Ecosystem-based Management of Fisheries Resources in Marine Ranching Areas
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1 Ecosystem-based Management of Fisheries Resources in Marine Ranching Areas Chang Ik Zhang, Sung Il Lee, and Jong-Man Kim * Pukyong National University * Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute
2 Introduction Contents - Introducing an ecosystem-based approaches in fisheries management for marine ranching area - Analysis of ecosystem changes before and after marine ranching activities - Comparison of the results from the ecosystem model and the population model In marine ranching project - for providing a stable habitat -> construction of seaweed bed and artificial reefs - for stock enhancement -> artificial releasing activity
3 A map showing the marine ranching area of Tongyeong, Korea Area -Total -Main : 9000 ha : 2000 ha - Protection waters : 540 ha
4 Bird-eye view of the marine ranching area Marine ranching area projects year Tongyeong ( : 9 yrs) year Yeosu ( : 8 yrs) year Jeju ( : 8 yrs)
5 The status of Tongyeong marine ranching Construction of seaweed 6 months after construction - Species : two brown algae Ecklonia stolonifera, Ecklonia cava -Below 6 m - Area : 1,117,118 m 2 2 years after construction
6 The status of the Tongyeong marine ranching Construction of artificial reefs - Area : 752 ha - Numbers of artificial : 7,852 Ship reef
7 Rocky bottom and location of artificial reefs in marine ranching area
8 Location of releasing and released target species in the Tongyeong marine ranching area Jacopever rockfish Black rockfish Abalone Black seabream Red seabream
9 Data and Methods Ecosystem model - Ecosystem structure model : Ecopath model -> Analyzing the ecosystem structure (Christensen and Pauly, 1992) - Ecosystem dynamic model : Ecosim model (Walters et al., 1997) -> Estimating changes in quality of organisms and carrying capacity of ecosystem Population model - Stock enhancement model -> Estimating a carrying capacity, potential production, and the optimum number for the stock enhancement - Stock management model -> Estimation a acceptable biological catch (ABC)
10 Schematic diagram of ecosystem models
11 Methods of input parameter estimation Biomass (B) - Being obtained from oceanographic and fisheries resources surveys, or estimated from cohort analysis Production/Biomass (P/B) ratio - Being estimated by three methods 1) the instantaneous coefficient of total mortality (Z) : 2) growth rate (G) : 3) von Bertalanffy growth equation : Z B P = / G B P = / ] [ ] [ 3 K Z K Z K Z Z K Z K Z K Z K B P =
12 Methods of input parameter estimation Consumption/Biomass (Q/B) ratio - Being calculated from survey data and references - For a group which consisted of multi-species is estimated to be the weighted mean by the biomasss of the associated species Diet composition (DC) Q k ij - DC ij = = 1 Q DC ij i j= 1 Catch (C) - Catch per unit area by species and by gear, obtained from a field survey
13 Flow chart for stock enhancement system Age-specific length (weight) Catch by ages Age composition longevity von Bertalanffy growth parameters Survival rate Age at recruitment Instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality Instantaneous coefficient of fishing mortality Recruitment Carrying capacity by species from ecosystem model Yield per recruit per unit area Beverton and Holt model Virgin biomass per recruit per unit area (F=0) Current bimass " (F=Fc) The number of current recruitment The number of recruitment, when F=0 Optimum number of recruitment for stock enhancement Area Age at being juvenile Optimum individual number for stock enhancement Age-specific maturity ratio Spawning biomass per recruit per unit area Expected yield increasing Expected biomass increasing Expected spawning biomass
14 Flow chart for the TAC estimation Longevity Age-specific length (weight) von Bertalanffy growth parameters Catch by ages Length composition Catch and fishing effort Survival rate Age at recruitment Instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality Instantaneous coefficient of fishing mortality Biomass(individual) and fishing mortality by ages Pelagic stocks Environmental factors (temperature, plankton, etc.) MSY and F MSY : Zhang model MSY and f MSY : G-S, Fox, P-T, Schnute, and Deriso models Age-specific maturity ratio F max, F 0.1 and Opt t c : B-H model F 40%, F 35% : B-H model Future biomass Simulation : Zhang, and Deriso models Considering the structure and function of ecosystem A B C Social and economical factors T A C
15 ABC estimation model ABC estimation for a single species ABC = F 0.1 M B + F 0.1 (1 e ( M + F 0.1 ) ) ABC estimation for multi-species by a single gear ABC j = ABC B i i B j ABC i and B i : the acceptable biological catch and biomass of target species (i) by single gear, respectively ABC j and B j : the acceptable biological catch and biomass of stock (j), although they are included in same group, the are target of other fishing gear and the population parameters are unknown, respectively
16 Input parameters in the Tongyeong ecosystem before marine ranching activities Group name Habitat area (fraction) Biomass in hab. Area (t/km 2 ) Production /Biomass (/year) Consumption /Biomass (t/km 2 ) Catch (t/km 2 ) Finless porpoise Otter Pisc. Birds Skates Flatfishes Adult jacopever rockfish Juv. Jacopever rockfish Other rockfishes Sparidae Anguilliformes Moronidae Grey mullet Hairtail Other demersal fish
17 Input Parameters in the Tongyeong Ecosystem before Marine Ranching Activities Group name Habitat area (fraction) Biomass in hab. Area (t/km 2 ) Production /Biomass (/year) Consumption /Biomass (t/km 2 ) Catch (t/km 2 ) Large pelagics Small pelagics Cephalopoda Benthic feeders Infauna Epifauna Gastropoda Zooplankton Benthc algae Phytoplankton Detritus
18 Diet composition by group in the Tongyeoung ecosystem before marine ranching activities Prey \ Predator Finless porpoise 2 Otter 3 Pisc. Birds Skates Flatfishes Adult Jacopever rockfish Juv. Jacopever rockfish Other rockfishes Sparidae Anguilliformes Moronidae Grey mullet Hairtail Other demersal fishes Large pelagics Small pelagics Cephalopoda Benthic feeders Infauna Epifauna Gastropoda Zooplankton Benthic algae Phytoplankton Detritus SUM
19 Diet composition by group in the Tongyeoung ecosystem before marine ranching activities Prey \ Predator Finless porpoise 2 Otter 3 Pisc. Birds 4 Skates 5 Flatfishes 6 Adult Jacopever rockfish 7 Juv. Jacopever rockfish Other rockfishes Sparidae Anguilliformes Moronidae Grey mullet Hairtail Other demersal fishes Large pelagics Small pelagics Cephalopoda Benthic feeders Infauna Epifauna Gastropoda Zooplankton Benthic algae Phytoplankton Detritus SUM
20 Input parameters in the Tongyeong ecosystem after marine ranching activities Group name Habitat area Biomass in hab. Area Production /Biomass Consumption /Biomass (fraction) (t/km 2 ) (/year) (t/km 2 ) Finless porpoise Otter Pisc. Birds Skates Flatfishes Adult jacopever rockfish Juv. Jacopever rockfish Other rockfishes Sparidae Anguilliformes Moronidae Grey mullet Hairtail Other demersal fish
21 Input Parameters in the Tongyeong Ecosystem after Marine Ranching Activities Group name Habitat area Biomass in hab. Area Production /Biomass Consumption /Biomass (fraction) (t/km 2 ) (/year) (t/km 2 ) Large pelagics Small pelagics Cephalopoda Benthic feeders Infauna Epifauna Gastropoda Zooplankton Benthc algae Phytoplankton Detritus - - -
22 Diet composition by group in the Tongyeoung ecosystem after marine ranching activities Prey \ Predator True porpoise 2 Otter 3 Pisc. Birds Skates Flatfishes Adult Jacopever rockfish Juv. Jacopever rockfish Other rockfishes Sparidae Anguilliformes Moronidae Grey mullet Hairtail Other demersal fishes Large pelagics Small pelagics Cephalopoda Benthic feeders Infauna Epifauna Gastropoda Zooplankton Benthic algae Phytoplankton Detritus SUM
23 Diet composition by group in the Tongyeoung ecosystem after marine ranching activities Prey \ Predator Finless porpoise 2 Otter 3 Pisc. Birds 4 Skates 5 Flatfishes 6 Adult Jacopever rockfish 7 Juv. Jacopever rockfish Other rockfishes Sparidae Anguilliformes Moronidae Grey mullet Hairtail Other demersal fishes Large pelagics Small pelagics Cephalopoda Benthic feeders Infauna Epifauna Gastropoda Zooplankton Benthic algae Phytoplankton Detritus SUM
24 A flow chart showing the structure and trophic interactions in the Tongyeong ecosystem Before marine ranching ecosystem After marine ranching ecosystem
25 A dynamic simulation showing the effect on the Tongyeong ecosystem by the annual increase in the benthic algae and recruitment of jacopever rockfish 200 Change in biomass (%) Year Adult Jacopever rockfish2+ Juv. Jacopever rockfish0-1 Sparidae Moronidae Large pelagics Small pelagics Cephalopoda Epifauna Gastropoda Benthic algae
26 The carrying capacity estimates for major fisheries resources in the Tongyeong ecosystem Carrying capacity (mt/year) Group name Ecosystem modeling Population modeling Skates Flatfishes 2.63 Adult Jacopever rockfish 2.12 Juv. Jacopever rockfish Other rockfishes 1.53 Sparidae 0.89 Anguilliformes Moronidae 1.62 Grey mullet 5.30 Hairtail 3.93 Other demersal fishes 5.99 Large pelagics 3.97 Small pelagics 5.68 Cephalopoda 2.72 Benthic feeders Infauna Epifauna Gastropoda Benthic algae Total
27 Comparison of the results from ecosystem model and population model Carrying capacity estimates of rockfish - Population modeling : 4.5 mt - Ecosystem modeling : 3.5 mt ABC estimates - Rockfish : mt (before marine ranching : mt)
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