VME Encounter Protocols (VME indicators, thresholds and move-on-rules)
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1 VME Encounter Protocols (VME indicators, thresholds and move-on-rules) Comparative study: SEAFO+NAFO+CCAMLR T. Nishida SEAFO Representative (Only for 3 days) (South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization) FAO North Pacific VME Workshop (Tokyo) Nishida March,
2 Encounter Protocols Part of VME process To protect VMEs from bottom fishing activities that have significant adverse impacts UNGA Res 61/105 (2006)+FAO DSF Guidelines (2009) To protect VME, we need to consider [1W+2H] - What do we need to protect? VME indicators - How much do we need to protect? Thresholds - How far do we keep away to protect? Move-on-rule 2
3 What do we need to protect? VME Indicator (FAO DSF guideline)(2009)) The following examples of species groups, communities, habitats and features often display characteristics consistent with possible VMEs. Corals, hydroids, stony corals, gorgonians, black corals, hydrocorals, sponge, Protozoans, invertebrates [CAUTION] Merely detecting the presence of an element itself is not sufficient to identify a VME. Indicator should be a part of VME communities 3
4 In reality. VME indicators are largely different by RFMOs/CCAMLR Due to different geographical locations (habitats and topography) and objectives/ideas among RFMOs We now go through actual situation.. 4
5 VME indicators (Major species) by RFMO/CCAMLR (sponges, corals, sea squirts and erect bryozoans) Division (class/order) English name FAO CODE NAFO SEAFO CCAMLR Porifera Sponges PFR Stony corals CSS Cnidaria (Anthozoa /corlas) Gorgonian GGW Sea pens NTW Hydroides AZN 5 5 Zoanthids ZOT 6 6 Black corals AQZ 7 7 Soft corals AJZ 8 8 Tube-dwelling anemones ATX 5 9 Hydrocorals AXT 10 Chordata sea squirts SSX Bryzoan Erect bryozoans BZN
6 VME indicators (minor species) CCAMLR lists many ecosystem Division Hemichordata Echinodermata Annelida English name FAO CODE NAFO SEAFO CCAMLR Sea lilies CWD Basket stars OWP 12 Basket and snake stars Pencil spine urchins Serpulid tube worms OEQ 14 CVD 15 SZS 13 CXV 16 Brachiopoda Lamp shells BRQ 17 Arthropoda Mollusca Chemosynthetic communities Xenophyophores Acorn worms PBQ 18 Goose and acorn barnacles Antarctic scallop XEF 19 BWY 20 DMK 21 6
7 Number of VME indicators by RFMO/CCAMLR and Division(Order) Division NAFO SEAFO CCAMLR Sponges 1 Corals (order) Chordata Bryzoan Echino -dermata (sea lilies) 1 (sea squirt) 1 (erect bryozoan) 2 (sea lilies+1) 3 (sea lilies+2) Others total
8 How much do we need to protect? We need to consider Encounter threshold for each VME indicator 8
9 Encounter thresholds Criteria to prevent SAI (Significant Adverse Impact) Again different among RFMO/CCAMLR due to different habitats, abundance and ideas Now we review the current situation.. 9
10 CURRENT THRESHOLDS BY FISHERIES, INDICATOR AND RFMO/CCAMLR SEAFO (SPONGE) : DIFFERENT BY EXISTING AND NEW AREA FISHERIES VME INDICATOR TRAWL CORALS 7 KG (SEA PEN) BOTTOM LONGLINE POT (CRAB) RFMO/ORG NAFO SEAFO CCAMLR 60 KG (OTHERS) 60 KG SPONGES 300 KG 600 KG (EXITING) CORALS SPONGES CORALS SPONGES 7 KG (SEA PEN) 60 KG (OTHERS) 300 KG 400 KG (NEW) 10 VME UNITS(*) =10(L OR KG) /1000 (HOOKS OR 1200M) 10 VME UNITS(*) = 10(L OR KG)/1200M (*) includes ALL VME indicators defined by CCAMLR and SEAFO 10
11 Encounter threshold (values) How to evaluate? NAFO : GIS method Contour (biomass) estimation (e.g. sea pen) + (overlay) + Commercial trawl tow tracks Conduct virtual operation and simulation (Re-sampling sea pen) (cumulative) Freq. distribution of simulated (sea pen) weights Decide thresholds (arbitrary) (normally probability encounter < 1% ) 11
12 Encounter threshold (values) How to evaluate? CCAMLR (LL + Pot) 10 VME units Arbitrary Now, new evaluation is on-going (per comm. David Ramm data manager) SEAFO (no original methods) NAFO+CCAMLR methods applied 12
13 VME indicators subject to Encounter thresholds CCAMLR/SEAFO (Bottom LL + Pot) ALL VME indicators NAFO (Trawls and Bottom LL)+SEAFO (Trawls) Subject Only to Sea pen, other corals and sponges New attempt NAFO (2013) Small gorgonian (0.2 kg), large gorgonian(2kg) + 4 new indicators (new concept: presence) too small (was not agreed) 13
14 Number of VME indicators subject to thresholds by RFMO/CCAMLR and gear type NAFO SEAFO CCAMLR Division Trawls (+LL) (Trawls) LL+POT Sponges 1 Corals (order) Chordata Bryzoan Echino -dermata (No Thresholds) 1 (sea squirt) 1 (erect bryozoan) 2 (sea lilies+1) 3 (sea lilies+2) Others 1 6 No (%) of VME indicators subject to thresholds (Total no of VME indicators) 5 (71%) 8 (62%) 13 (100%) 21 (100%) (7) (13) (13) (21) 14
15 How far do we need to move to protect VME (indicators)? Move-on-rule 15
16 Move-on-rules : After encounter, 2 important responsibilities for vessels (NAFO+SEAFO+CCAMLR ) If VME indicators weights > thresholds, Vessel shall Action (1) Move away 1-2 miles from the reference point of the Action (2) Report to Secretariat Establish closed (circle) areas (*) re-open gear to any if direction no SAI(significant Adverse Impact) avoiding further encounters (then re-start operation) Inform to CPCs (*) Once closed, same regulation imposed to re-open as in the closed area SC need to evaluate no SAI on VEM indicators for re-open 16
17 Action (1) How to move away? CCAMLR (1 nautical mile) (LL+POT) stop 1 nm Leave at least 1 nm away then re-start operation in ANY direction avoid further encounters Restart MID-point Deployed gear NAFO (2 nautical miles) (Trawl+LL) Restart 2 nm END-point stop 17
18 SEAFO: move-on rule a bit strange before Bottom LL and crab pot fisheries Previous rule (2011 or before) Leave at least 1 nm away then re-start operation ONLY PARALLEL direction Re-start 1 nm Deployed gear Can not necessarily avoid VME encounter stop (MID-point) New rule (2012 -) Leave at least 1nm away then re-start operation in ANY direction avoid further encounters (similar to CCAMLR) stop Re-start 1 nm (MID-point) Deployed gear 18
19 SEAFO: move-on rule new effective approach (2016) Trawl fisheries (LINE based) Previous rule (2015 or before) Leave at least 2 nm away then re-start operation ONLY PARALLEL direction Re-start 2nm Deployed gear Can not necessarily avoid VME encounter stop (MID-point) New rule (2016 -) Re-start Leave at least 2 nm away from LINE (Net deployed) then re-start operation in ANY direction avoid further encounters stop 2 nm 2 nm 2 nm Line (net deployed) 19
20 Summary : Move-on-rule (move away distances and management measure) GEAR FISHING TRAWL BOTTOM CRAB AREA (*) GROUNDS LL POT SET TO NAFO END BOTH 2 NM (POINT) CLOSED SEAFO MID EXISTING 2 NM 1 NM (POINT) AREA NEW (LINE)(*) 2 NM (POINT) CCAMLR MID BOTH 2 NM (POINT) RISK OR RECTANGLE (**) (*) Reference point (line) of the gear (**) CCAMLR RISK (closed) area (VME > 10 unit) Fine-scale rectangle area (VME > 5 units) not closed but for warning 20
21 Action (2): 2 nd responsibility (vessel) Report (> thresholds) to the Secretariat How is the situation? SEAFO+NAFO NO encounter reports to now CCAMLR YES (many reports) (e.g. Ross sea ) Risk (closed: circle) area Fine-scale (warning) NO closed (circle) area established rectangle area 21
22 NAFO: Special situation (ad hoc based closed area) No encounter report from commercial vessels But in the past, survey data show high concentration areas of VME indicators Closed areas proposed (Deep Sea ecosystem WG SC) and agreed (COM) (see recent example) 22
23 High Sea Pen concentration areas identified (Flemish Cap) 4 spots ( )were agreed (2013). 6 closed area (proposed): 4 west side agreed Current closed area (corals and sponges) Survey data has been used for closure NOT AGREED 23
24 Move-on rule or Closed area recent HOT dispute (NAFO) Scientists + some CPCs : prefer to closed area No encounter report more effective to protect VMEs Industries + some CPC: prefer to move-on rule More flexible to operate prefer to even recent complicate move-on rule (by SC), i.e., move longer distances to shallower waters 24
25 Summary Encounter Protocols (1W+2H) (NAFO+SEAFO+CCAMLR) (1) What do we protect? VME indicators Major : Corals (4-9 orders) and Sponges (1) Minor : Other benthos : CCAMLR(11) >SEAFO(5)>NAFO(3) (2) How much we need to protect? Thresholds Corals : 7-60kg Sponges : kg (NAFO+SEAFO : Trawl) 10 VME units (@10kg) (all species) (CCAMLR+SEAFO : LL+POT) (3) How far do we need to move? Move-on-rule 1-2 nm from reference point or line of the gear closed area established (CCAMLR) 25
26 Thank you Good luck on your (NPFC) successful development on the VME process (from SEAFO SC) and Sayonara (5PM) FAO North Pacific VME Workshop (Tokyo) Nishida March,
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