Tackling IUU Fishing: Constraints and Opportunities by Prof. Akhmad Fauzi. Ph.D

Transcription

1 Talking ASEAN on ASEAN Cooperation on Fisheries Management Jakarta, February, 2014 Tackling IUU Fishing: Constraints and Opportunities by Prof. Akhmad Fauzi. Ph.D

2 Tackling IUU Fishing: Constraints and Opportunities Prof. Akhmad Fauzi. Ph.D Department of Resource & Environmental Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management Bogor Agricultural University

3 Economic Role of Fisheries Sector Every $ 1 Dolar Received from fisheries US$ 80 billion inv revenue fisheries generates US$ 240 bilion to economy Of this US$ 240 milyar, 57% is from Asial In Asia multiplier impact of fisheries sector is arond 2.6 For every US$ 1 fish value will create added value of 75 cent Yet every year $51 billiion is lost due to overfishing, overcapacity, illegal fishing Support nearly $3 dollar to Global economy Sumber: Dyk and Sumaila, 2010

4 Major Common Fisheries Problems in Asean countries

5 Fisheries Production in ASEAN countries (Source: Komatsu, 2013) Marine capture fishery is major player in almost all ASEAN countries

6 Asean contribution to fisheries Southeast Asia contributes 31.4 million mt of fish products to global fish production in 2010 (approximately 21% of global production) Marine capture fisheries is the main player contributing almost 15 million mt worth of almost US$ 16 billion) Big players: Indonesia (33.8%), Philippine (16.3%), and Viet Nam (15%) Yet...there is tendency toward declining in fish stock among ASEAN countries Source: SOFA 2012, Komatsu, 2013

7 IUU problem among other fisheries problems

8 IUU Fishing Ubiquitous IUU fishing is not only developing countries phenomena Cod War between Canada and Europe vessels EU IUU fishing African Countries At least 30% of global fisheries catch is obtained from IUU (FAO, 2004)

9 Indeks NTN Persen terhdap PDB 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Two sides of Indonesia s Fisheries sector Contribution to GDP (%) ,5 Fisher term of trade 106 Output multiiplier : , , NTN; 105,29 71% mangrove deegrade 70% coral reef degardaed r pollution

10 Hot Spots of IUU Fishing in Indonesia IUU fishing in Indonesia has been a major issue since early 2000s, yet efforts to Curb IUU are constrained by many aspects

11 Economic Loss...? Estimated economic loss from IUU fishing in Indonesia vary from US$ 2 billion to US$ 5 billion The numbers are often considered anecdotical Those figures might under or over estimated depending the methods and the variables included in the calculation If we take into account the transitional gain trap of the fishery resources, the economic loss is very conservative

12 The Drivers and Pattern The driver of IUU fishing vary across ASEAN countries Decline in domestic fish stock Lack of capacity (MCS, domestic fleets, budget, human resources, etc) Subsidy Moral hazard (rent seeking) Poor fisheries management Pattern of IUU vary across time and space Networking Scaling down chamelioning But based on economics of crime and punishment theory, they share similar pattern,i.e expected benefit from IUU > 0 or Expected benefits > expected sanction At present Indonesia s estimated compliance with FAO Code of Conduct is around (0-20%, or ranked 40/53) Pumboat seized from IUU fishing

13 Fashion of fisheries Management Ludwig: Fisheries management is just like a fashion Thompson-Burkenroad debate Kavanagh: Too much of the focus went toward studying the fish, and not enough toward studying the fishers. Poor and inconsistent fisheries management contribute to IUU fishing Some of International commitment such IPOA on fishing capacity was hardly implemented Indonesia 1970s 1980s- 1990s Growth oriented Growth vs partly ationaliza tion (not fully implemen ted) 2000s Mixed policies (e.g industriali zation vs EAFM) MPAs vs regionaliz ation Philipine Growth mixed Mixed Viet Nam - Van Chai Co- Managem ent Co- Managem ent (Law 17/2003) Rationaliz ation

14 Other constraints of Policy (Komatsu, 2013)

15 Challenges IUU is often linked with political issues, so it is very sensitive issue Complexity of instituitonal aspects (regulations, agencies, etc) As a results, tackling IUU fishing tends to follow low hanging fruits or soft approach Business as usual approach (MCS and closing the net ) is often costly Current agreements (RPOA, CTI, NPOA, etc) may be difficult to be implemented due to different interests among nations (workshop forever...) Fish is fugitive resources and tropical fisheries this is amplified by nature constraints Cost of recovery from fisheries management is rather lacking

16 Opportunities to improve fisheries management Is it possible to have CFP for ASEAN countries (EU type)? Fisheries management International Policy Market and Trade Policy Funding How to reconcile Fisheries Management in ASEAN countries Managing stock Rules on access to water Effort controls Technical measures Regionalization: Multiannual plans Fish stock recovery How to use economic instruments to curb illegal fishing Market and trade controls (penalties, incentives, etc) Opportunity To improve Data management Cost recovery for fisheries management (improve sense of responsbility) Incorporate benefit and cost of IUU into macro economic indicators

17 What is needed Managing stock, Managing effort, managging people Stock accounting for ASEAN countries Mapping and assessing fishing capacity De-botlenecking institutional complexity engagement in and implementation of regional and international agreements

18 Final words A strong nation faces the sea, While a weak one turns its back on it Lin Zexu ( )