Blue shark, Dolfinfish (Mahi mahi) and Silky shark

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1 Blue shark, Dolfinfish (Mahi mahi) and Silky shark Prionace glauca, Coryphaena hippurus, Carcharhinus falciformis East Pacific Pelagic longline July 12, 2016 Alexia Morgan, Consul ng Researcher Disclaimer Seafood Watch strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external scien sts with exper se in ecology, fisheries science and aquaculture. Scien fic review, however, does not cons tute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch program or its recommenda ons on the part of the reviewing scien sts. Seafood Watch is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. 1

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents About Seafood Watch Guiding Principles Summary Final Seafood Recommendations Introduction Assessment Criterion 1: Impacts on the species under assessment Criterion 2: Impacts on other species Criterion 3: Management Effectiveness Criterion 4: Impacts on the habitat and ecosystem Acknowledgements References Appendix A: Extra By Catch Species

3 About Seafood Watch Monterey Bay Aquarium s Seafood Watch program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild-caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch defines sustainable seafood as origina ng from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase produc on in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or func on of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch makes its science-based recommenda ons available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from The program s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conserva on issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommenda on on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this informa on against the program s conserva on ethic to arrive at a recommenda on of Best Choices, Good Alterna ves or Avoid. The detailed evalua on methodology is available upon request. In producing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible. Other sources of informa on include government technical publica ons, fishery management plans and suppor ng documents, and other scien fic reviews of ecological sustainability. Seafood Watch Research Analysts also communicate regularly with ecologists, fisheries and aquaculture scien sts, and members of industry and conserva on organiza ons when evalua ng fisheries and aquaculture prac ces. Capture fisheries and aquaculture prac ces are highly dynamic; as the scien fic informa on on each species changes, Seafood Watch s sustainability recommenda ons and the underlying Seafood Reports will be updated to reflect these changes. Par es interested in capture fisheries, aquaculture prac ces and the sustainability of ocean ecosystems are welcome to use Seafood Reports in any way they find useful. For more informa on about Seafood Watch and Seafood Reports, please contact the Seafood Watch program at Monterey Bay Aquarium by calling

4 Guiding Principles Seafood Watch defines sustainable seafood as origina ng from sources, whether fished 1 or farmed, that can maintain or increase produc on in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or func on of affected ecosystems. Based on this principle, Seafood Watch had developed four sustainability criteria for evalua ng wildcatch fisheries for consumers and businesses. These criteria are: How does fishing affect the species under assessment? How does the fishing affect other, target and non-target species? How effec ve is the fishery s management? How does the fishing affect habitats and the stability of the ecosystem? Each criterion includes: Factors to evaluate and score Guidelines for integra ng these factors to produce a numerical score and ra ng Once a ra ng has been assigned to each criterion, we develop an overall recommenda on. Criteria ra ngs and the overall recommenda on are color-coded to correspond to the categories on the Seafood Watch pocket guide and online guide: Best Choice/: Are well managed and caught in ways that cause li le harm to habitats or other wildlife. Good Alterna ve/yellow: Buy, but be aware there are concerns with how they re caught. Avoid/Red Take a pass on these for now. These items are overfished or caught in ways that harm other marine life or the environment. 1 Fish is used throughout this document to refer to finfish, shellfish and other invertebrates 4

5 Summary This report focuses on longline fisheries opera ng in the Eastern Pacific Ocean that catch mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), blue shark (Prionace glauca) and silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis). Blue and silky sharks are slow growing species that reach sexual maturity later in life and produce a small number of young. In contrast, mahi mahi grows quickly, reaching sexual maturity at a young age and producing a large number of young. The statuses of mahi mahi popula ons in the Eastern Pacific Ocean are currently unknown, as is the status of blue shark in the South Pacific. In the North Pacific, blue shark popula ons are healthy and sustainably fished. Although silky shark popula ons are currently being assessed, there is a large degree of uncertainty surrounding their status. The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) is in charge of management of these species in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. There are no management measures in place for mahi mahi; although some measures are in place for sharks (for example, prohibi ng shark finning), there are no catch limits or other measures in place. The longline fisheries that target these species also capture a number of secondary target and bycatch species, including other tunas, bony fish, sharks, sea turtles, and seabirds. The IATTC has adopted management measures aimed at bycatch species. Many of these measures do not meet best prac ces requirements, and scien fic advice has not always been followed when se ng these measures. We have included species that typically report as 5% of more of the total catch or whose status, e.g., endangered or threatened, jus fies their inclusion in this report, per the Seafood Watch criteria. Longlines do not typically come in contact with bo om habitats but do capture excep onal species, and management does not currently take this into account. Final Seafood Recommenda ons SPECIES/FISHERY Silky shark East Pacific, Pelagic longline Dolphinfish (Mahi Mahi) East Pacific, Pelagic longline Silky shark North Pacific, Pelagic longline Silky shark South Pacific, Pelagic longline Dolphinfish (Mahi Mahi) North Pacific, Pelagic longline Dolphinfish (Mahi Mahi) South Pacific, Pelagic longline CRITERION 1: IMPACTS ON THE SPECIES CRITERION 2: IMPACTS ON OTHER SPECIES CRITERION 3: MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS CRITERION 4: HABITAT AND ECOSYSTEM OVERALL RECOMMENDATION Red (1.414) Red (0.950) Red (1.000) (3.873) Avoid (1.510) (3.318) Red (0.950) Red (1.000) (3.873) Avoid (1.869) Red (1.414) Red (0.950) Red (1.000) (3.873) Avoid (1.510) Red (1.414) Red (0.950) Red (1.000) (3.873) Avoid (1.510) (3.318) Red (0.950) Red (1.000) (3.873) Avoid (1.869) (3.318) Red (0.950) Red (1.000) (3.873) Avoid (1.869) 5

6 Blue shark:northern stock East Pacific, Pelagic longline Blue shark:southern stock East Pacific, Pelagic longline (3.831) Red (0.950) Red (1.000) (3.873) Avoid (1.937) Red (1.414) Red (0.950) Red (1.000) (3.873) Avoid (1.510) Summary The dra overall recommenda on for silky shark, blue shark, and mahi mahi caught in the eastern Pacific Ocean is 'Avoid'. Scoring Guide Scores range from zero to five where zero indicates very poor performance and five indicates the fishing opera ons have no significant impact. Final Score = geometric mean of the four Scores (Criterion 1, Criterion 2, Criterion 3, Criterion 4). Best Choice/ = Final Score >3.2, and no Red Criteria, and no Cri cal scores Good Alterna ve/yellow = Final score > , and neither Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) nor Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) are Very High 2, and no more than one Red Criterion, and no Cri cal scores Avoid/Red = Final Score 2.2, or either Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) or Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) is Very High or two or more Red Criteria, or one or more Cri cal scores. 2 Because effec ve management is an essen al component of sustainable fisheries, Seafood Watch issues an Avoid recommenda on for any fishery scored as a Very High for either factor under Management (Criterion 3). 6

7 Introduc on Scope of the analysis and ensuing recommenda on This report focuses on longline fisheries opera ng in the Eastern Pacific Ocean that catch mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), blue shark (Prionace glauca), and silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis). Species Overview Mahi mahi is a highly migratory species found worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters. Mahi mahi is typically found in pelagic habitats, where it forms schools and is commonly found associated with floa ng objects. Mahi mahi is a top predator, feeding on small fish and squid (Froese and Pauly 2015). Blue shark is a highly migratory species of shark found throughout the world s oceans in epipelagic and mesopelagic waters. It is considered the most widely distributed shark species and the most abundant, with abundance increasing with la tude. Blue shark is an apex predator, consuming a variety of fish and squid species (ISCSWG 2014). Silky shark is a highly migratory species of shark found throughout the world s oceans. Silky shark is found in a number of habitats, including along the con nental shelf and open ocean. Silky shark is o en found associated with schools of tuna, making it suscep ble to bycatch in tuna fisheries. Silky shark feeds on fish, squid, and some invertebrates (Froese and Pauly 2015). These species are managed by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Produc on Sta s cs Catches of mahi mahi by longliners opera ng in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) were very low during the early 1990s but increased rapidly from 43 MT in 1996 to 6,866 MT in Catches have remained higher (although variable between 2 MT and 15,000 MT) since 1997, peaking at 17,253 MT in Catches in 2013 (the last year of data available) were lower, at 10,559 MT (IATTC 2015a). Silky shark catches in the EPO were around 15,000 MT in Catches decreased through the late 1990s into the early 2000s. Since 2009, catches have been increasing, reaching around 16,000 MT in 2010 (IATTC 2013g) (IATTC 2014d). Blue shark catches in the North Pacific peaked in the late 1970s at over 100,000 MT. Since then, catches overall have declined, though they have been somewhat variable. In 2012, catches were less than 40,000 MT in the North Pacific (ISCSWG 2014). Importance to the US/North American market. During 2014, the United States imported 26,467 t of mahi mahi. The largest por on (26%) came from Ecuador, followed by Chinese Taipei (21%) and Peru (21%). Another 1,595 t or 6% was imported from Panama (NMFS 2015). Species-specific informa on on imports and exports of sharks is not available through the Na onal Marine Fisheries Service. During 2014, imports of fresh shark primarily came from Mexico, with smaller amounts imported from Canada, China, Costa Rica, and Spain. Shark fins were imported from New Zealand and China (NMFS 2015). Common and market names. Mahi mahi is also known as dolphinfish and dorado. Blue and silky sharks are also known as shark. Primary product forms Mahi mahi, blue and silky sharks are commonly sold in fresh and frozen forms. Shark fins may also be sold as a separate product. 7

8 Assessment This sec on assesses the sustainability of the fishery(s) rela ve to the Seafood Watch Criteria for Fisheries, available at h p:// Criterion 1: Impacts on the species under assessment This criterion evaluates the impact of fishing mortality on the species, given its current abundance. The inherent vulnerability to fishing ra ng influences how abundance is scored, when abundance is unknown. The final Criterion 1 score is determined by taking the geometric mean of the abundance and fishing mortality scores. The Criterion 1 ra ng is determined as follows: Score >3.2= or Low Score >2.2 and 3.2=Yellow or Moderate Score 2.2=Red or High Ra ng is Cri cal if Factor 1.3 (Fishing Mortality) is Cri cal Criterion 1 Summary BLUE SHARK Region / Method Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Score East Pacific Pelagic longline 1.00: High 4.00: Low 3.67: Low (3.831) East Pacific Pelagic longline 1.00: High 2.00: High 1.00: High Red (1.414) DOLPHINFISH (MAHI MAHI) Inherent Region / Method Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Score East Pacific Pelagic longline 2.00: Medium 3.00: Moderate North Pacific Pelagic longline South Pacific Pelagic longline Blue and silky sharks grow slowly, reach sexual maturity at a later age, produce a small number of young, and have a long life span. The status of blue shark in the South Pacific Ocean is unknown but there are concerns over its popula on status. In the North Pacific, blue shark popula ons are healthy and fishing mortality rates are sustainable. Assessments of silky shark in the Eastern Pacific Ocean have been conducted but the results are currently uncertain. Mahi mahi is a fast growing species of fish that reaches sexual maturity at a young age and produces a large number of young. Its status in the Pacific Ocean is currently unknown. Criterion 1 Assessment SCORING GUIDELINES 2.00: Medium 3.00: Moderate 2.00: Medium 3.00: Moderate 3.67: Low 3.67: Low 3.67: Low (3.318) (3.318) (3.318) SILKY SHARK Region / Method Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Score East Pacific Pelagic longline 1.00: High 2.00: High 1.00: High Red (1.414) North Pacific Pelagic longline 1.00: High 2.00: High 1.00: High Red (1.414) South Pacific Pelagic longline 1.00: High 2.00: High 1.00: High Red (1.414) 8

9 Factor Inherent Vulnerability Low The FishBase vulnerability score for species is 0-35, OR species exhibits life history characteris cs that make it resilient to fishing, (e.g., early maturing). Medium The FishBase vulnerability score for species is 36-55, OR species exhibits life history characteris cs that make it neither par cularly vulnerable nor resilient to fishing, (e.g., moderate age at sexual maturity (5-15 years), moderate maximum age (10-25 years), moderate maximum size, and middle of food chain). High The FishBase vulnerability score for species is , OR species exhibits life history characteris cs that make is par cularly vulnerable to fishing, (e.g., long-lived (>25 years), late maturing (>15 years), low reproduc on rate, large body size, and top-predator). Note: The FishBase vulnerability scores is an index of the inherent vulnerability of marine fishes to fishing based on life history parameters: maximum length, age at first maturity, longevity, growth rate, natural mortality rate, fecundity, spa al behaviors (e.g., schooling, aggrega ng for breeding, or consistently returning to the same sites for feeding or reproduc on) and geographic range. Factor Abundance 5 (Very Low ) Strong evidence exists that the popula on is above target abundance level (e.g., biomass at maximum sustainable yield, BMSY) or near virgin biomass. 4 (Low ) Popula on may be below target abundance level, but it is considered not overfished 3 (Moderate ) Abundance level is unknown and the species has a low or medium inherent vulnerability to fishing. 2 (High ) Popula on is overfished, depleted, or a species of concern, OR abundance is unknown and the species has a high inherent vulnerability to fishing. 1 (Very High ) Popula on is listed as threatened or endangered. Factor Fishing Mortality 5 (Very Low ) Highly likely that fishing mortality is below a sustainable level (e.g., below fishing mortality at maximum sustainable yield, FMSY), OR fishery does not target species and its contribu on to the mortality of species is negligible ( 5% of a sustainable level of fishing mortality) (Low ) Probable (>50%) chance that fishing mortality is at or below a sustainable level, but some uncertainty exists, OR fishery does not target species and does not adversely affect species, but its contribu on to mortality is not negligible, OR fishing mortality is unknown, but the popula on is healthy and the species has a low suscep bility to the fishery (low chance of being caught) (Moderate ) Fishing mortality is fluctua ng around sustainable levels, OR fishing mortality is unknown and species has a moderate-high suscep bility to the fishery and, if species is depleted, reasonable management is in place. 1 (High ) Overfishing is occurring, but management is in place to curtail overfishing, OR fishing mortality is unknown, species is depleted, and no management is in place. 0 (Cri cal) Overfishing is known to be occurring and no reasonable management is in place to curtail overfishing. BLUE SHARK Factor Inherent Vulnerability, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE High 9

10 FishBase assigned a high to very high vulnerability score of 77 out of 100 (Froese and Pauly 2013). Blue shark reaches sexual maturity around 4 7 years of age and reaches a maximum size and age of 380 cm and 16 years, respec vely. Blue shark gives birth to live pups every 1 2 years (ISCSWG 2014). These life history characteris cs also suggest a high inherent vulnerability to fishing. Factor Abundance, PELAGIC LONGLINE Low An updated assessment of blue shark in the North Pacific was completed during Two different models were used in the assessment. The base case results of the two models indicated that the popula on (biomass (B) and spawning stock biomass (SSB)) of blue shark is not overfished (B 2011/B M SY = 1.65 and SSB 2011/SSB M SY = 1.621) and that the popula on will remain above the level necessary to maintain the maximum sustainable yield (B M SY) in the future (ISCSWG 2014). There is high uncertainty in the assessments. We have therefore awarded a low concern score., PELAGIC LONGLINE High No assessments of blue shark in the South Pacific have been conducted. The Interna onal Union for the Conserva on of Nature (IUCN) considers blue shark to be Near Threatened globally (Stevens 2009). There is some informa on from fisheries observers regarding the abundance of blue shark throughout the region that indicates a decrease since 2004 (IATTC 2011e). We have awarded a high concern score based on the IUCN status, high vulnerability, and unknown status. Factor Fishing Mortality, PELAGIC LONGLINE Low According to the 2014 updated assessment, the fishing mortality rate es mated in 2011 (F 2011) was around 34% of that needed to produce the maximum sustainable yield (F M SY) (ISCSWG 2014). Therefore overfishing is not occurring. There is uncertainty surrounding these results, and previous assessments have indicated some issues with the data (e.g., unreported and underreported catch and effort data, along with size informa on). We have therefore awarded a low concern instead of very low concern score., PELAGIC LONGLINE High No assessment of blue shark in the South Pacific region of the Eastern Pacific Ocean has been conducted, so fishing mortality rates are unknown. Observed catches have decreased over me from a high of 25,000 sharks in 1995 to under 5,000 since the mid-2000s (IATTC 2011e). There are no management measures in place and blue shark is vulnerable to capture, so we have awarded a high concern score. DOLPHINFISH (MAHI MAHI) Factor Inherent Vulnerability, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE Medium FishBase assigned a moderate vulnerability of 39 out of 100 (Froese and Pauly 2013). Dolphinfish s life history characteris cs support this score. Sexual maturity is reached around 45 cm or 2 years of age and it can 10

11 reach a maximum size of 110 cm and age of 12 years. It is a broadcast spawner and has a high trophic level (Froese and Pauly 2013). Factor Abundance, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE Moderate No popula on assessments of dolphinfish in the Pacific Ocean have been conducted; however, the Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) is in the beginning stages of developing a plan for assessing dolphinfish (IATTC 2013). The Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature (IUCN) considers dolphinfish a species of Least with a stable popula on trend (Colle e et al. 2011). We have awarded a moderate concern score because the stock has not been assessed rela ve to reference points, but is not considered to be a high concern based on the vulnerability ra ng and IUCN lis ng. Factor Fishing Mortality, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE Low Fishing mortality rates for dolphinfish in the Eastern Pacific Ocean are not known, but the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission is in the beginning stages of assessing them (IATTC 2013). Dolphinfish is caught as bycatch and targeted in longline fisheries in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (IATTC 2013). The Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature (IUCN) does not consider there to be any major threats to dolphinfish from commercial fishing (Colle e et al. 2011). Preliminary analysis shows variable but somewhat steady catch per unit effort trends in abundance (IATTC 2013). We have therefore awarded a low concern score because commercial fishing does not appear to be a major threat and the catch per unit effort has been somewhat stable over me. SILKY SHARK Factor Inherent Vulnerability, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE High FishBase assigned a very high vulnerability of 79 out of 100 (Froese and Pauly 2015). Silky shark reaches sexual maturity between 200 and 260 cm in size and 7 12 years of age. Silky shark gives birth to live young. It reaches a maximum size of 350 cm and lives at least 25 years (Froese and Pauly 2015). These life history characteris cs also suggest a high vulnerability to fishing. Factor Abundance, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE High The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission has been working toward an assessment of silky shark since 11

12 2009. A full assessment was a empted and the results presented in Due to issues with the historical me series of catches and the inability of the model to fit abundance series, the results were deemed uncertain (IATTC 2014d). Updated indicators for a northern and southern por on of the popula on were presented in It appears that silky shark popula ons are well below historic (1990s) levels. There have been recent increases in catch per unit effort series, but these may reflect environmental changes or changes to the availability of the popula on, not actual popula on increases (IATTC 2015d). The Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature has classified silky shark as Near Threatened globally (Bonfil et al. 2009). We have awarded a high concern score based on the IUCN status and high inherent vulnerability. Factor Fishing Mortality, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE High Silky shark is caught as bycatch in purse seine and longline fisheries opera ng in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, but is also targeted in small amounts in some longline fisheries (IATTC 2013g). The most recent a empt at an assessment for this species indicated that the current fishing mortality rates are unknown (IATTC 2014d). There is no effec ve management in place in the Eastern Pacific Ocean region, so we have awarded a high concern score. 12

13 Criterion 2: Impacts on other species All main retained and bycatch species in the fishery are evaluated in the same way as the species under assessment were evaluated in Criterion 1. Seafood Watch defines bycatch as all fisheries-related mortality or injury to species other than the retained catch. Examples include discards, endangered or threatened species catch, and ghost fishing. To determine the final Criterion 2 score, the score for the lowest scoring retained/bycatch species is mul plied by the discard rate score (ranges from 0-1), which evaluates the amount of non-retained catch (discards) and bait use rela ve to the retained catch. The Criterion 2 ra ng is determined as follows: Score >3.2= or Low Score >2.2 and 3.2=Yellow or Moderate Score 2.2=Red or High Ra ng is Cri cal if Factor 2.3 (Fishing Mortality) is Cr cal Criterion 2 Summary Only the lowest scoring main species is/are listed in the table and text in this Criterion 2 sec on; a full list and assessment of the main species can be found in Appendix B. BLUE SHARK - - PELAGIC LONGLINE Subscore: Discard Rate: 0.95 C2 Rate: Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Hawksbill turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Leatherback turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Loggerhead turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) Olive ridley turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) Silky shark 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) sea turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) Blue shark 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) waved albatross 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 2.33:Moderate laysan albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate black-footed albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate Indo-Pacific sailfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Bigeye tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Yellowfin tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Dolphinfish (Mahi Mahi) 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate :Moderate 3.67:Low 3.67:Low 3.67:Low Red (1.526) Red (2.159) Red (2.159) Yellow (2.644) (3.318) (3.318) (3.318)

14 BLUE SHARK - - PELAGIC LONGLINE Subscore: Discard Rate: 0.95 C2 Rate: Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Hawksbill turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Leatherback turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Loggerhead turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) Olive ridley turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) Silky shark 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) sea turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) waved albatross 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 2.33:Moderate laysan albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate black-footed albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate Indo-Pacific sailfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Bigeye tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Yellowfin tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Dolphinfish (Mahi Mahi) 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 3.67:Low 3.67:Low 3.67:Low Red (1.526) Red (2.159) Red (2.159) Yellow (2.644) (3.318) (3.318) (3.318) Blue shark 1.00:High 4.00:Low 3.67:Low (3.831) DOLPHINFISH (MAHI MAHI) - - PELAGIC LONGLINE Subscore: Discard Rate: 0.95 C2 Rate: Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Hawksbill turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Leatherback turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Loggerhead turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) Olive ridley turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) Silky shark 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) sea turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) Blue shark 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) 14

15 waved albatross 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 2.33:Moderate laysan albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate black-footed albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate Indo-Pacific sailfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Bigeye tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Yellowfin tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 3.67:Low 3.67:Low Red (1.526) Red (2.159) Red (2.159) Yellow (2.644) (3.318) (3.318) Blue shark 1.00:High 4.00:Low 3.67:Low (3.831) DOLPHINFISH (MAHI MAHI) - - PELAGIC LONGLINE Subscore: Discard Rate: 0.95 C2 Rate: Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Hawksbill turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Leatherback turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Loggerhead turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) Silky shark 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) Olive ridley turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) sea turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) black-footed albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate laysan albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate Swordfish 2.00:Medium 5.00:Very Low Indo-Pacific sailfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Bigeye tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Yellowfin tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 1.00:High 2.33:Moderate 3.67:Low 3.67:Low Red (2.159) Red (2.159) Yellow (2.236) Yellow (2.644) (3.318) (3.318) Albacore tuna 2.00:Medium 4.00:Low 3.67:Low (3.831) DOLPHINFISH (MAHI MAHI) - - PELAGIC LONGLINE Subscore: Discard Rate: 0.95 C2 Rate:

16 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Hawksbill turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Leatherback turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Loggerhead turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) Silky shark 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) Olive ridley turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) sea turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) waved albatross 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 2.33:Moderate Red (1.526) black-footed albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate laysan albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate Red (2.159) Red (2.159) Indo-Pacific sailfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Bigeye tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Yellowfin tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 3.67:Low 3.67:Low Yellow (2.644) (3.318) (3.318) Albacore tuna 2.00:Medium 4.00:Low 5.00:Very Low (4.472) Swordfish 2.00:Medium 5.00:Very Low 5.00:Very Low (5.000) SILKY SHARK - - PELAGIC LONGLINE Subscore: Discard Rate: 0.95 C2 Rate: Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Hawksbill turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Leatherback turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Loggerhead turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) Olive ridley turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) sea turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) Blue shark 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) waved albatross 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 2.33:Moderate Red (1.526) laysan albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate Red (2.159) 16

17 black-footed albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate Red (2.159) Indo-Pacific sailfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Bigeye tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Yellowfin tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Dolphinfish (Mahi Mahi) 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 3.67:Low 3.67:Low 3.67:Low Yellow (2.644) (3.318) (3.318) (3.318) Blue shark 1.00:High 4.00:Low 3.67:Low (3.831) SILKY SHARK - - PELAGIC LONGLINE Subscore: Discard Rate: 0.95 C2 Rate: Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Hawksbill turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Leatherback turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Loggerhead turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) Olive ridley turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) sea turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) black-footed albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate laysan albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate Swordfish 2.00:Medium 5.00:Very Low Indo-Pacific sailfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Dolphinfish (Mahi Mahi) 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Bigeye tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Yellowfin tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 1.00:High 2.33:Moderate 3.67:Low 3.67:Low 3.67:Low Red (2.159) Red (2.159) Yellow (2.236) Yellow (2.644) (3.318) (3.318) (3.318) Albacore tuna 2.00:Medium 4.00:Low 3.67:Low (3.831) SILKY SHARK - - PELAGIC LONGLINE Subscore: Discard Rate: 0.95 C2 Rate:

18 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Hawksbill turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Leatherback turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High Loggerhead turtle 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) 1.00:High Red (1.000) Olive ridley turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) sea turtle 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) waved albatross 1.00:High 1.00:Very High 2.33:Moderate black-footed albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate laysan albatross 1.00:High 2.00:High 2.33:Moderate Indo-Pacific sailfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Dolphinfish (Mahi Mahi) 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Bigeye tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Yellowfin tuna 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 3.67:Low 3.67:Low 3.67:Low Albacore tuna 2.00:Medium 4.00:Low 5.00:Very Low Swordfish 2.00:Medium 5.00:Very Low 5.00:Very Low Red (1.526) Red (2.159) Red (2.159) Yellow (2.644) (3.318) (3.318) (3.318) (4.472) (5.000) This report is for the Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) longline fishery that targets large pelagic species including mahi mahi, tuna, billfish, and sharks, and incidentally captures sea turtles and seabirds. Informa on on bycatch in the EPO longline fisheries is lacking. We iden fied the addi onal species to include in this report based on informa on indica ng that they make up at least 5% of the total catch or based on their status (e.g., overfished, endangered) per the Seafood Watch criteria, through several sources. These included various bycatch reports/presenta ons provided by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) as well as IATTC catch sta s cs and independent analysis of poten al bycatch issues. The addi onal species included in this report, the jus fica on for their inclusion, and the source of informa on are included in the table below. The lowest scoring species were three sea turtle species: hawksbill, leatherback, and loggerhead, due to their current statuses. Species Jus fica on Source indopacific sailfish Unknown but reported IATTC 2013e Olive ridley Vulnerable IATTC 2012 turtle Endangered IATTC 2012 Hawksbill Cri cally Endangered IAC 2012 Leatherback Cri cally Endangered IAC

19 Loggerhead Endangered IAC 2012 Black-footed albatross Laysan albatross 36% overlap with conven on area 5% overlap with conven on area Anderson 2009 IATTC 2006 Waved albatross 100% overlap with conven on area Anderson 2009 Criterion 2 Assessment SCORING GUIDELINES Factor Inherent Vulnerability (same as Factor 1.1 above) Factor Abundance (same as Factor 1.2 above) Factor Fishing Mortality (same as Factor 1.3 above) Hawksbill turtle Factor Inherent Vulnerability High Sea turtles have a high level of vulnerability due to their life history characteris cs that include a long life, late age at maturity, and low reproduc ve output (Seafood Watch 2013). Factor Abundance Very High The Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature (IUCN) has classified hawksbill turtle as Cri cally Endangered with a decreasing popula on trend (Mor mer and Donnelly 2008). Hawksbill turtle has been listed on the Conven on on Interna onal Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) since 1977 and is currently listed on CITES Appendix I, meaning that it is threatened with ex nc on and that interna onal trade is prohibited. It has been es mated that popula ons in the Pacific Ocean have declined by over 75% over three genera ons (Mor mer and Donnelly 2008). We have awarded a very high concern score based on the IUCN lis ng. 19

20 Factor Fishing Mortality High The incidental capture of hawksbill turtle has been iden fied as adversely affec ng its recovery worldwide, although declines in the popula on of hawksbill turtle are mainly a factor of historical targe ng of this species (Mor mer and Donnelly 2008). Hawksbill sea turtle is reported as incidentally captured in longline fisheries in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (IAC 2012). The bycatch impacts in this region are considered low but a high risk to the popula on size (Wallace et al. 2013). There is no indica on that bycatch mi ga on measures have been put into place by all fleets (IAC 2012) (Zhu and Dai 2014), and there have been issues with compliance in other regions of the Pacific Ocean (Clarke et al. 2013). We have awarded a high concern score because the popula on has already been depleted. Factor Discard Rate 20-40% The average overall discard rate in pelagic longline fisheries that target tuna and other large pelagic species worldwide is 22%, but discard rates reported by the Food and Agriculture Organiza on (FAO) in the central Eastern Pacific Ocean are much less, at 7.7% (Kelleher 2005). Informa on on discard rates from IATTC longline fisheries is not reported but is unlikely to be much higher than the overall average of 22%, so we have awarded a score of 20% 40%. Leatherback turtle Factor Inherent Vulnerability High Sea turtles have a high level of vulnerability due to their life history characteris cs that include a long life, late age at maturity, and low reproduc ve output (Seafood Watch 2013). 20

21 Factor Abundance Very High Leatherback sea turtle has been listed as Endangered on the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) since 1970 (NMFS 2012). The Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature (IUCN) classified leatherback turtle as Cri cally Endangered with a decreasing popula on trend in 2000 (Mar nez 2000). Leatherback turtle has been listed on the Conven on on Interna onal Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) since 1975 and is currently listed on Appendix I, meaning that it is threatened with ex nc on and that interna onal trade is prohibited. Over the past 25 years, the popula on of leatherbacks in the Pacific Ocean has decreased significantly (Spo la et al. 1996). Recent es mates from the Pacific Ocean suggest a popula on size of 294,068 turtles, and out of these, 6,199 are adults (Jones et al. 2012). We have awarded a very high concern score based on the ESA, IUCN, and CITES lis ngs. Factor Fishing Mortality High Fishing mortality is thought to be a major threat to leatherback turtle, especially for juveniles and adults that can be incidentally captured in fisheries along their migra on routes (Mar nez 2000) (Zug and Parham 1996). In the Eastern Pacific Ocean, bycatch in longline fisheries is thought to be a low impact, but interac ons are a high risk to the popula on size overall (Wallace et al. 2013). For example, Japan reported that 166 leatherback sea turtles were incidentally captured in their longline fisheries alone during 2000 (IATTC 2013d). There is no indica on that bycatch mi ga on measures have been put into place by all fleets (IAC 2012) (Zhu and Dai 2014) and there have been issues with compliance in other regions of the Pacific Ocean (Clarke et al. 2013). We have therefore awarded a high concern and not cri cal concern score. Factor Discard Rate 20-40% The average overall discard rate in pelagic longline fisheries that target tuna and other large pelagic species worldwide is 22%, but discard rates reported by the Food and Agriculture Organiza on (FAO) in the central Eastern Pacific Ocean are much less, at 7.7% (Kelleher 2005). Informa on on discard rates from IATTC longline fisheries is not reported but is unlikely to be much higher than the overall average of 22%, so we have awarded a score of 20% 40%. 21

22 Loggerhead turtle Factor Inherent Vulnerability High Sea turtles have a high level of vulnerability due to their life history characteris cs that include a long life, late age at maturity, and low reproduc ve output (Seafood Watch 2013). Factor Abundance Very High Loggerhead sea turtle has been listed as Endangered on the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) since 1970 (NMFS 2012). The Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature (IUCN) classified leatherback turtle as Cri cally Endangered with a decreasing popula on trend in 2000 (Mar nez 2000). Leatherback turtle has been listed on CITES since 1975 and are currently listed on Appendix I, meaning that it is threatened with ex nc on and that interna onal trade is prohibited. Over the past 25 years, the popula on of leatherbacks in the Pacific Ocean has decreased significantly (Spo la et al. 1996). Recent es mates from the Pacific Ocean suggest a popula on size of 294,068 turtles, and out of these, 6,199 are adults (Jones et al. 2012). We have awarded a score of very high concern based on the ESA, IUCN, and CITES lis ngs. Factor Fishing Mortality High The incidental capture of loggerhead turtle is considered a primary threat to its popula ons (MTSG 2006). Research in the Pacific Ocean suggested that 67,000 loggerhead sea turtles were incidentally captured in the Pacific Ocean during 2000, and of these, 2,600 to 6,000 were killed by this incidental capture; it is possible that its mortality threshold has been exceeded in this region (Lewison et al. 2004). In the North and South Pacific Ocean, it appears that there is a low bycatch impact from longlines but bycatch has a high risk to the popula on (Wallace et al. 2013). There is no indica on that bycatch mi ga on measures have been put into place by all fleets (IAC 2012) (Zhu and Dai 2014) and there have been issues with compliance in other regions of the Pacific Ocean (Clarke et al. 2013). We have therefore awarded a high and not cri cal concern score. 22

23 Factor Discard Rate 20-40% The average overall discard rate in pelagic longline fisheries that target tuna and other large pelagic species worldwide is 22%, but discard rates reported by the Food and Agriculture Organiza on (FAO) in the central Eastern Pacific Ocean are much less, at 7.7% (Kelleher 2005). Informa on on discard rates from IATTC longline fisheries is not reported but is unlikely to be much higher than the overall average of 22%, so we have awarded a score of 20% 40%. 23

24 Criterion 3: Management Effec veness Management is separated into management of retained species (harvest strategy) and management of nonretained species (bycatch strategy). The final score for this criterion is the geometric mean of the two scores. The Criterion 3 ra ng is determined as follows: Score >3.2= or Low Score >2.2 and 3.2=Yellow or Moderate Score 2.2 or either the Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) or Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) is Very High = Red or High Ra ng is Cri cal if either or both of Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) and Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) ra ngs are Cri cal. Criterion 3 Summary Region / Method Harvest Strategy Bycatch Strategy Score East Pacific / Pelagic longline Red (1.000) North Pacific / Pelagic longline Red (1.000) South Pacific / Pelagic longline Red (1.000) Criterion 3 Assessment SCORING GUIDELINES Factor 3.1: Harvest Strategy Seven subfactors are evaluated: Management Strategy, Recovery of Species of, Scien fic Research/Monitoring, Following of Scien fic Advice, Enforcement of Regula ons, Management Track Record, and Inclusion of Stakeholders. Each is rated as ineffec ve, moderately effec ve, or highly effec ve. 5 (Very Low ) Rated as highly effec ve for all seven subfactors considered 4 (Low ) Management Strategy and Recovery of Species of rated highly effec ve and all other subfactors rated at least moderately effec ve. 3 (Moderate ) All subfactors rated at least moderately effec ve. 2 (High ) At minimum, meets standards for moderately effec ve for Management Strategy and Recovery of Species of, but at least one other subfactor rated ineffec ve. 1 (Very High ) Management exists, but Management Strategy and/or Recovery of Species of rated ineffec ve. 0 (Cri cal) No management exists when there is a clear need for management (i.e., fishery catches threatened, endangered, or high concern species), OR there is a high level of Illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing occurring. Factor 3.1: Harvest Strategy Factor 3.1 Summary FACTOR 3.1: MANAGEMENT OF FISHING IMPACTS ON RETAINED SPECIES Region / Method Strategy Recovery Research Advice Enforce Track Inclusion East Pacific / Pelagic longline Ineffec ve N/A Moderately Effec ve Ineffec ve Moderately Effec ve Moderately Effec ve Highly Effec ve North Pacific / Pelagic Ineffec ve N/A Moderately Ineffec ve Moderately Moderately Highly 24

25 longline Effec ve Effec ve Effec ve Effec ve South Pacific / Pelagic longline Ineffec ve N/A Moderately Effec ve Ineffec ve Moderately Effec ve Moderately Effec ve Highly Effec ve The United Na ons Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement (1995) indicated that the management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks should be carried out through Regional Fisheries Management Organiza ons (RFMOs). RFMOs are the only legally mandated fishery management body on the high seas and within EEZ waters. There are currently 18 RFMOs ( that cover nearly all of the world s waters. Member countries must abide by the management measures set forth by individual RFMOs in order to fish in their waters {Cullis-Suzuki and Pauly 2010). Some RFMOs manage all living marine resources within their authority (e.g., General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)), while others manage a group of species such as tunas (e.g., Interna onal Commission for the Conserva on of Atlan c Tunas (ICCAT)). This report focuses on longline fisheries of large pelagic species in waters within the Eastern Pacific Ocean, which are managed by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (see below for member countries). For this report we have scored this sec on for RFMO management. IATTC members: Belize, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, European Union, France, Guatemala, Japan, Kiriba, Korea, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Chinese Taipei, United States, Vanuatu, and Venezuela. Subfactor Management Strategy and Implementa on Considera ons: What type of management measures are in place? Are there appropriate management goals, and is there evidence that management goals are being met? To achieve a highly effec ve ra ng, there must be appropriate management goals, and evidence that the measures in place have been successful at maintaining/rebuilding species., PELAGIC LONGLINE Ineffec ve There are currently no management measures in place for mahi mahi caught in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). In terms of sharks, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) has implemented a 5% shark fin rule, meaning that shark fins can weigh no more than 5% of the total sharks on board (IATTC 2005). But there are no catch limits in place for any shark species. In addi on, despite calls by the Scien fic Commi ee to ins tute immediate precau onary measures to protect silky shark, similar to measures implemented by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (e.g., prohibi ng reten on), these measures have not been adopted (IATTC 2013g). The IATTC has been tasked with developing target and limit reference points for tuna (ISSF 2013). Currently, interim target and limit reference points and harvest control rules have been defined for bigeye, skipjack, and yellowfin tuna (IATTC 2012b) (ISSF 2014). Management measures specific to pelagic longline fisheries opera ng in the Eastern Pacific Ocean include catch limits (vessels larger than 24 m) for bigeye for China (2,507 t), Japan (32,372 t), Korea (11,947 t), and Chinese Taipei (7,555 t). The remaining member countries of IATTC must keep catches of bigeye below 500 t or at catch levels from 2001 (IATTC 2013i). We have awarded an ineffec ve score due to a lack of management measures being put into place for target species such as silky shark., PELAGIC LONGLINE Ineffec ve There are currently no management measures in place for mahi mahi caught in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). In terms of sharks, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) has implemented a 5% shark fin rule, meaning that shark fins can weigh no more than 5% of the total sharks on board (IATTC 2005}. But there are no catch limits in place for any shark species. In addi on, despite calls by the Scien fic Commi ee to ins tute immediate precau onary measures to protect silky shark, similar to measures implemented by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (e.g., prohibi ng reten on), these measures have not been 25

26 adopted (IATTC 2013g). There are few management measures in place for albacore tuna in the North Pacific Ocean. Measures were adopted in 2005 and have not been updated since then. Those management measures included maintaining current catch levels in order to maintain the long-term sustainability of the stock, and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) was to work with members of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission to agree on consistent management measures for the North Pacific popula on (IATTC 2005c) (WCPFC 2005). Work has begun to iden fy target and limit reference points as well as harvest control rules for albacore tuna (IATTC 2013k). In an effort to determine previous catches and poten al catch limits for albacore tuna, countries are to report catches of North Pacific albacore tuna from and the corresponding fishing effort to the IATTC (IATTC 2013k). There are no management measures in place for swordfish. We have awarded an ineffec ve score to account for the lack of management measures for target species such as silky shark., PELAGIC LONGLINE Ineffec ve There are currently no management measures in place for mahi mahi caught in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). In terms of sharks, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) has implemented a 5% shark fin rule, meaning that shark fins can weigh no more than 5% of the total sharks on board (IATTC 2005). But there are no catch limits in place for any shark species. In addi on, despite calls by the Scien fic Commi ee to ins tute immediate precau onary measures to protect silky shark, similar to measures implemented by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (e.g., prohibi ng reten on), these measures have not been adopted (IATTC 2013g). Although there are no specific management measures in place for albacore or swordfish in the South Pacific region of the Eastern Pacific Ocean, work has begun to iden fy target and limit reference points as well as harvest control rules for albacore tuna (IATTC 2013k). The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), another RFMO that cooperates with IATTC to manage albacore, has limited the number of fishing vessels ac vely fishing for albacore. Specifically, fishing effort is not to exceed 2005 levels or historical levels ( ). In addi on, member countries have been asked to ensure the long-term sustainability of albacore tuna in this region, which includes collabora ve research (WCPFC 2010c). The IATTC has not ins tuted any management measures for swordfish in this region but the WCPFC, which also cooperates on the management of this species, limited the number of vessels targe ng swordfish and limited catch levels to levels from any year between 2000 and This informa on is to be reported to the Commission (WCPFC 2009). We have awarded an ineffec ve score to account for a lack of management for target species such as silky shark. Subfactor Recovery of Species of Considera ons: When needed, are recovery strategies/management measures in place to rebuild overfished/threatened/ endangered species or to limit fishery s impact on these species and what is their likelihood of success? To achieve a ra ng of Highly Effec ve, rebuilding strategies that have a high likelihood of success in an appropriate meframe must be in place when needed, as well as measures to minimize mortality for any overfished/threatened/endangered species., PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE, PELAGIC LONGLINE N/A 26