CHAPTER 11.1 THE WORLD OCEAN MARINE BIOMES NOTES

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1 CHAPTER 11.1 THE WORLD OCEAN MARINE BIOMES NOTES 1. The world ocean can be divided into zones both and. The,, and zones that apply to large lakes also apply to the ocean. 2. In addition to the depth zones, oceans can be divided into zones based on the. These zones are called the, and zones. 3. The open ocean, or, is by far the zone in the ocean. It occupies over % of the of the world ocean. 4. The oceanic zone is, ranging from along continental slopes to as deep as below the surface. does not penetrate very deeply into the oceanic zone. 5. The photic zone accounts for a layer at the of the ocean up to deep. There, the of the open ocean are phytoplankton. Each year, the phytoplankton in the world ocean convert CO 2 into billions of tons of organic carbon, the of living tissue that forms the base of the food web. 6. Within the photic zone, feed on, and small fishes feed on both types of plankton. Plankton are a for many larger animals of the oceanic zone as well. Despite their enormous size, (such as the blue whale the largest animal on the planet) primarily. 7. In terms of biomass, the zone of the open ocean can be thought of as the of the marine biome. The absence of

2 the diversity of the deep ocean. Deep ocean organisms have adapted to the,, and waters. 8. Many organisms in the deep ocean feed on pieces of organic material that drifts down from the surface. Tiny pieces of dead organic material that are food for organisms at the base of the aquatic food web are called. Benthic organisms that feed on detritus include such as,, and. 9. Although all the oceans of the world are connected, not all ocean waters have the same. Differences in the amount of energy received from the sun cause oceans in different parts of the world to vary in, and. Water near Earth s equator receives more radiation from the sun and causes the water to be warmer and more rapidly in the tropics. 10. Water in the ocean near the equator tends to be and have a content than average. Because of the influx of frozen fresh water, the ocean near the poles is and than elsewhere. Low temperature make the water near the poles than water elsewhere as well. 11. The water in the ocean flows in characteristic patterns called. Although ocean currents vary somewhat during the year and from one year to the next, certain patterns are quite stable. Ocean currents are driven mostly by. 12. Because of the vastness and motion of the ocean currents, people have dumped various at sea for many years, believing that they would be diluted to safe levels. 13. However, many pollutants can become in fish eaten by humans. The Ocean Dumping Act (1988) banned the disposal of industrial wastes at sea.

3 CHAPTER 11.2 NERITIC ZONES MARINE BIOMES NOTES 1. The edges of the do not drop suddenly into the ocean. Instead, the major landmasses are surrounded by an area of relatively. The shallow border that surrounds the continents is called the. 2. The ocean region between the edge of the shelf and the low tidemark is called the. Because the continental shelf is usually shallow enough to be within the, it receives enough sunlight for to occur. 3. The neritic zone accounts for only about but is the. Two types of very productive neritic ecosystems are. 4. A reef is a built on a continental shelf. Reefs are made from products of the. Reefs are found in. Kelp reefs, also called kelp beds, are found in waters. 5. Reefs can be thought of as the of the marine biome. Coral reefs are the grounds for many economically. of all ocean fish or coral reefs. 6. The reef itself. Many coral reef organisms may have that has not yet been identified. The delicate coral reef ecosystems of the world are. 7. The reef is made from the of millions of tiny corals. Only the layer of the reef is.

4 Corals depend on a relationships with a form of called that lives inside the tissues of the coral. 8. The zooxanthellae algae carry out and provide corals with food. These photosynthetic organisms require an adequate amount of and cannot grow below a certain depth. Human activities can coral reefs in many ways. The reef is often blasted with to make channels. The coral reef is often for. 9. Water is also a major cause of coral reef. and that wash into the water make it cloudy and reduce the amount of available for photosynthesis. As a result, the zooxanthellae die. This is called. When the corals begin to die rapidly, it is a sign that there is something with the of the water. 10. An estuary is a region where a source, usually the mouth of a river,. Estuaries are subject to the rise and fall of the the nutrient rich waters and sediments. The water in an estuary is usually brackish, but the salinity varies with,, and. 11. Many commercially important food species use estuaries as grounds. Humans use estuaries for recreational activities, such as, and. Estuaries function as important, filtering sediments and pollutants from the water. They also ease the effects of by slowing the flow of water. 12. The is the largest estuary in the United States.

5 CHAPTER 11.3 INTERTIDAL ZONES MARINE BIOMES NOTES 1. The is located along the shoreline of the world ocean. The intertidal zone each day between periods of exposure at and periods of submersion at. Organisms in the intertidal zone must be able to survive both and conditions. 2. Organisms must also be able to withstand the constant of the. Some organisms themselves to the. Others into the sand. Intertidal zones are often surrounded by, such as tidal and. Both are vulnerable to. 3. Salt marshes are, wetlands that often surround estuaries, bays, and lagoons. They are influenced by. The mud is during and during. One of the most important functions of the salt marshes is their role in supporting populations. 4. Migratory birds use salt marshes for and during their long journeys. The salt marshes support a rich community of and. Many of the and harvested in the U.S. spend at least part of their life cycles in the salt marsh. 5. Salt marshes form when streams flow into the calm waters of an estuary or other shallow, neritic waters. The slowing of the water causes, picked up by the stream, to be at the mouth of a stream.

6 The sediments build up over time, forming a. 6. Mangrove swamps are a type of coastal wetland that occurs only in. Because the plants in a mangrove swamp, mangrove swamps can only exist in areas that for more than one or two days each year. 7. The dominant plant life in a mangrove swamp is the, a woody plant that can be either a or a. There are about species of mangrove worldwide, of which only live in the U.S. The is the most common type in the U.S. 8. The water in a mangrove swamp typically has. Mangroves are adapted to the low oxygen by having roots that from the water. Some species have roots that from the bottom of the plant. 9. The roots make the plant appear to be up on. These elaborate root structures, causing soil to behind the plants. This soil enables to grow. In Southeast Asia, mangrove swamps can develop into extensive mangrove. 10. Mangrove swamps are destroyed for many reasons, including the creation of used for raising commercial and. Other reasons for mangrove swamp destruction include coastal and.