Warm-up # 7 A day 5/17 - B day 5/18 UPDATE YOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS

Transcription

1 Warm-up # 7 A day 5/17 - B day 5/18 UPDATE YOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS Question: List all examples of surface water on Earth. Answer: Rivers and streams, lakes and reservoirs, (ponds) wetlands, estuaries and oceans.

2 UNDERSTANDING WETLANDS Objective : to describe the features and functions of wetlands; to determine the usefulness of wetlands to humans

3 WHAT ARE WETLANDS? Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. (EPA)

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5 where the land is usually covered by shallow water.

6 TWO CATEGORIES OF WETLANDS COASTAL Affected by tides May be saltwater or freshwater

7 INLAND Located in interior, non-coastal areas Not affected by tides Called bogs, wet meadows, marshes

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9 WHAT S GOOD ABOUT WETLANDS? A. Filters run-off from upland areas

10 B. Prevents erosion Coastal Erosion near Ragged Harbour. Photo by Kirsty Toussigant

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12 D. Absorbs excess floodwater & rainwater

13 How can We Protect Wetlands? 1. Don t build homes or buildings there. 2. Make people aware of the importance of wetlands. 3. Avoid polluting; avoid fertilizers. 4. Write your congressmen, or local governing official. 5. Send water samples to organizations, such as CBF.

14 Estuaries Where Fresh Water Meets Salt Water

15 Estuary Defined An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water formed where fresh water from rivers and streams flows into a bay or ocean, mixing with the salt water.

16 Estuaries come in all shapes and sizes and go by different names. Estuaries can also be called bays, lagoons, harbors, inlets, or sounds. Sometimes these water bodies by those names are not necessarily estuaries. The defining feature of an estuary is the mixing of fresh and salt water, not the name!

17 What are some familiar estuaries? Some familiar estuaries include San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound, Boston Harbor, Tampa Bay, and of course, the Chesapeake Bay.

18 Boston Harbor

19 Tampa Bay

20 Puget Sound

21 Chesapeake Bay Estuary The Chesapeake Bay is the largest of about 130 estuaries in the United States. The Chesapeake Bay is one of the most productive estuaries in America.

22 Chesapeake Bay Characteristics The bay stretches from Havre De Grace, MD to Norfolk, VA. The bay is about 200 miles long, but along with its tributaries has a shoreline that measures approximately 11,684 miles in total. The Chesapeake Bay is shallow, as its average depth is only 21 feet. The deepest point is 174 feet deep located off of Annapolis, called The Hole.

23 Quick Fact: Tidewater is water that is affected by the ebb and flow of tides.

24 Living Organisms need Special Adaptations to Live in an Estuary The salinity level (amount of salt in the water) is constantly changing! 1. If rivers bring in extra water, during periods of flooding, the salinity of the estuary will be reduced. 2. If drought causes the flow of freshwater to decrease, then the salinity of the estuary may be increased.

25 What type of organisms live an estuary? The tidal, sheltered waters of estuaries support unique communities of plants and animals, specifically adapted to life where the salinity (amount of salt) constantly changes as freshwater mixes with salt water.

26 Variety of Estuarine Animals Shore birds, fish, crabs and lobsters, marine mammals, clams and other shellfish, marine worms, sea birds, and reptiles are just some of the animals that make their homes in and around estuaries.

27 Animals in an Estuary

28 Fish in the Chesapeake Bay: These fish come from the ocean to feed in the lower, saltier areas Black sea bass Sandbar shark

29 Fish in the Chesapeake Bay Large-mouthed bass fresh water fish that may come into the brackish areas of the bay to feed.

30 These fish stay all year long tolerate changes in salinity White perch Striped Bass (rockfish)

31 These fish stay migrate because of changes in salinity or temperature. Flounder Bluefish Croaker Spot

32 Other fish in the Bay Sea horse Spade Fish Shad Menhaden

33 Bay Grasses Add Oxygen to the Water and Habitats for Animals Eel Grass Common Waterweed

34 Why are Estuaries Important? Estuaries are critical for the survival of many species. They provide ideal spots for migratory birds to rest and refuel during their journeys. Many fish and shellfish rely on the sheltered waters of estuaries as protective places to spawn. Estuaries are called the Nurseries of the Seas.

35 Migratory Birds

36 Estuaries Provide a Variety of Habitats 1. shallow waters 2. fresh and salt water marshes 3. sandy beaches 4. mud and sand flats 5. rocky shores 6. river deltas 7. tidal pools 8. sea grass and kelp beds 9. wooded swamps 10. oyster reefs

37 Estuaries are Important for Humans Cultural benefits include recreation, scientific knowledge, and education. Boating, fishing, swimming, surfing, and bird watching are just a few of the numerous recreational activities people enjoy.

38 Importance to Humans, continued. Scientific knowledge and education: As transition zones, estuaries are invaluable laboratories for scientists and students, providing countless lessons in biology, geology, chemistry, physics, history and culture.

39 Economic benefits include tourism, fisheries, and other commercial activities that thrive on the wealth of natural resources. The protected coastal waters provide harbors and ports vital for shipping, transportation, and industry.

40 Measuring Economic Benefits Estuaries provide habitat for 75% of America s commercial fish catch. Estuaries provide more than 28 million jobs. The average American Spends 10 recreational days on the coast of an estuary each year.

41 Health of Estuaries Unfortunately, an increase in concentration of people near estuaries is upsetting the natural balance of estuarine ecosystems.

42 People can Harm Estuaries Channels are dredged, which causes sediment to get in the estuary and cause higher turbidity.

43 People Harm Estuaries continued Shorelines are reconstructed to make room for housing and agricultural needs by filling marshes and wetlands.

44 People Harm Estuaries, Continued Water is polluted and recreation creates excess sediments. Over fishing fish, crabs and shellfish affect the complex food web of the

45 The Following can Occur in an Unhealthy Estuary: Fish kills, unsafe drinking water, closing of beaches and shellfish beds, harmful algal blooms, unproductive fisheries, loss of habitat and aquatic vegetation disappears.

46 Excess Nutrients Cause Algae Blooms:

47 What do Estuaries look like?

48 What do Estuaries look like?

49 What do Estuaries look like?

50 What do Estuaries look like?

51 Estuary Homework 1. What is an estuary? A semi-enclosed body of water where freshwater (rivers and streams) meet salt water (from the ocean). 2. What is the largest estuary in the US? Chesapeake Bay.

52 3. What is salinity? Amount of salt in the water. Usually a measured by percent or parts per thousand. 4. What happens to the salinity in an estuary during floods? Salinity decreases

53 5. Where would the salinity be the greatest in an estuary? Near the ocean (mouth of the bay) Where would the salinity be the lowest in an estuary? Near the rivers (mouth of the rivers)