SHELLFISH CULTURE CRABS

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1 Crab hatchery technology update SHELLFISH CULTURE CRABS C. Brown, World Fisheries University, Busan, Korea J. He, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China E. Quinitio, SEAFDEC, Iloilo, Philippines Spring 2018, Week 9

2 Crabs with some history of culture Mitten or hairy crabs (Eriocheir spp.) Mud crabs (Scylla spp.) Gazami crabs (Portunus triturberculatus) Blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus) Atlantic or Chesapeake Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) Long-term commitments lead to hatchery success

3 world crab aquaculture

4 Opportunistic scavengers Most are euryhaline, spawn in SW Opportunistic, tolerant of disrupted ecosystems Versatile scavengers - they eat almost anything Extremely fecund, 500,000 1,000,000 eggs/ Complex early life cycle, molted juveniles vulnerable High market value, nutritionally rich In most cases, farming initially depends on wild seedstock

5 Crab industry growth

6 Portunidae marine swimming crabs Most cultured crab species are Portunids These two spend the entire life cycle as ocean crabs: Gazami crabs (Portunus trituberculatus) Blue swimmer crab (Portunus pelagicus) Marine swimming crabs

7 Portunidae migrating swimming crabs These two live in coastal or brackish waters: Mud crabs (Scylla serrata, S. paramamosian, other S. spp.) migrate into fresh water Atlantic Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus), another migratory Portunid crab

8 A burrowing crab: the Chinese mitten crab, or hairy crab, Eriochier sinensis Like prawns, they migrate into fresh water and return to the ocean to spawn

9 The biggest obstacle to mass crab culture

10 Chinese wild megalopae disappeared E. sinensis

11 Chinese wild megalopae disappeared E. sinensis

12

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14 Hatchery production of large numbers of juveniles is challenging

15 E. sinensis culture after 40 yrs. research Mitten crabs survive well on simple diets Improved broodstock, larval nutrition Optimization of growth, synchronized molts

16 Broodstock nutrition

17 Larval nutrition Hatchery technology developing > 40 years Continuous long term commitment

18 Mitten crab farm earned GAA certification

19 Mud crabs FAO data sheets for 4 Scylla spp. Industry growth An artifact Aquaculture > capture

20

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22 Soft-shell Scylla sp. production in Bangladesh

23 Bivalve broodstock diets in China

24 Expected mud crab progress in Vietnam

25 FAO Fact sheets 2 blue swimming crab species

26 Enhancement since 1963: up to 80% of wild catch originated in hatchery

27

28 Culture of Atlantic blue crabs Demonstration work ended in 2004

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30 Atlantic Blue crabs near total collapse Up to 30 % of population is harvested annually Breeding stocks in decline Juvenile settlement rates alarmingly low Protective habitats (seagrasses, oyster reefs) lost Cannibalism accounts for up to 97% of juvenile diet

31 Maryland marine biotechnology ~8 yr. grant-funded hatchery & stock enhancement demonstration Larviculture work by Zohar et al. showed zoeae can be mass cultured megalopae become highly cannibalistic hatchery juveniles compete equally with wild, contribute to reproductive stock No commitment since 2008 to stock enhancement The practice is controversial, subject to politics Politics - antagonism between industry, government, science Hatcheries, enhancement viewed as unprofitable

32 2008 Zohar predicted release of 16M cultured blue crabs per year But FAO reports zero Atlantic blue crab aquaculture in the last 12 years

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