Evidence for predator-induced behavioral plasticity of juvenile red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus)

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1 Evidence for predator-induced behavioral plasticity of juvenile red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) Benjamin Daly University of Alaska Fairbanks

2 King Crabs in Alaska Many stocks depressed despite a lack of fishing Why is stock enhancement being considered? Commercially valuable Recruitment limitation (Blau, 1986) 1960s Russians introduced RKC to Barents Now: established reproductive pop Evidence to restore king crabs to historic range in AK?

3 AKCRRAB Alaska King Crab Research Rehabilitation and Biology Created in 2006 Partnership between the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant, Chugach Regional Resources Commission (CRRC), NOAA, and community-based groups Begin to assess the feasibility of stock enhancement for king crabs in Alaska

4 Enhancement: Next Steps From a hatchery perspective: 1. Is large-scale culture possible? Yes! 2. How can we improve post-release survival?.. Predation: major source of mortality Period immediately after release likely very important

5 Hatchery-induced Deficiencies Behavioral and morphological Examples: fin fish, crabs, lobsters, conch Benefits of conditioning European lobster Improved predator response (shelter seeking behavior) Claw morphology Scissor, crusher claws blue crab Increased burial behavior Spine length Shell color

6 Conditioning Goal: Determine if juvenile red king crabs display signs of predator induced behavioral plasticity. Does exposure to predators impact crab behavior? Do potential behavioral modifications translate to increased survival?

7 Juvenile RKC Predator Defenses Age-0 crabs: Three dimensional structure Cryptic behavior Aggressive displays? Flaring arms, etc Older juveniles: Podding? Photos by Jodi Pirtle

8 Experimental Animals Juvenile red king crabs: mm CL Fish Predators: Pacific halibut (180 mm) Pacific cod (200 mm)

9 Crab conditioning: caged methods Visual cues Chemical cues No direct physical contact

10 Crab conditioning: un-caged methods Visual cues Chemical cues Physical contact Observe predation

11 Methods: predation trials Mesocosm Island of substrate Fish pairs Social facilitation 1 week acclimation 3 treatments (naïve, cage, un-caged) 20 crabs Introduced in dark Allowed to acclimate Length: 1 hour Video recorded

12 Methods: Video analysis Crab Survival Crypsis index Proportion of crabs hiding Crabs not visible by video analysis (adjusted for predation) Fish behavior Activity index Proportion fish actively swimming: relative index Crabs eaten per target Crabs eaten per strike Strikes per target Way to evaluate feeding efficiency

13 Methods: Statistical analysis Repeated measures ANOVA (randomized block) Fish pairs exposed to all 3 treatments

14 Crab Survival 90 halibut b 80 p=0.038 ab % Survival 70 a n=6 n=6 n=6 naive conditioned (caged) conditioned (uncaged)

15 Crab Crypsis Crypsis index Time conditioned (caged) naive conditioned (uncaged)

16 Crab Crypsis Crypsis index Crypsis index (initial) p <0.001 a naive b conditioned (caged) b conditioned (uncaged) No. crabs targeted Time conditioned (caged) naive conditioned (uncaged)

17 Crab Crypsis Crypsis index p=0.003 a ab b Time conditioned (caged) naive conditioned (uncaged) Crypsis index (t=60) naive conditioned (caged) conditioned (uncaged)

18 Fish Behavior: Strikes 60 Total number of strikes Time (min)

19 Fish Behavior Fish activity index Crabs eaten per target Crabs eaten per strike Strikes per target No differences between crab treatments

20 naive only 25 Predation (dependent variable) is correlated with fish activity. Targets caged only Activity index uncaged only Targets Tragets Activity index Activity index

21 Conditioning Effects Conditioned crabs had slightly better survival Naïve vs Un-caged (p=0.038) Conditioned crabs had increased cryptic behavior Physical interaction with fish seems important Visual + chemical cues alone DO induce a response Crypsis improved over the course of trial Is this evidence of behavioral plasticity? Is predator exposure inducing a behavioral modification?

22 Conditioning Effects: Caveat Un-caged conditioning methods: Fish actively preying on some crabs Are crabs modifying behavior from physical interactions of predators? OR Are the fish eating behaviorally inferior crabs thereby preselecting for superior crabs? However, Naïve Caged comparisons significant in terms of crypsis

23 Implications for Hatchery Conditioning Goal: Determine if juvenile red king crabs display signs of predator induced behavioral plasticity Potential is there for hatchery conditioning May increase post release predator responses May increase survival Future research: What about conditioning duration? Conditioning with natural substrates Verification in field Hatchery - wild comparison is lacking

24 Acknowledgements NOAA - Fisheries Behavioral Ecology Program, HMSC, Newport OR Dr. Al Stoner Dr. Cliff Ryer Alutiiq Pride Shellfish Hatchery Jim Swingle Jeff Hetrick Funding by Sea Grant Aquaculture

25 Questions?

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