NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi

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1 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta bedoti Beraneck,1895 Common Name ( if available): Arrow worm Synonyms Author( s) Status Sagitta bedoti f. minor Tokioka 1942 Sagitta minor Hamon 1956 Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Sub-Phylum: Super class: Class: Sub- Class: Super Order: Sub Order: Super Family: Family: Sub-Family: Genus: Sagitta Species: bedoti Authority: Beraneck Reference No.: Beraneck, E., Les Chaetognathes de la baie d Amboine. Rev. suisse Zool., 3: Geographical Location: This species is typical of Indo Pacific warm neritic waters. In the Indian Ocean extends along tropico equatorial belt to Gulf of Aden and off coast of Somalia, being abundant in near shore area. They are more common in northern Indian Ocean. The limit of distribution extends up to 15 S. Latitude: Extends upto 15 S Longitude: E. Place: State:

2 Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Marine Salinity : Brackish : Yes / No Migrations : PerformVertical migrations. Temperature : This can be diurnal in relation to size/stage of maturity, light intensity or otherwise Salt water : Yes / No Depth range: m. Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Sagitta bedoti A Dorsal view; B Head; C Eye; D Arrangement of ova in the ovary; E Seminal vesicle.

3 DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: The body is long slender and opaque. The longitudinal muscles are strong and hence the shape of the body is maintained. Intestinal diverticula absent. Lateral fields are wide. The head is small with conspicuous neck. Tail constitutes 22 to 25 per cent of total length and constriction at tail septum is not well marked. Eyes are roundish and pigmented region is star shaped with five branches. Collarette short, not thick and extends to the origin of the anterior lateral fins. Corona ciliata extends from half to one third of distance from head to ventral ganglion. Ventral ganglion is situated at the origin of the anterior lateral fins. Anterior fins are longer and narrower than posterior fins. They are wide at their posterior part. The inner part is rayless and most anterior part of fin is a thin lamella and they extend forward to middle of ventral ganglion. Posterior fins begin close to posterior end of anterior fins and extend to seminal vesicles. More than half of the fin is on trunk than on tail segment. They are triangular in shape and extend to the seminal vesicles. The inner most part of these fins is rayless. Sex attributes: Hermaphrodite. Male gonads being located in the tail segment, the female in the posterior part of the trunck. Though hermaphrodite cross fertilization by copulation is the rule. Descriptive characters: When fully mature, ovaries reach up to ventral ganglion. Ova are round and arranged in three rows. Seminal vesicles touch both posterior end of posterior fins and tail fin. They are ovoid and anterior half is slightly broader than the posterior portion. They break open along the anterolateral margin, through which the sperms are liberated.

4 Meristic characteristics: Hooks are wide, thick, short and not strongly curved. Hook number 6 to 8 at each side. Anterior teeth are small and range from 8 to 10 at each side. Posterior teeth are numerous, thin and placed close together and the number varies from 18 to 22. Feeding habit: Active, well armed, voracious animals. Main food : Crustaceans, hydromedusae, other chaetognaths, fish lavae. Feeding type : Carnivore. Additional remarks: Size and age: Total length about 14 to 15 mm at maturity. Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Range and average length: 9-15 (13) mm Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

5 Eggs and larvae: Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Season: Fecundity: Comment: Ref. No.: Ref. No. Ref. No. Main Ref: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Chaetognaths of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 7: Srinivasan, M Taxonomy and ecology of Chaetognatha of the west coast of India in relation to their role as indicator organisms of watermasses. Zool. Surv. India, Tech. Monogr. No Pierrot Bults, A.C and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Distribution patterns in Chaetognaths. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q.Bone, H. Kapp and A. C. Pierrot Bults (Eds.). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS(Name, address, phone, fax, etc.) Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair HB/50, Vijaya South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Tel: Fax: e mail: vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

6 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta bipunctata Quoy and Gaimard, 1827 Common Name ( if available): Arrow worm Synonyms Author( s) Status Sagitta californica Michael 1913 Bieri 1957 Sund 1961 Sagitta atlantica Gray 1922 Sagitta hispida Burfield and Harvey 1926 George 1952 Sagitta multidentata Hsu 1943 Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Sub-Phylum: Super class: Class: Sub- Class: Super Order: Sub Order: Super Family: Family: Sub-Family: Genus: Sagitta Species: bipunctata Authority: Quoy and Gaimard Reference No.: Quoy, J. and Gaimard, P., Observations zoologiques faites a bord de l Astrolabe en Mai 1826 dans le detroit de Gibraltar. Annls Sci. nat., 10: Geographical Location: This is an oceanic, cosmopolitan species of temperate and warm oceanic waters and adjacent seas indicating world wide distribution. In the Indian Ocean S. bipunctata is abundant north of equator. This species extends to Gulf of Aden, Somalian coast and Red Sea. The distributional limit in the Indian Ocean is 35 S. Latitude: Extends to 35 S Longitude: E Place: State:

7 Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Marine Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : Perform vertical migrations. Temperature : This can be diurnal in relation to size/stage of maturity, light intensity or otherwise Salt water : Yes / No Depth range: m. Sparse between m. Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Sagitta bipunctata A Dorsal view; B Head ; C Details of posterior part of tail and seminal vesicles (dorsal view); D Eye; E Arrangement of ova in the ovary.

8 DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Body rigid, opaque due to strong longitudinal muscles. Width of the body is almost same from head to tail septum. Lateral fields are narrow. Intestinal diverticula are absent. Head is slightly bigger than body with distinct neck covered by thick layer of collarette which extends upto the tip of the tail. Tail constitutes 22 to 24 per cent of total length and the constriction at the tail septum is very prominent. Eyes are small, roundish and pigment distributed in three branches. Ventral ganglion is situated just at the level of the origin of the anterior fins. Anterior fins wide, roundish, beginning at a level behind posterior end of ventral ganglion and are fully rayed. Posterior fins wider and longer than anterior fins, reaching maximum width at about the level of caudal septum. More than 60 per cent of the fins seen on the trunk segment and fins are fully rayed. Sex attributes: Hermaphrodite. Male gonads being located in the tail segment, the female in the posterior part of the trunk. Though hermaphrodite cross fertilization by copulation is the rule. Descriptive characters: Ovaries are long, well developed and in mature specimens reach upto anterior fins. Ova are roundish, small and irregularly placed in one or two rows. Ova of different sizes and at various stages of development appear in ovary. Seminal vesicles are elongated with an anterior bulged portion. The posterior end of seminal vesicles are in touch with the tail fin. A wide gap is seen between the seminal vesicles and posterior lateral fins.

9 Meristic characteristics: Number of hooks vary from 8 to 10 at each side. Anterior teeth total 5 to 8 at each side. Posterior teeth total 8 to 16 at each side. Feeding habit: Active, well armed, voracious animals. Main food : Crustaceans, hydromedusae, other chaetognaths, fish lavae. Feeding type : Carnivore. Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum size ranged from 15 to 18.5 mm Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Range and average length : ( av.12) mm. Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

10 Eggs and larvae: Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Season: Fecundity: Comment: Ref. No.: Ref. No. Ref. No. Main Ref: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Chaetognaths of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 7: Srinivasan, M Taxonomy and ecology of Chaetognatha of the west coast of India in relation to their role as indicator organisms of watermasses. Zool. Surv. India, Tech. Monogr. No Pierrot Bults, A.C and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Distribution patterns in Chaetognaths. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q.Bone, H. Kapp and A. C. Pierrot Bults (Eds.). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS(Name, address, phone, fax, etc.) Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair HB/50, Vijaya South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Tel: Fax: e mail: vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

11 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta bombayensis Lele and Gae, 1936 Common Name ( if available): Arrow worm Synonyms Author( s) Status Sagitta robusta George 1949 Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Sub-Phylum: Super class: Class: Sub- Class: Super Order: Sub Order: Super Family: Family: Sub-Family: Genus: Sagitta Species: bombayensis Authority: Lele and Gae Reference No.: Lele, S.H. and Gae, P.B Common Sagittae of Bombay Harbour. J. Univ. Bombay, 4: Geographical Location: This is an endemic species in shallow near shore waters off Bombay and Lawson s Bay. Reported also from Malaysian coastal waters. Latitude: Longitude: Place: State:

12 Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Marine Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : Temperature : Salt water : Yes / No Depth range: m Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Sagitta bombayensis After Srinivasan, 1979 A Dorsal view; B Eye; C Head; D Hook; E Arrangement of ova in ovary; F Posterior region of tail segment.

13 DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Body elongated, slender, translucent and rigid with strong longitudinal muscles. Head is of moderate size, wider than long and width about 88 per cent of length. Intestinal diverticula absent. Collarette well developed extending from head to slightly behind middle of posterior lateral fins, the width being uniform except infront of anterior lateral fins and close to tail septum. Eyes are oval, have a square shaped pigmented region with the convex part towards inside. Tail segment per cent of animal and clearly differentiated from trunk by a tail septum. Ventral ganglion is small, elliptical and situated distinctly ahead of anterior lateral fins. Anterior fins slightly smaller than posterior fins and measure 16 to 20 per cent of total length of animal and fins are fully rayed. Posterior fins longer and broader than anterior fins, measures per cent of total length, are fully rayed and posterior part reaches the seminal vesicles. More than 60 per cent of the posterior fins on tail segment. Sex attributes: Hermaphrodite. Male gonads being located in the tail segment, the female in the posterior part of the trunck. Though hermaphrodite cross fertilization by copulation is the rule. Descriptive characters: Ovarian tubes are long, slender and in mature specimens extend upto ventral ganglion. Ova are round and arranged in one row along with small undeveloped ova placed between large ova. In mature specimens tail segment completely filled with sperms. Seminal vesicles touch both posterior and caudal fins. Anterior part of seminal vesicle spout shaped when fully mature.

14 Meristic characteristics: Hooks are long and slender and range from 9 to 10. Anterior teeth number from 9 to 10 while posterior teeth from 18 to 23. Feeding habit: Active, well armed, voracious animals. Main food : Crustaceans, hydromedusae, other chaetognaths, fish lavae. Feeding type : Carnivore. Additional remarks: This is a new species recorded from the Agatti atoll, Laccadive Archipelago. Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Length varied from 7.8 to 15.2 mm. Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

15 Eggs and larvae: Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Season: Fecundity: Comment: Ref. No.: Ref. No. Ref. No. Main Ref: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Silas, E.G. and Srinivasan, M., On the little known Chaetognatha Sagitta bombayensis Lele and Gae (1936) from Indian waters. J. Mar. Boil. Ass. India, 9(1): Vijayalakshmi Nair, R., Chaetognaths of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 7: Pierrot Bults, A.C and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Distribution patterns in Chaetognaths. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q.Bone, H. Kapp and A. C. Pierrot Bults (Eds.). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS(Name, address, phone, fax, etc.) Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair HB/50, Vijaya South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Tel: Fax: e mail: vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

16 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta decipiens Fowler, 1905 Common Name ( if available): Arrow worm Synonyms Author( s) Status Sagitta philippini Michael 1905 Sagitta neodecipiens Tokioka 1959 Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Sub-Phylum: Super class: Class: Sub- Class: Super Order: Sub Order: Super Family: Family: Sub-Family: Genus: Sagitta Species: decipiens Authority: Fowler Reference No.: Fowler, G.H., Biscayan plankton of H.M.S. Research. Pt. III. Chaetognatha. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 10: Geographical Location: This is a mesoplanktonic, oceanic, cosmopolitan species in temperate and warm oceanic regions. In the Indian Ocean S. decipiens is the dominant mesoplanktonic species with maximum abundance between m. Latitude: Extends to 40 S Longitude: Place: State:

17 Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Marine Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : PerformVertical migrations. Temperature : This can be diurnal in relation to size/stage of maturity, light intensity or otherwise: Salt water : Yes / No Depth range: Maximum density between m. Often found below 1000 m in northern and Central Indian Ocean. Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Sagitta decipiens (After Srinivasan, 1979) A Dorsal view; B Head; C Details of posterior part of tail and seminal vesicles (dorsal view); D Eye; E Arrangement of ova in the ovary.

18 DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Body is long, slender, translucent, flexible and widest at level of ovaries. Longitudinal muscles are weak. Contriction at tail septum is not well defined. Lateral fields are wide. Intestinal diverticula well developed. Head small with conspicuous neck. Tail comprises about 25 to 29 per cent of total length. Eyes oval with longitudinal axis parallel to longitudinal axis of animal. Pigmented region at the centre is arranged in three branches, two longitudinal and a smaller transversal one. Collarette is absent. Ventral ganglion is seen about one fourth distance from the anterior end. Anterior fins reach to posterior part of ventral ganglion and slightly longer than posterior fins. It is fully rayed. Posterior fins triangular in shape and are wider at caudal septum. This is more on trunk and only about one third of their length is on tail segment. Fins are fully rayed except for a small area at opening of oviducts. Posterior fins do not reach up to the seminal vesicles. Sex attributes: Hermaphrodite. Male gonads being located in the tail segment, the female in the posterior part of the trunck. Though hermaphrodite cross fertilization by copulation is the rule. Descriptive characters: Ovaries are long, slender and extend to one third of anterior fins in mature specimens. Ova are oval in shape and arranged in one row. Seminal vesicles is away from posterior fins, but closer to tail fin. They are pear shaped with widest part at anterior part and breaks open along anterolateral margin by a transverse incision to liberate sperms.

19 Meristic characteristics: Hooks are long, strong and number varies from 5 to 8. Anterior teeth are short and wide ranging from 8 to10 at each side, while posterior teeth total 19 to 22 at each side. Feeding habit: Active, well armed, voracious animals. Main food : Crustaceans, hydromedusae, other chaetognaths, fish lavae. Feeding type : Carnivore. Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Total length reaches 14 or16 mm at maturity. Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Range and average length: (13) mm Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

20 Eggs and larvae: Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Season: Fecundity: Comment: Ref. No.: Ref. No. Ref. No. Main Ref: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Chaetognaths of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 7: Srinivasan, M Taxonomy and ecology of Chaetognatha of the west coast of India in relation to their role as indicator organisms of watermasses. Zool. Surv. India, Tech. Monogr. No Pierrot Bults, A.C and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Distribution patterns in Chaetognaths. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q.Bone, H. Kapp and A. C. Pierrot Bults (Eds.). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS(Name, address, phone, fax, etc.) Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair HB/50, Vijaya South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Tel: Fax: e mail: vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

21 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields;add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha. Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta enflata Grassi, 1881 Common Name ( if available) : Synonyms: Sagitta inflata Sagitta gardineri S.enflata f. gardineri Sagitta australis S. gazellae Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Super Class : Super Order: Super Family: Author(s) Baldasseroni Germain & Joubin Scaccini & Ghirardelli Ramault & Rose Ghirardelli Hamon Rose Silas and Srinivasan Doncaster John Lele & Gae Tokioka Johnston Johnston&Taylor Burfield Sub- Phylum Class : Order: Sub Order : Family : Species : enflata Status Sub- Class: Genus : Sagitta Sub-Family: Authority: Grassi Reference No. Grassi, B., Intorno ai Chaetognati. R.C. Inst. lombardo, Ser. 2, 14: Geographical Location: This is a cosmopolitan epiplanktonic species of temperate and warm oceanic waters. Dominant epiplanktonic species of the Indian Ocean extending southwards to 43 S. Maximum population density was observed north of Equator. Latitude: Extends southwards to 43 S Longitude: E Place: State:

22 Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat: Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : Perform vertical migrations. Temperature : This can be diurnal in relation to size/stage of maturity, light intensity or otherwise Salt water : Yes / No Depth range : 0-200, seldom penetrates below 250m. Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages) Sagitta enflata A Dorsal view; B Head; C Eye; D Seminal vesicle; E Arrangement of ova in the ovary.

23 DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others) (Please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES: Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Body is highly transparent, flaccid, flexible and wider at the centre. The longitudinal muscles are thin and weak. The lateral fields are wide. Conspicuous constriction is observed at the tail septum. Intestinal diverticula are absent. Head is small compared to body and wider than long. Neck is narrow and well marked. Tail percentage to total length Eyes placed closer to each other than sides of the head. Eyes oval and pigmented region shaped like five pointed star with tips truncated and two arms longer than other three. Collarette absent. Corona ciliata short and placed almost entirely in head. Ventral ganglion is situated about midway between head and anterior fins. Anterior fins are short and narrow and placed about midway between neck and tip of the tail. Fin rays are absent in the inner part. Posterior fins are slightly longer than anterior fins, wider at caudal septum, extend more on trunk than tail segment and do not reach seminal vesicles. Inner most part of the posterior fins ray less. Sex attributes: Hermaphrodite. Male gonads being located in the tail segment, the female in the posterior part of the trunck. Though hermaphrodite cross fertilization by copulation is the rule. Descriptive characters: When fully mature ovaries reach either up to two thirds of posterior fins on trunk or to anterior end of posterior fins or up to anterior fins depending on the first, second or last maturity cycle. Ova are large round and arranged in three rows. Seminal vesicles separated from posterior fins and close to tail fin. Seminal vesicles are spherical, small and break open by a fissure at anterolateral margin through which sperms are liberated. Testis occupies the posterior part of tail segment extending from tip of tail and extend the tail to about half the length of tail.

24 Meristic characteristics: Hooks vary from 8 to 10 on each side with wide base and short curved sheath. Anterior teeth range between 4 and 8 at each side. Posterior teeth number 4 to 13 per set. Feeding habit: Active, well armed, voracious animals. Main food : Crustaceans, hydromedusae, other chaetognaths, fish lavae. Feeding type : Carnivore. Additional remarks: Representatives of different sizes belonging to 3 maturity cycles often represented in same sample indicating the presence of different populations in which maturity reached at various length sizes. This indicates the species undergoes consecutive cycles of maturity corresponding with their increase in size. Size and age: When fully mature the length varies from 6 to 25 mm. Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relation ships:

25 Eggs and larvae: Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Season: Fecundity: Comment: Ref. No.: Ref. No. Ref. No. Main Ref: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Chaetognaths of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 7: Grassi, B., Intorno ai Chaetognati. R.C. Inst. lombardo, Ser. 2, 14: Pierrot Bults, A.C and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Distribution patterns in Chaetognaths. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q.Bone, H. Kapp and A. C. Pierrot Bults (Eds.). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS(Name, address, phone, fax, etc.) Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair HB/50, Vijaya South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Tel: Fax: e mail: vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

26 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta ferox Doncaster, 1903 Common Name ( if available): Arrow worm Synonyms Author( s) Status Sagitta ai Sagitta planctonis Sagitta robusta Tokioka Delsman Burfied and Harvey Schilp Hida Bieri Sund Sund and Renner Tokioka Rao Rao and Ganapati Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Sub-Phylum: Super class: Class: Sub- Class: Super Order: Sub Order: Super Family: Family: Sub-Family: Genus: Sagitta Species: ferox Authority: Doncaster Reference No.: Doncaster, L., Chaetognatha with a note on the variation and distribution of the group. Fauna and Geography, Maldive-Laccadive, Arch., 1: Geographical Location: This is an Indo Pacific oceanic species extending along tropico equatorial waters. In Indian ocean more abundant along the equatorial regions and extends to 40 S. Latitude: Extends to 40 S Longitude: E. Place: State:

27 Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Marine Salinity : Brackish : Yes / No Migrations : PerformVertical migrations. Temperature : This can be diurnal in relation to size/stage of maturity, light intensity or otherwise Salt water : Yes / No Depth range: m. Often found below 250 m. Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Sagitta ferox A Dorsal view; B Head; C Details of posterior part of tail and seminal vesicles (dorsal view); D Eye; E Arrangement of ova in the ovary.

28 DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Body is firm, opaque and rigid due to strong and thick longitudinal muscles. The body is of uniform size from neck to tail septum. Longitudinal and transverse muscles strong. Lateral are fields are narrow. Intestinal diverticula are present. Head is bigger than body and clearly differentiated from the trunk by a well marked neck. Tail segment constitutes 26 to 27 per cent of total length and there is a clear constriction at tail septum. Eyes round with pigment distributed in three branches, one shorter and perpendicular to the other two. Thick collarette is seen extending from neck to ventral ganglion and it spreads as a thin layer to tip of tail. Ventral ganglion is situated at the level of the origin of anterior lateral fins. Anterior fins begin at the level of midlength of ventral ganglion and are longer than posterior fins. Fin are fully rayed. Posterior fins are shorter and broader than anterior fins. It is wider at tail segment and extend for about same distance as trunk as in tail and touch the seminal vesicles. They are covered by rays except for a small ray less zone near the tail septum. Both anterior and posterior fins are rather close to each other laterally. Sex attributes: Hermaphrodite. Male gonads being located in the tail segment, the female in the posterior part of the trunck. Though hermaphrodite cross fertilization by copulation is the rule. Descriptive characters: Ovaries are long and wide tubes filling the body cavity and reach upto neck region in fully mature specimens. Ova are large and arranged dorsoventrally in two rows. Seminal vesicles touch both posterior fins and tail fin. They are oval with an anterior bulged portion. Posterior section is oval while anterior section covered by a shield. Vesicles open along the anterolateral margin through which the sperms are liberated.

29 Meristic characteristics: Hooks strong, long and occur in rather constant number of 6 though occasionally 5 on each side. Anterior teeth total 7 to 10, at each side. Posterior teeth vary from 12 to 14 at each side. Feeding habit: Active, well armed, voracious animals. Main food : Crustaceans, hydromedusae, other chaetognaths, fish lavae. Feeding type : Carnivore. Additional remarks: Size and age: Total length at maturity 16 to 18 mm. Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Range and average length: 5-18 (11) mm Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

30 Eggs and larvae: Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Season: Fecundity: Comment: Ref. No.: Ref. No. Ref. No. Main Ref: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Chaetognaths of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 7: Srinivasan, M Taxonomy and ecology of Chaetognatha of the west coast of India in relation to their role as indicator organisms of watermasses. Zool. Surv. India, Tech. Monogr. No Pierrot Bults, A.C and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Distribution patterns in Chaetognaths. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q.Bone, H. Kapp and A. C. Pierrot Bults (Eds.). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS(Name, address, phone, fax, etc.) Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair HB/50, Vijaya South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Tel: Fax: e mail: vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

31 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields;add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta gazellae Ritter Zahony, 1909 Common Name ( if available) : Arrow worm Synonyms: Sagitta lyra Sagitta lyra gazellae type Sagitta maxima Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Super Class : Super Order: Super Family: Genus : Sagitta Author(s) Baldasseroni Johnston and Taylor Bollmann Tokioka Thomson Fagetti Bieri Tokioka Thiel Sub- Phylum Class : Order: Family : Species : gazellae Status Sub- Class: Sub Order : Sub-Family: For office use: Authority: Ritter-Zahony Reference No. Ritter-Zahony, R., Chatognathen, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 84: Geographical Location: The species extend northward to Subantartic waters. In the Indian Ocean it is recorded at S. Latitude: S Longitude: E Place: State:

32 Environment Fresh water:yes/ No Habitat : Marine Brackish :Yes/ No Migrations : PerformVertical migrations. This can be diurnal in relation to size/stage of maturity, light intensity or otherwise. Salt water :Yes / No Depth range : 2000 to 500 m Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages) Salinity : Temperature : Sagitta gazellae A Dorsal view; B Head; C Details of posterior part of tail and seminal vesicles (dorsal view); D Eye; E Arrangement of ova in the ovary.

33 DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Body is bulky and tumid. Trunk region is widest at about midlength of the animal. A constriction at tail septum is well marked. Longitudinal muscles are thin. Lateral fields are wide. Intestinal diverticula absent. Head is of regular size and wider than long. Neck is very conspicuous.. Tail segment forms 15 per cent of total length. Eyes are oval, strongly pigmented, disposed in to a knob shape, extending diffusely around, giving a roundish shape. Collarette is absent. Ventral ganglion is far above the anterior fins. Corona ciliata is pear shaped. Anterior fins are longer than posterior fins. Anterior fins starts far behind the ventral ganglion. Anterior fins connected to posterior fins by a narrow bridge. The posterior end of anterior fins are rayed while the anterior and internal parts are rayless. Posterior fins triangular in shape and located more on trunk than on tail. Posterior fins have a thick central ray less zone. The outer part of the fin is rayed. The tail fin is furcated formed of two round oval parts. Sex attributes: Hermaphrodite. Male gonads being located in the tail segment, the female in the posterior part of the trunck. Though hermaphrodite cross fertilization by copulation is the rule. Descriptive characters: Ovarian tubes are long not filling completely body cavity. When fully mature it extends up to the posterior end of ventral ganglion. Ova are round and arranged in eight rows. Seminal vesicles are oval in shape. Seminal vesicles are half way between posterior fins and tail fin. But it is closer to posterior fins.

34 Meristic characteristics: Hooks vary from 5 to 8. Number of anterior teeth ranges from 5 to 6 on each side. Posterior teeth reduced to none or occasionally one on each side. Feeding habit: Active, well armed, voracious animals. Main food : Crustaceans, hydromedusae, other chaetognaths, fish larvae. Feeding type : Carnivore. Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed) Total length at maturity is 82 mm. Length variation mm. Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed) Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

35 Eggs and larvae: Characteristics: Abundance: Ref. No.: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Ref. No. Electrophoresis: Ref. No. SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Main Ref: Season: Fecundity: Comment: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Ritter-Zahony, R., Chatognathen, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 84: Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Chaetognaths of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 7: Pierrot Bults, A.C and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Distribution patterns in Chaetognaths. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q.Bone, H. Kapp and A. C. Pierrot Bults (Eds.). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS(Name, address, phone, fax, etc.) Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair HB/50, Vijaya South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Tel: Fax: e mail: vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

36 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta hexaptera d Orbigny, 1843 Common Name ( if available): Arrow worm Synonyms Author( s) Status Sagitta hexaptera f. magna Germain and Joubin 1916 Sagitta gazellae Furnestin 1953 (but rectified in 1955) Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Sub-Phylum: Super class: Class: Sub- Class: Super Order: Sub Order: Super Family: Family: Sub-Family: Genus: Sagitta Species: hexaptera Authority: d Orbigny Reference No.: d Orbigny, A., Voyage dans l Amerique meridionale, Mollusques, Paris, 5: Geographical Location: This is a cosmopolitan epiplanktonic species inhabiting the temperate and warm regions of the oceans. In Indian Ocean numerical representation is low, but distribution of the species extends southwards to about 42 S. They reach the adjacent Gulf of Aden and Red Sea also. Latitude: Extends upto 42 S Longitude: E Place: State:

37 Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Marine Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : PerformVertical migrations. Temperature : This can be diurnal in relation to size/stage of maturity, light intensity or otherwise Salt water : Yes / No Depth range: m. Seldom found below 200 m. Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Sagitta hexaptera A Dorsal view; B Head; C Details of posterior part of tail and seminal vesicles (dorsal view); D Eye; E Arrangement of ova in the ovary.

38 DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Sagitta hexaptera is one of the largest chaetognaths. Body is highly transparent, tumid, flaccid, but retains its form very well due to strong longitudinal muscles. The body is widest at about its mid length. Lateral fields are large. Intestinal diverticula are absent. Head is smaller than the size of the body and clearly demarcated from the trunk by a neck. There is slight constriction at tail septum. Collarette absent. Eyes placed closer to each other. Eyes are oval with longest axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of animal. The pigmented region has three branches leaving three clear spaces. Corona ciliata is pear-shaped extending from level of eyes to neck. Tail segment varies between 17 to 20 per cent of total length. Constriction at the tail septum is not very prominent. Ventral ganglion is situated roughly at the central region between the tip of head and posterior end of anterior fins. Anterior fins are shorter, with rays only at the outer edge. Anterior fins placed midway between ventral ganglion and caudal septum. Posterior fins triangular and longer and wider than anterior fins. They extend from trunk to about midlength of tail but apart from seminal vesicles. One third of posteior fin is on tail. Anterior and internal part of the posterior fins are rayless. The rayed zone extends along outer part of fins. Sex attributes: Hermaphrodite. Male gonads being located in the tail segment, the female in the posterior part of the trunck. Though hermaphrodite cross fertilization by copulation is the rule. Descriptive characters: Ovarian tubes are long, slender and reach up to ventral ganglion in fully mature specimens. Ova roundish and arranged in three rows. Seminal vesicles are closer to the caudal fin and separated from the caudal fin by a gap equal to its length. They are spherical in shape and break open along the mid dorsolateral region through which the sperms are liberated.

39 Meristic characteristics: Hooks wide, strongly curved and vary from from 7 to 10 on either side of the head.. Number of anterior teeth usually 3 and ranges from 2 to 4 at each side and are long and fine with wide base. Posterior teeth vary between 2 and 6. Feeding habit: Active, well armed, voracious animals. Main food : Crustaceans, hydromedusae, other chaetognaths, fish lavae. Feeding type : Carnivore. Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Normally upto 40 mm. At times reach a length of 70 mm in colder waters when the animal is still immature. Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Range and average length: (32) mm Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

40 Eggs and larvae: Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Season: Fecundity: Comment: Ref. No.: Ref. No. Ref. No. Main Ref: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Chaetognaths of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 7: Srinivasan, M Taxonomy and ecology of Chaetognatha of the west coast of India in relation to their role as indicator organisms of watermasses. Zool. Surv. India, Tech. Monogr. No Pierrot Bults, A.C and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Distribution patterns in Chaetognaths. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q.Bone, H. Kapp and A. C. Pierrot Bults (Eds.). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS(Name, address, phone, fax, etc.) Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair HB/50, Vijaya South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Tel: Fax: e mail: vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

41 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta lyra Krohn, 1853 Common Name ( if available): Arrow worm Synonyms Author( s) Status Pseudosagitta grimaldi Germain and Joubin 1912 Sagitta lyra gazellae Ghirardelli 1950 Hamon 1952 Sagitta lyra typica Ghirardelli 1950 Hamon 1952 Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Sub-Phylum: Super class: Class: Sub- Class: Super Order: Sub Order: Super Family: Family: Sub-Family: Genus: Sagitta Species: lyra Authority: Krohn Reference No.: Krohn, A Nachtragliche Bemerkungen u. den Bau der Gattung Sagitta, nebst der Beschreibung einiger neuen Arten. Arch. Naturgesch., 19: Geographical Location: This is an oceanic, cosmopolitan species of warm and temperate regions of Atlantic and Indian Ocean and of the Kuroshio region of Pacific. In the Indian Ocean S. lyra is more abundant on the western than on the eastern side, in a region influenced by West Australian current and extending to subtropical convergence. Latitude: Extends to 37 S Longitude: Place: State:

42 Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Marine Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : PerformVertical migrations. Temperature : This can be diurnal in relation to size/stage of maturity, light intensity or otherwise Salt water : Yes / No Depth range: m South of 30 S m. Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Sagitta lyra A Dorsal view; B Head; C Details of posterior part of tail and seminal vesicles (dorsal view); D Eye; E Arrangement of ova in the ovary (dorsoventral view).

43 DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Sagitta lyra is one of the larger species of the genus Sagitta from mesoplanktonic realms. Body is transparent, flabby and fexible. Trunk widest at about midlength. Constriction at tail septum is well developed. Longitudinal muscles are thin and weak and lateral fields are wide. Intestinal diverticula are absent. Head is broad and well differentiated from the trunk by a neck. Tail constitutes 14 to 18 percent of total length. Eyes oval in shape with a pigmented region at the centre. Collarette absent. Corona ciliata pear-shaped, beginning behind eyes and scarcely extending into trunk. Ventral ganglion is small compared with the body size and located above the level of the beginning of anterior fins.. Anterior and posterior fins connected at each side by a soft thick unstructured bridge. The anterior fins are longer than posterior fins and reach to a level close to posterior end of ventral ganglion. Anterior part of fins are rayless, the posterior and outer part are rayed. Posterior fins are wider than the anterior lateral fins and more than 75 per cent of these fins are seen in the trunk. The inner region of these fins is rayless. Caudal fin is bifurcated into two equal oval lobes by a small fissure at the centre of the fin. Sex attributes: Hermaphrodite. Male gonads being located in the tail segment, the female in the posterior part of the trunck. Though hermaphrodite cross fertilization by copulation is the rule. Descriptive characters: Ovaries are long tubes and when fully mature extending to anterior end of anterior fins. Ova round and arranged in four dorso-ventral rows. Seminal vesicles oval in shape closer to the end of posterior lateral fins. They break open along the middle region through which the sperms are liberated.

44 Meristic characteristics: Hooks vary from 3 to 9 on each side. Anterior and posterior teeth vary respectively 6 to 8 and 3 to 12. The low number of hooks and teeth being observed in mature specimens. Feeding habit: Active, well armed, voracious animals. Main food : Crustaceans, hydromedusae, other chaetognaths, fish lavae. Feeding type : Carnivore. Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Total length when fully mature ranges from 35 to 38 mm. Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Length Range and average: (26) mm Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

45 Eggs and larvae: Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Season: Fecundity: Comment: Ref. No.: Ref. No. Ref. No. Main Ref: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Chaetognaths of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 7: Srinivasan, M Taxonomy and ecology of Chaetognatha of the west coast of India in relation to their role as indicator organisms of watermasses. Zool. Surv. India, Tech. Monogr. No Pierrot Bults, A.C and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Distribution patterns in Chaetognaths. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q.Bone, H. Kapp and A. C. Pierrot Bults (Eds.). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS(Name, address, phone, fax, etc.) Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair HB/50, Vijaya South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Tel: Fax: e mail: vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

46 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta macrocephala Fowler, 1905 Common Name ( if available): Arrow worm Synonyms Author( s) Status Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Sub-Phylum: Super class: Class: Sub- Class: Super Order: Sub Order: Super Family: Family: Sub-Family: Genus: Sagitta Species: macrocephala Authority: Fowler Reference No.: Fowler, G. H., Biscayan plankton of H.M.S. Research. Pt. III. Chaetognatha. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 10: Geographical Location: This is a cosmopolitan, deep water mesopelagic oceanic species. In Indian Ocean lives at great depth in the northern part. From south of Equator gradually enters the mesopelagic stratum and at subantarctic rises to epiplanktonic domain. Latitude: Longitude: Place: State:

47 Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Marine Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : PerformVertical migrations. Temperature : This can be diurnal in relation to size/stage of maturity, light intensity or otherwise Salt water : Yes / No Depth range: Northern region m. South of Equator m. South of subtropical convergence m. Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Sagitta macrocephala A Dorsal view; B Head; C Details of posterior part of tail and seminal vesicles (dorsal view); D Eye; E Arrangement of ova in the ovary.

48 DATA ENTRY FORM: Form- 2(Fish / shellfish / others ) (please answer only relevant fields ; add additional fields if you require) Form 1 Ref.No.: IMPORTANCE Landing statistics (t/y) : from to Place : Ref. No.: Main source of landing: Yes/ No Coast: east/ west Importance to fisheries: Main catching method : Used for aquaculture : yes/ never/ rarely Used as bait : yes/no/ occasionally Aquarium fish : yes/ no/ rarely Game fish : yes/ no Dangerous fish : poisonous/ harmful/ harmless Bioactivity : locally known/ reported/ not known Details: Period of availability : Throughout the year yes/ no If no, months: SALIENT FEATURES : Morphological: Diagnostic characteristics: Sagitta macrocephala is fairly large in size, but smaller as compared to temperate waters. Body is robust and firm due to strong longitudinal muscles. Intestinal diverticula are absent and intestine is bright red in colour. Head large prominent and bigger than body with conspicuous neck. Tail segment forms 30 to 34 per cent of total length and there is a clear constriction at the tail septum. Eyes large and oval shaped without pigment. Collarette is absent. Ventral ganglion is situated roughly 1/3 distance from anterior end of animal. Anterior fins are smaller and narrower than posterior fins. It begins far behind ventral ganglion and are without a rayless zone. Posterior fins are larger and wider than anterior fins and about the same length on trunk as on tail segment. Posterior fins covered by rays except for a small rayless zone at anterior outer margin. Sex attributes: Hermaphrodite. Male gonads being located in the tail segment, the female in the posterior part of the trunck. Though hermaphrodite cross fertilization by copulation is the rule. Descriptive characters: Ovarian tubes are long and in fully mature specimens reach to the level of ventral ganglion. Ova usually arranged in a few rows. At top of ovary there is one ovum followed by two in the next row, three in the next and in following lines, four rows of ova around seminal receptacle. Seminal receptacles are oval and located closer to the posterior lateral fins, and they open along the lateral margins, through which the sperms are liberated.

49 Meristic characteristics: Hooks large and number 10 to 12 at each side. Anterior teeth range from 6 to 10 at each side while posterior teeth 20 to 28. Feeding habit: Active, well armed, voracious animals. Main food : Crustaceans, hydromedusae, other chaetognaths, fish lavae. Feeding type : Carnivore. Additional remarks: Size and age: Maximum length (cm) (male / female/ unsexed ) Length 16 to 20 mm at maturity. Average length (cm) (male / female / unsexed ) Range and average length: 6-20 (13.0) mm Maximum weight : (g) (male / female / unsexed ) Average weight :(g) (male / female / unsexed ) Longevity (y) (wild) : (captivity ) Length / weight relationalships:

50 Eggs and larvae: Characteristics: Abundance: Biochemical aspects: Proximate analysis: moisture/ fat/ protein/ carbohydrate/ash Electrophoresis: SPAWNING INFORMATION: Locality: Season: Fecundity: Comment: Ref. No.: Ref. No. Ref. No. Main Ref: MAJOR PUBLICATIONS (INDIAN): (include review articles, monographs, books etc.) Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Chaetognaths of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Symp. Warm Water Zoopl. Spl. Publ. UNESCO/NIO Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 7: Srinivasan, M Taxonomy and ecology of Chaetognatha of the west coast of India in relation to their role as indicator organisms of watermasses. Zool. Surv. India, Tech. Monogr. No Pierrot Bults, A.C and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R Distribution patterns in Chaetognaths. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q.Bone, H. Kapp and A. C. Pierrot Bults (Eds.). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo LIST OF INDIAN EXPERTS(Name, address, phone, fax, etc.) Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair HB/50, Vijaya South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Tel: Fax: e mail: vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: (List of persons who contributed, modified or checked information)

51 NATIONAL BIORESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD Dept. of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi For office use: MARINE BIORESOURCES FORMS DATA ENTRY: Form- 1(general ) (please answer only relevant fields; add additional fields if you require) Fauna : Flora Microorganisms General Category : Invertebrata (Zooplankton), Chaetognatha Scientific name &Authority : Sagitta madhupratapi Casanova and Nair, 1999 Common Name ( if available): Arrow worm Synonyms Author( s) Status Classification: Phylum: Chaetognatha Sub-Phylum: Super class: Class: Sub- Class: Super Order: Sub Order: Super Family: Family: Sub-Family: Genus: Sagitta Species: madhupratapi Authority: Casanova and Nair Reference No.: Casanova, J.P. and Vijayalakshmi Nair, R A new species of the genus Sagitta (Phylum Chaetognatha) from the Agatti lagoon (Laccadive Archipeago, Indian Ocean) with comments on endemism. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 28 (2): Geographical Location: This is an epiplanktonic species restricted to lagoons of Laccadive Archipelago, Indian Ocean. Latitude: Longitude: Place: State:

52 Environment Fresh water: Yes/ No Habitat : Marine Salinity : Brackish : Yes/ No Migrations : Temperature : Salt water : Yes / No Depth : 3.5 m Picture (scanned images or photographs of adult / larval stages ) Sagitta madhupratapi After Casanova and Nair, 1999 A Dorsal view; B SEM photograph of ventral side of head; C SEM photograph showing details of teeth; D Right eye; E Seminal vesicles