Few data but many fish: marine small-scale fisheries catches for Mozambique and Tanzania

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1 Africn Journl of Mrine Science 2010, 32(2): Printed in South Afric All rights reserved Copyright NISC (Pty) Ltd AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE ISSN X EISSN doi: / X Few dt but mny fish: mrine smll-scle fisheries ctches for Mozmbique nd Tnzni J Jcquet 1 *, H Fox 2, H Mott 3, A Ngusru 4 nd D Zeller 1 1 Se Around Us Project, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbi, Vncouver, British Columbi, Cnd 2 Conservtion Science Progrm, WWF-US, th Street NW, PO Box 97180, Wshington DC 20090, USA 3 WWF Mozmbique Coordintion Office, Ru Dom João IV no. 213, Sommerchield, Mputo, Mozmbique 4 EAME Progrmme, WWF-Tnzni Progrmme Office, 350 Regent Estte, Mikocheni, Dr es Slm, Tnzni * Corresponding uthor, emil: j.jcquet@fisheries.ubc.c Mnuscript received Februry 2008; ccepted Februry 2010 The fisheries dt supplied to the Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion of the United Ntions (FAO) by ntionl gencies hve served s the primry tool for mny globl nd regionl studies. However, it is recognised tht these dt re incomplete nd often underestimte ctul ctches, prticulrly for smll-scle fisheries. This study reconstructed totl mrine fisheries ctches from 1950 to 2005 for Mozmbique nd the United Republic of Tnzni, by pplying n estblished ctch reconstruction pproch utilising ll vilble quntittive nd qulittive dt, combined with ssumptionbsed estimtions nd interpoltions. Since the 1950s, Mozmbique hs reported primrily industril ctches nd hs substntilly under-reported the country s smll-scle fishing sector due to lck of resources nd civil wr. In Tnzni, Znzibr s recorded fisheries sttistics prior to 2000 re bsent from Tnzni s mrine fisheries ctches reported to FAO, nd totl minlnd ctches re t lest one-third lrger thn officilly reported. Bsed on our reconstruction, since 2000, Mozmbique cught between nd t y 1, while the United Republic of Tnzni cught t lest t y 1. For the period , reconstructed totl mrine ctches were 6.2 nd 1.7 times greter thn dt supplied to FAO by Mozmbique nd Tnzni respectively. The relince on incomplete nd substntilly under-reported ntionl dt puts uthorities under serious risk of over-licensing fishing ccess nd mismnging mrine ecosystems nd ntionl food security. Keywords: ctch rtes, ctch reconstructions, food security, Mlthusin overfishing, smll-scle fisheries, sub-shrn Afric, subsistence fisheries Introduction To ssess hunger nd mlnutrition by country, the United Ntions Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion (FAO) requires the collection, nlysis, interprettion nd dissemintion of informtion relting to nutrition, food, nd griculture, including fisheries (Wrd 2004). The FAO FishStt dtbse, which offers time-series dt on mrine fisheries lndings from 1950 to the present, is fed by ntionl sttisticl dt compiled by its member countries. Therefore, the qulity of globl FAO dt depends on the cpcity nd politicl willingness within these countries for sttisticl collection nd estimtion. Dt supplied to FAO hve served s the primry tool in mny globl fisheries studies (e.g. Gringer nd Grci 1996, Grci nd Newton 1997, Puly et l. 1998, Grci nd de Leiv Moreno 2003), but they re recognised s deficient nd incomplete in mny regions (e.g. Zeller et l. 2007, Zeller nd Puly 2007), including Afric (vn der Elst et l. 2005, Tesfmichel nd Pitcher 2007). Dt supplied to FAO re unfortuntely not redily distinguishble by sector (e.g. commercil vs subsistence). Domestic smll-scle fishing (both smll-scle commercil s well s non-commercil subsistence) often contributes significntly to costl or even ntionl food security, s well s GDP (Zeller et l. 2006), prticulrly in developing countries. However, smll-scle fisheries hve often been mrginlised politiclly due to their socio-economic, politicl, s well s physicl remoteness from urbn centres (Puly 1997), resulting in under-representtion in officil sttistics (e.g. Zeller et l. 2006b, 2007). Insted, government focus nd support is often directed towrd industril fishing, which provides foreign exchnge ernings. This dichotomy is lso often reflected in dt collection emphsis nd the resultnt reported dt, nd hence impcts interprettion of regionl nd globl nlyses. In Mozmbique nd Tnzni, smll-scle fishing tkes plce both from shore nd from cnoes nd dhow-type plnked bots, mostly propelled by sils (Mngulwi 2006), nd lmost exclusively in the nershore wters of 40 m depth or less (UNEP 2001). In Mozmbique, smll-scle fisheries ctch dt re estimted s subsets of ntionl lndings sites, nd the estimted nd recorded smple dt re not extrpolted Africn Journl of Mrine Science is co-published by NISC (Pty) Ltd nd Tylor & Frncis

2 198 Jcquet, Fox, Mott, Ngusru nd Zeller countrywide by the ntionl fisheries divisions (e.g. IIP 2003, 2004; N Fucher, Instituto Ncionl de Desenvolvimento d Pesc de Pequen Escl, pers. comm.). In the 1960s, industril fishing begn in the wters off Mozmbique nd Tnzni. Fishing vessels were often finnced or entirely operted by Europen countries nd llowed to operte in Mozmbique nd Tnznin wters in exchnge for foreign revenues. For exmple, in the 1980s shrimp becme Mozmbique s lrgest erner of foreign exchnge fter cshews (Nelson 1984). Similr to the sitution in West Afric (e.g. Mrquette et l. 2002), Mozmbicn nd Tnznin industril shrimp trwlers disobey legl requirements to sty offshore, nd encroch on inshore res, dmging bottom hbitts nd destroying pssive fishing ger set by smllscle fishers (Lopes nd Gervásio 1999). Tropicl shrimp trwl fisheries lso discrd lrge frctions of their ctch s unwnted byctch (e.g. Kczynski nd Fluhrty 2002), which often overlps directly with those resources tht smll-scle fisheries rely on (nd rrely discrd). Industril lndings dt (see below for definitions of ctches nd lndings ) re generlly ccounted for in ntionl reported dt, while discrds re missing. In Mozmbique, there re round fishers nd 658 smll-scle lnding sites, while in Tnzni (minlnd nd Znzibr combined) there re n estimted fishers nd more thn 400 lnding sites (Jiddwi nd Muhndo 1990, Sho et l. 2003, IDPPE 2004). Difficulties in dt collection nd substntil under-reporting of smll-scle mrine ctches hve been recognised repetedly in both countries (e.g. Herrick et l. 1969, Anon. 1988, Mongi 1991, Chrlier 1995, Gillett 1995, Gurd et l. 2000). The present study uses n estblished ctch reconstruction pproch (Zeller et l. 2007) to estimte totl mrine fisheries ctches for both countries for the period to derive historic bseline nd evlute the overll mgnitude of underreporting. In line with the move towrds ecosystem-bsed fisheries mngement, we define ctch s ny se life killed by fishing ger, irrespective of this ctch being lnded for direct or indirect humn use ( lndings ) or discrded. Mteril nd methods Fisheries ctches hve been successfully reconstructed in other regions of the world (Zeller et l. 2006b, 2007). Here, we follow the conceptul frmework nd pproch outlined by these studies to reconstruct historic mrine fisheries ctches for Mozmbique nd Tnzni. This required dt nd informtion from published nd grey literture collected during field visits by the senior uthor in August 2006 nd subsequently (see Jcquet nd Zeller 2007, 2007b) 1, combined with interpoltions nd clerly defined ssumptions. The ctch reconstruction pproch utilised here consists of six generl steps (bsed on Zeller et l. 2007): () identify nd source existing, reported ctch times-series, e.g. ntionl dt nd dt supplied to FAO by ech country; (b) identify sectors, time periods, species, gers, etc. not 1 Avilble t www2. sheries.com/rchive/publictions/reports/ report15_2.php covered by (), i.e. missing ctch sectors, vi literture serches nd consulttions; (c) source vilble lterntive informtion sources deling with missing sectors identified in (b), vi extensive literture serches nd consulttions with locl experts; (d) develop dt nchor points in time for missing dt items, nd expnd to countrywide ctch estimtes; (e) interpolte for time periods between dt nchor points, often vi per cpit ctch rtes; nd (f) estimte finl totl ctch times-series estimtes, combin ing reported ctches () nd interpolted, countryexpnded missing dt-series (e). Countries differ in terms of fisheries sectors, their coverge of reported dt, nd vilble lterntive informtion, requiring this generl procedure to be customised for ech country. Mozmbique At the ntionl level, Mozmbique s fisheries re considered in three subsectors: industril, semi-industril, nd rtisnl or smll-scle (see contributions in Puly 1992). For this study, we combined the ltter two sectors to consider Mozmbique s fisheries in two ctegories: smll-scle nd industril, where the smll-scle sector includes bot-bsed fisheries s well s collectors (consisting of shore-bsed collectors nd bot-bsed divers, most often for home consumption). Smll-scle sector Time-series dt on smll-scle ctches were not vilble, lthough unpublished reports provided estimtes for the smll-scle fleet for certin yers (e.g. Krntz et l. 1986, Chrlier 1995). However, these studies did not present detils of their methods for estimtion, nor did they pper to include the collector component in ctch estimtes. Therefore, they were considered s miniml estimtes. The dt tht were most comprehensive were the 2003 nd 2004 ntionl ctch dt s collected nd reported by the Instituto Ncionl de Investigção Pesqueir (IIP), which explicitly included estimted smll-scle fisheries ctches with clerly described estimtion method (IIP 2003, 2004). Wheres the 2004 dt were derived from smpling 115 of the lrger fishing centres, expnsions were never mde to the other 543 (smller) centres (N Fucher pers. comm.). As discussed in Jcquet nd Zeller (2007), the 2003 dt included full coverge of three costl provinces (Mputo, Sofl nd Zmbezi), 70% coverge of two other costl provinces (Nmpul nd Inhmbne), nd excluded the southern province of Gz nd the northern province of Cbo Delgdo (Figure 1), which hs the lrgest number of ctive bots nd the second lrgest number of fishers (KPMG 2006). This informtion ws combined with the 2002 fisher census (IDPPE 2004) to determine tht, overll, smll-scle ctches for pproximtely 62% of the totl number of fishers were included in the ntionl sttistics (Tble 1). This suggests tht the reported ctch for 2003 nd 2004, being nd t respectively, ws cught by 62% of ll costl smll-scle fishers. Assuming proportionlity, we incresed the reported ctches for 2003 nd 2004 by 38% to derive 100% estimtes for these yers. This resulted in reconstructed smll-scle ctch of nd t for 2003 nd 2004 respectively.

3 Africn Journl of Mrine Science 2010, 32(2): Bsed on these djusted totl smll-scle ctches nd the ssocited fisher popultion, we derived estimted dily per fisher ctch rtes of 2.47 nd 2.09 kg fisher 1 dy 1 for 2003 nd 2004 respectively. Anecdotl evidence suggests tht, becuse of dditionl fishing pressure from refugees, ctch rtes declined during the civil wr, which lsted from 1975 to 1992 (Dutton nd Zolho 1990, Lopes nd Gervásio 1999). A cse study on the smll-scle fishery of Inhc Islnd (prt of the province AFRICA Tnzni Mozmbique km TANZANIA Pemb Unguj INDIAN OCEAN EEZ Cbo Delgdo of Mputo; Figure 1) presented dt from fisher interviews, nd suggested tht ctch rtes declined by 62% over the pst 30 yers from 29 kg fisher 1 dy 1 to 11 kg fisher 1 dy 1 (de Boer et l. 2001). Fishers on Inhc Islnd re thought to hve generlly better ctch rtes thn ntionl verges (de Boer et l. 2001). However, we pplied the 62% decline inversely to the 2003 ntionl ctch rte of 2.47 kg fisher 1 dy 1 (derived bove) to derive n estimted ctch rte of 6.5 kg fisher 1 dy 1 t the strt of the civil wr in Hence, the ntionl smll-scle ctch rte ws ssumed to hve declined from n estimted 6.5 kg fisher 1 dy 1 in 1975 to 2.47 kg fisher 1 dy 1 in To remin conservtive, the ctch rte ws ssumed constnt (6.5 kg fisher 1 dy 1 ) for the pre-wr period (Figure 2). Assuming tht the civil-wr driven migrtion impcted Inhc Islnd less thn minlnd costl regions, the ctch rte decline my even hve been lrger long the minlnd cost. Therefore, our inverse ppliction of the chnge in ctch rtes from Inhc Islnd remins conservtive with regrds to the potentil mgnitude of pre-wr minlnd ctch rtes. Estimtes of fisher popultions were vilble for seven different yers spnning (Tble 2); however, Mputo Gz MOZAMBIQUE Sofl Inhmbne Inhc Islnd Zmbezi Nmpul MADAGASCAR Figure 1: Mp of Mozmbique nd Tnzni (minlnd nd the two min islnds Pemb nd Unguj, which comprise Znzibr) including the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), nd the costl provinces of Mozmbique. Inhc Islnd in the province of Mputo is lso shown CATCH PER FISHER (kg d!1 ) Constnt ctch rte ssumed prior to the civil wr YEAR Ctch rte declines by estimted 0.14 kg fisher!1 y!1 during the civil wr Reported ctch rtes Figure 2: Smll-scle ctch rtes (ctch per fisher) estimted nd reported for Mozmbique, ; ctch rte ws ssumed to decline with the strt of the civil wr in 1976 Tble 1: Number of fishers by province, nd the proportion of fishers represented in Mozmbique s ntionl fisheries sttistics Costl province Ntionl fisheries sttistics 2002 census Percentge Number of Number of of fishers represented b fishers represented fishers not represented Cbo Delgdo Nmpul Zmbezi Sofl Inhmbne Gz Mputo Totl IDPPE (2004) b KPMG (2006)

4 200 Jcquet, Fox, Mott, Ngusru nd Zeller estimtes prior to 1995 excluded dt on collectors. Therefore, we took the verge proportion of collectors to totl fishers for 1995 nd 2002 (45%), nd pplied this verge proportion to estimte collector popultions for the erlier yers (Tble 2). The rtio of fishers plus collectors to the entire Mozmbique popultion (bsed on interpolted census dt from www. populstt.info) ws determined for these yers, while rtios for the remining yers were estimted proportionl to the whole popultion trends. This derived time-series of rtios ws used to estimte numbers of fishers nd collectors for (Figure 3). Combining these derived fisher plus collector estimtes with the derived ctch rtes provided totl smllscle ctch estimtes from 1950 to Industril sector Lndings Historiclly, more resources hve been llocted to monitoring nd reporting the fisheries ctch by the industril sector, suggesting tht reports presenting industril ctch cn conservtively be ccepted s best-dt for totl industril lndings (Tble 3). For yers when dt were unvilble, ctch estimtes were interpolted linerly between djcent periods, thus ssuming tht no direct correltion existed between industril ctch development nd humn popultion trends or civil wr (see lso Zeller et l. 2006b). Discrds The increse in industril shrimp fisheries in the 1970s (Nelson 1984) ment corresponding increse in byctch (lnded) nd discrds (not lnded). Byctch is likely underreported, wheres discrds re entirely bsent from the reported dt. Schultz (1997) reported n nnul byctch of t between 1993 nd 1996, while in 1982 discrds were estimted t t (Anon. 1982). However, it is thought this ltter mount is conservtive nd ws t lest t (Tenreiro de Almeid, former Secretry of Stte for Fisheries, Mozmbique, pers. comm.). Assuming t of discrds in 1982, nd compring this to the totl reported shrimp ctch of t for the sme yer (bsed on dt supplied to FAO), resulted in 2.8:1 rtio of discrds to shrimp ctch. This rtio ws pplied to the time-series of reported shrimp ctches to produce time-series of estimted discrds (Tble 4). Totl reconstructed ctch ws derived from estimtes of smll-scle ctch plus industril ctch plus discrds. Tnzni Exmintion of dt Tnzni supplied to FAO s of December 2008 reveled tht dt for Znzibr, region of Tnzni comprised of two lrge offshore islnds, re missing from officil sttistics, becuse nnul totls of the ntionl dt for minlnd Tnzni (i.e. Tngnyik) mtched the totl lndings supplied by the United Republic of Tnzni to NUMBER OF FISHERS ( 10 3 ) Anchor points Fishers nd collectors Fishers YEAR Humn popultion HUMAN POPULATION ( 10 6 ) Figure 3: Number of fishers, number of fishers nd collectors, nd humn popultion for Mozmbique, Reported dt indicted by nchor points Tble 3: Industril sector reported ctches nd sources for Mozmbique, Yer Reported ctch (t) Source Krntz et l. (1986) b DNP (1976) Konigson et l. (1985) SIDA (1982) Grébovl et l. (1994) Grébovl et l. (1994) Grébovl et l. (1994) Grébovl et l. (1994) Chrlier (1995) Tembe (2004) 1955 ctch ws t; 1960 ctch ws t b 1961 ctch ws t; 1974 ctch ws t Tble 2: Fisher, collector nd humn popultion dt for Mozmbique, nd rtio of fishers nd collectors to totl popultion with sources nd estimtes Yer Reported shers Reported collectors Source Collector estimtes Fishers nd collectors Popultion (!10 6 ) Rtio ( shers nd collectors people 1 ) Herrick et l. (1969) Konigson et l. (1985) Debeuvis et l. (1990) Konigson et l. (1985) Debeuvis et l. (1990) IDPPE (1998) IDPPE (2004) Bsed on 45% proportion of collectors to totl shers, s derived from reported dt for 1995 nd 2002 Denotes no dt

5 Africn Journl of Mrine Science 2010, 32(2): FAO. 2 This my be n rtefct of the complexity nd history of Tnznin bureucrcy: minlnd Tnzni nd Znzibr ech hve utonomous institutionl nd legl structures for mnging of nd reporting on fisheries. It is cler tht Znzibr s reported dt re not supplied to FAO s prt of the nnul ntionl reporting by the United Republic of Tnzni. We estimted totl ctches for the minlnd nd Znzibr seprtely, nd combined these estimtes to derive country totls. Minlnd Tnzni For the minlnd, we retined the dt s reported to FAO for the yers However, it is possible tht ctches from this period were underestimted. A new dt collection system implemented in Tng (the northernmost province) in the erly 2000s suggested tht ctches since the 1970s were t lest 35% greter thn previously reported (Verheij et l. 2004). Hence, we incresed the time-series of reported mrine fisheries ctches for the minlnd by 35%. This djustment is conservtive (M Gurd, Eco2 Dive Centre, pers. comm.). This djusted time-series of fisheries ctches did not include ny ctches by collectors (shore-bsed collectors nd bot-bsed divers). Minlnd frme surveys estimted 576 nd 796 collectors in 2001 nd 2005 respectively (Fisheries Division 2002, 2005). For the period , for which we hd relible number of fishers, the rtio of collectors to fishers from 2001 (3:100) ws pplied to the time-series of number of fishers to derive estimted number of collectors (Tble 5). The numbers of collectors for were estimted using liner interpoltion between the 2001 nd 2005 reported numbers of collectors. To obtin estimtes of collector ctch, we used the reported collector ctch rte nd effort dt for Mtemwe, Znzibr (4.0 kg collector 1 dy 1 for 240 dys per yer; Jiddwi nd Stnley 1999). Becuse there were no dt on the number of fishers nd number of collectors from 1950 to 1969, the estimted 1970 collector ctch s rtio to the 1970 fishers ctch (0.8:100) ws used to conservtively estimte collector ctches from this period. Totl mrine ctch estimtes for the minlnd were obtined by combining the djusted ctch time-series for fishers nd the estimted ctch time-series for collectors. Znzibr As discussed in Jcquet nd Zeller (2007b), for Znzibr (consisting minly of the two islnds Unguj nd Pemb), fisheries ctches by bot-bsed fishers were vilble from 1980 to 2005 from Znzibr s fisheries deprtment (supplied by the Deprtment of Fisheries nd Mrine Resources, Znzibr), wheres the missing dt for 1989 were interpolted. 2 For 1980 nd 1981, these ctch dt were thought to represent Unguj Islnd only, becuse ctch levels were substntilly lower thn for 1982 onwrds nd similr to Unguj ctches. To estimte the 1980 nd 1981 ctch for Pemb, we utilised frme survey informtion on the number of fishers for 1980 (Ngoile 1982) nd 1985 (Crrr 1987). We used the 1980 reported ctch 2 From August 2009, Znzibr s reported lndings from 2000 onwrds re vilble vi FAO FishStt Tble 4: Decdl industril shrimp ctch nd estimted discrds for Mozmbique, Yer Reported Estimted shrimp ctch (t) discrds (t) b FAO FishStt Plus, Version 2.3, 2000 b Bsed on t of discrds for the erly 1980s, discrd:shrimp rtio of 2.8:1 ws estimted Tble 5: Number of shers nd collectors on the Tnznin minlnd, Yer Number of fishers Number of collectors b b b c b d d b b b b b b b e f g Fisheries Division (1970) b Bgchw et l. (1994) c Fisheries Division (1975) d Mkisi (1984) e : F Sobo, Fisheries Division, Tnzni, pers. comm. f Fisheries Division (2002) g Fisheries Division (2005)

6 202 Jcquet, Fox, Mott, Ngusru nd Zeller Tble 6: Number of fishers nd collectors for the islnds of Unguj nd Pemb (comprising Znzibr, Tnzni) for Itlicised numbers indicte interpolted vlues, wheres indictes dt not estimted Yer Number of fishers Number of fishers Collectors (Ungj) (Pemb) (Znzibr totl) b b b c Ngoile (1982) b Crrr (1987) c Mongi (1991) for Unguj nd the 1980 number of fishers on Unguj (i.e ; Tble 6) to clculted the 1980 Unguj ctch rte of 0.67 t fisher 1 y 1. We ssumed this ctch rte lso pplied to Pemb, nd used the number of Pemb fishers for 1980 (i.e ; Tble 6) to estblish Pemb ctch in tht islnd for For 1981, we interpolted the number of fishers between the 1980 (Ngoile 1982) nd 1985 (Crrr 1987) frme surveys (Tble 6), nd repeted the steps used for 1980 to determine the 1981 ctch estimtes for Pemb. For ll other yers between 1980 nd 2005, bot-bsed fisheries ctch dt were ccepted from the Znzibr fisheries deprtment dtset. However, these dt did not include the ctch by collectors, except for the yers 1980 (Ngoile 1982), 1985 (Crrr 1987) nd 1989 (Mongi 1991). We interpolted the number of collectors between these yers to determine the number of collectors from 1980 to 1989 (Tble 6). Jiddwi nd Stnley (1999) estimted ctch rtes for collectors in Mtemwe, Znzibr, to be 4.0 kg collector 1 dy 1. At Mtemwe, fishers go to se dys per month, wheres in other prts of Znzibr fishers go to se s often s 25 dys per month (N Jiddwi, Institute of Mrine Sciences, pers. comm.). Here, we ssumed this collector ctch rte (4.0 kg collector 1 dy 1 ) to represent the verge rte for ll Znzibr collectors, nd lso ssumed n effort of 20 dys per month, resulting in n nnul rte of 0.96 t collector 1 y 1. This ssumption is conservtive for erlier yers becuse ctch rtes pper to hve declined (N Jiddwi pers. comm.). This rte ws multiplied by the derived time-series of collectors (Tble 6) to estimte collector ctches from 1980 to Becuse 1989 ws the lst relible dt point for the number of collectors in Znzibr, we used the rtio of collector ctch to bot-bsed ctch in 1989 (23:100) to estimte time-series of collected fish from 1990 to 2005 bsed on ssumed proportionlity to reported fisheries ctches. For , we hd only two dt points for estimted ctches, 1959 nd 1975, which were ssumed not to include collectors. We linerly interpolted these bot-bsed ctch dt between 1959 nd 1975 nd between 1975 nd For , we ssumed tht ctches incresed t the sme rte s between 1959 nd 1975, hence the ctches were extrpolted bckwrds from 1959 bsed on the linerly incresing ctches interpolted nnully from 1959 to 1975 (n increse of 250 t y 1 ). To estimte ctches tken by collectors, we used the rtio of collector ctch to bot-bsed ctch in 1980 (33:100) nd crried this rtio bck unltered to We then ggregted the bot-bsed nd collector ctch for time-series of Znzibr mrine fisheries ctches from 1950 to Finlly, we ggregted the estimted totl ctches for Znzibr nd the minlnd to obtin n estimte of totl ctches for the United Republic of Tnzni from 1950 to Results Mozmbique Dt supplied to FAO by Mozmbique suggested stedy increse in lndings from t in 1950 to pek of t in 1981, before declining to round t y 1 in the lte 1990s erly 2000s (Figure 4). In contrst, the estimted totl mrine fisheries ctches s reconstructed here suggested ctches of round t in 1950, followed by rpid increse in totl ctches strting in the lte 1960s nd continuing through the civil wr, reching pek of round t in 1986, before beginning decline (Figure 4). Using the reconstruction pproch s outlined here, Mozmbique s nnul ctches were potentilly between nd t y 1 higher thn the reported dt suggested. Since 2000, the dt supplied to FAO reported nnul ctches between t nd t, wheres our study suggested nnul ctches between t nd t for the sme time period (Figure 4). The reconstructed time-series dt lso illustrte the mgnitude of smll-scle ctches. In terms of tonnge, the smll-scle sector cught nerly six times the mount of the industril sector (Figure 4b). Importnt to note lso is the mgnitude of estimted discrding due to industril shrimp fisheries in Mozmbique, ccounting for nerly t over the time period considered here (Figure 4b). Excluding freshwter ctches nd ignoring imports nd exports of industril ctches, nd ssuming tht the entire smll-scle ctch ws consumed within Mozmbique, the verge per cpit sefood consumption over the 55-yer period ws 9.6 kg person 1 y 1 for Mozmbique. From 2000 to 2004, mrine sefood consumption ws estimted between 4.8 kg person 1 y 1 nd 6.7 kg person 1 y 1. Tnzni Dt supplied to FAO by Tnzni suggested n increse in fisheries lndings from round t y 1 in the 1950s to pek of nerly t y 1 in 1996, followed by slow decline. In contrst, the reconstruction showed tht totl fisheries ctches incresed from t y 1 in the 1950s to round t y 1 in the 2000s (Figure 5). The present study illustrted tht, for the Tnznin minlnd nd Znzibr, totl mrine ctches over the pst two decdes verged t y 1 nd t y 1 respectively. Thus, minlnd ctches were nerly four times those of Znzibr (Figure 5b). For Mozmbique nd Tnzni combined, the overll reported ctches potentilly underestimted totl reconstructed

7 Africn Journl of Mrine Science 2010, 32(2): () () Totl reconstructed 100 Totl reconstructed 40 CATCH (t 10 3 ) (b) Supplied to FAO CATCH (t 10 3 ) (b) Supplied to FAO Znzibr YEAR Smll scle Discrds Industril 2000 Figure 4: Mozmbique s mrine fisheries ctches, , showing () totl reconstructed ctches compred to dt supplied to FAO nd (b) ctch reconstructions by sector YEAR Minlnd 2000 Figure 5: Tnzni s mrine fisheries ctches, , showing () totl reconstructed ctches compred to dt supplied to FAO nd (b) reconstructed ctches seprted by Znzibr nd minlnd ctches in this prt of Afric by fctor of 3.5 over the period For ech country seprtely, reported dt were 6.2 nd 1.7 times lower thn reconstructed totl ctches for Mozmbique nd Tnzni respectively. Discussion The Western Indin Ocen represents 8% of the world s ocens but, ccording to dt supplied to FAO by member countries, genertes only 4% of reported globl lndings (vn der Elst et l. 2005). As we hve shown by exmples of Mozmbique nd Tnzni, such n ssessment is more n indictor of incomplete reported dt thn underutilised fisheries productivity. According to our reconstructions, Mozmbique nd Tnzni s mrine fisheries ctches from 1950 to 2005 were 6.2 times nd 1.7 times greter respectively thn those reported to FAO bsed on country reports. These findings support broder reserch in the region tht suggested tht dt supplied to FAO do not reflect the rel ctch (vn der Elst et l. 2005). Our findings lso reinforce wht Puly nd Zeller (2003) emphsised: there is need to complement the dt supplied to FAO nd incorporte estimtes of previously ignored ctches, even if these re bsed on estimtions nd ssumptions. In both countries, mrine fisheries dt estimted nd recorded by the ntionl fisheries divisions were not extrpo - lted countrywide (e.g. IIP 2003, 2004). Furthermore, the ctch by collectors (fishers on foot nd divers) ws often omitted from officil fisheries dt (Herrick et l. 1969, Konigson et l. 1985, Debeuvis et l. 1990, F Sobo pers. comm.). The reconstruction for Mozmbique, s undertken here, now ccounts for ctches by ll fishers nd collectors, s well s discrds by the shrimp fishery. For Tnzni, reconstructed ctches now incorporte Znzibr, s well s ctches by collectors on both the minlnd nd Znzibr. They lso conservtively compenste for generl underreporting on the Tnzni minlnd. These reconstructed dt better reflect totl ctches tken from mrine ecosystems compred to dt reported by these countries to FAO. Although there is level of uncertinty ssocited with our estimtes, they were bsed on conservtive ssumptions throughout. The reconstructed dt better illustrte historicl trends nd ptterns of totl se life extrctions for Mozmbique nd Tnzni over the pst 50 yers. Importntly, the ctch estimtes presented here re closer to the truth thn the lterntive of continuing to rely on reported lndings only, nd therefore to ssume tht no dt mens no ctch. The present study is specific to Mozmbique nd Tnzni; however, the sitution presented is relevnt for other Africn countries, for which Mozmbique nd Tnzni my be repre - senttive. Declining trends in fisheries ctches over time, such s those documented here for Mozmbique, suggest overfishing of locl resources, especilly in light

8 204 Jcquet, Fox, Mott, Ngusru nd Zeller of the observed declining ctch rtes. Given the common ontogenet ic linkges between inshore (shllow) nd offshore (deeper) shelf wters for mny fish nd invertebrte resources (e.g. Zeller nd Puly 2001), the hevy fishing pressure by the smll-scle fisheries in shllow, nershore wters cn be excerbted by ctches grnted through revenue-generting foreign ccess greements to the sme resources (especilly demersl), s hs been shown for West Afric (Kczynski nd Fluhrty 2002). This my substntilly impct locl food security, nd needs to be considered crefully. In recent yers, the Mozmbique s Fisheries Reserch Institute hs mde gret improvements in dt collection, which is reflected in recent government reports (e.g. Afonso 2006). The new system hs resulted in higher estimtes of ctch, 800% greter thn estimtes derived using previous pproches (Afonso 2006). These recent improvements to dt monitoring my be dopted for the dt supplied to FAO fter severl yers of reporting hve tken plce (D Gove, IIP, pers. comm.). But unless Mozmbique, nd thereby FAO, retroctively use these dt nd knowledge to hindcst bck to 1950 nd djust the substntil historic under-reporting, the future dt will continue to misrepresent the historic bseline, with potentilly dire consequences for ecosystembsed interprettion of the effects of fishing. According to the present study, smll-scle fisheries ctches were substntil nd, on verge, ccounted for 75% of totl mrine ctches. Inshore, smll-scle resources re importnt to costl people, mny of whom live mrginl existence. The reconstructed smll-scle fisheries ctch estimtes suggest tht fish is more importnt prt of food security thn previous estimtes indicted. Our reconstruction showed tht previous per cpit fish estimtes bsed on reported dt (e.g. 3 kg person 1 y 1 for Mozmbique but 8 kg person 1 y 1 for sub-shrn Afric s whole) 3 substntilly underestimted true consumption. Using the reconstruction, verge per cpit mrine fish consumption over the 55-yer period ws 9.6 kg person 1 y 1. In Mozmbique nd Znzibr, collectors ply n importnt role in food security, becuse the invertebrtes they collect re often eten t home while the fish cught by fishers t se re sold (Semesi nd Ngoile 1993, de Boer nd Longmne 1996, de Boer et l. 2000, Gurd et l. 2000, Silv 2006). On the Tnznin minlnd, collecting ppers to occur t reduced rte, compred to Mozmbique nd Znzibr, possibly on ccount of the vilbility of lterntive sources of niml protein. There re severl resons for the concern over the sttus of fisheries in Mozmbique nd Tnzni. Historiclly, fishers in Tnzni were considered better off thn frmers (Wenbn-Smith 1965), but this hs chnged since more people hve entered the fishery (Sho et l. 2003). The decline in ctch rtes is coupled with other indictions of overexploittion, e.g. reduced men size nd decresed bundnces (Kristinsen nd Poiosse 1996, de Boer et l. 2001) nd the widespred use of unsustinble fishing prctices (Lopes nd Gervásio 1999, Verheij et l. 2004). 3 World Resources Institute (WRI). Costl nd Mrine Ecosystems Mozmbique. Avilble t country_pro les/co_cou_508.pdf [ccessed 18 December 2007] Reconstructed dt show tht the number of smll-scle fishers in both countries hs qudrupled over the pst four decdes. Combined, fishing prctices nd fisher-popultion pressure suggest tht Mlthusin overfishing (Puly 1997) could likely be occurring in Mozmbique nd Tnzni. Although there re ttempts t fisheries mngement in both countries, nd the level of enforcement hs incresed significntly in Mozmbique (Afonso 2006), enforcement of existing legisltion should be high priority long with prllel efforts to develop, implement nd support dditionl community-bsed mngement ctions, such s communitybsed, no-tke fishing zones nd bns on unsustinble gers (McClnhn et l. 1999, 2006, 2009). However, focus on fisheries nd relted mesures lone will not be sufficient s overll poverty needs to be ddressed through vigorous nd innovtive moves to enhnce nd support lterntive livelihood options. The present study illustrtes tht the mrine fishing sector is fr more importnt sset to ntionl food security for Mozmbique nd Tnzni nd the mgnitude of resource extrction much greter thn hs been previously recognised. In both countries, little dt do not men smll ctches. These reconstructions provide impetus for the reconsidertion of the role of fish in domestic food security, nd for cution in llowing interntionl mrkets to stimulte dditionl fishing effort, especilly through ill-conceived foreign ccess greements. Acknowledgements We cknowledge the Se Around Us, scientific collbortion between the University of British Columbi nd the Pew Environment Group, nd the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), for their finncil support of the present study. The uthors lso thnk P Afonso, J Alder, C Close, M Flco, N Fucher, D Gove, M Gurd, N Jiddwi, H Mchno, M Meddrd, Y Mgwe, S Milledge, G Mwmsojo, J Rubens, F Sobo, J Tenreiro de Almeid nd R vn der Elst. References Afonso PS Country review: Mozmbique. In: De Young C (ed.), Review of the stte of the world mrine cpture fisheries mngement: Indin Ocen. FAO Fisheries Technicl Pper No Rome: Food nd Agriculturl Orgniztion. pp Anon Fishery sector study, Mozmbique. Report of the Nordic/ FAO evlution mission, Gothenburg. 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