maintain the genetic diversity of the wild population.
4 AQUACULTURE PROGRESS MILESTONE 4: DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE FEEDS Background: Most marine fish consumed in the U.S. eat other marine animals (e.g., fish, squid, crustaceans, etc.) and many feeds prepared to grow marine fish have relied on fishmeal as the primary protein source. Fishmeal is produced from forage or baitfish such as sardines, anchovies, herring and menhaden. Some argue that as marine fish farming grows, increasing amounts of forage fish will need to be used in feeds, and stocks will be depleted, limiting their ability to recover. Significant progress has been made to ensure that this will not be the case. There has also been significant research dedicated to Cultured fish are more efficient than land-based live- stock at converting feed into body mass because they do not have to maintain body temperature or fight gravity. A recent report from Conservation International and World Fish states that aquaculture is by far the most ecologically efficient way to culture animal protein for human consumption. Global production of fishmeal has remained stable for the last 15 years while global aquaculture production has increased almost threefold. This is the result of increasing efficiencies and changing composition of aquaculture feeds. the use of fish trimmings (what is left after a fish is cleaned for market) as a protein source, thereby reducing the need for fish meal from forage fish. Wild fish are less efficient at converting protein into body mass than farmed fish. A comparison between wild-caught cod and farmed salmon showed that salmon were five times more efficient in converting baitfish into edible protein. Attempts to incorporate bait fish directly into human diets have mostly failed. Canned sardines are an exception, but in general humans find these small, bony, fishy tasting species unpalatable. Scientists and fishery managers generally believe that fishmeal fisheries are some of the best managed and sustainable fisheries The cost of feed is the single greatest proportion of a fish farm s operating budget, sometimes approaching 50%, and fishmeal is the most expensive ingredient in any commercially available, fishmeal based diet. Accordingly, researchers and feed companies have made substantial progress in substituting other ingredients (for example, vegetable proteins and vegetable oil) in aquaculture feeds, a trend that will continue because it provides greater price stability Midway Drive, Suite B #301 San Diego, CA (619) info@rosecanyonfisheries.com
5 MILESTONE 5: MINIMIZING THE USE OF CHEMICALS Background: Antibiotics are used to treat disease in all forms of animal farming and the likelihood that pathogens will develop resistance to antibiotics may increase over time. Excessive use of antibiotics exacerbates this process and is, therefore, to be discouraged. Disease prevention is the best way to minimize the need for antibiotics. Good water quality combined with sound management practices, such as low stocking densities and use of high-quality feed help to keep fish healthy. Very few antibiotics are approved for use in food fish and any that are used are strictly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The use of vaccines is another way to minimize the need for antibiotics. Vaccines have been especially effective in the salmon farming industry and the techniques developed with salmon are now applicable to other fish species.
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