An Educator s Guide to the ushaka Sea World Aquarium

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1 An Educator s Guide to the ushaka Sea World Aquarium How to make your visit to ushaka Sea World more educational.

2 Table of Contents WELCOME ABOUT USHAKA SEA WORLD, DURBAN BACKGROUND INFORMATION Why have aquariums? Where do we get our seawater? Where do we get the animals? What do we feed the animals at ushaka Sea World? Who works at ushaka Sea World? PLANTS AND ANIMALS AT USHAKA SEA WORLD Plants Invertebrates (animals without backbones) Phylum: CHORDATA (animals with backbones) Ecology of marine animals CONSERVATION WHAT CAN I DO TO HELP LOOK AFTER OUR SEAS? Some lesson ideas TIPS TO MAKE YOUR GROUP VISIT MORE EDUCATIONAL GLOSSARY RECOMMENDED READING MAP OF THE AQUARIUM How to use this guide This booklet will help you to understand the exhibits that you see at ushaka Sea World a little better. The labels alongside the exhibits in the aquarium will also help you to interpret the displays. To help you find your way around ushaka Sea World, the bold and underlined words can be found on the map on the back cover. A glossary (the difficult words in the text are in italics and their meaning is in the glossary) and a recommended reading list are provided at the end of this booklet. Extra reading is strongly recommended, as it will make your visit to ushaka Sea World and your classroom activities much more interesting - for you and your learners. 2

3 Welcome Dear Educator, CONGRATULATIONS! You have discovered the exciting world of the oceans. The sea provides an ideal theme for you to teach across the curriculum. This Educator s Guide will help you to make the most of your visit to ushaka Sea World by giving you some information about the fascinating ocean world. You can then use this information to make your teaching more interesting. The sea is a wonderful theme for teaching all areas of learning - it is also fun, interesting and relevant. We suggest that you plan lesson time in your year to focus on marine topics both before and after your visit to ushaka Sea World. This will help to ensure that your learners are well prepared for their visit and that their learning is consolidated once they return to school. This Educator s Guide provides you with an introduction to ushaka Sea World, some information about different groups of marine animals, and a few ideas for activity-based lessons in the classroom. The ushaka SEA WORLD EDUCATION CENTRE is continually expanding to meet the needs of the community by modifying presentations, adding new workshops and activities. Our programmes are aimed to help you, the teachers, and your learners. If you have any suggestions - PLEASE do not hesitate to contact us. We are here to help you. Regards, Heidi Kilian Formal Education Manager PHONE NUMBER: (O31) /6 ADDRESS: ushaka SEA WORLD EDUCATION CENTRE P.O. Box 10712, Marine Parade, KwaZulu-Natal. WEBSITE: education@seaworld.org.za click on Education button 3

4 1. About ushaka Sea World ushaka Sea World incorporates the Aquarium, Dolphin and Seal stadiums and the African penguin rookery. The income generated by ushaka Marine World helps to fund the marine research done by the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI), also housed in the complex, and the ushaka Sea World Education Centre. The three divisions are run by the South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR), a non-government, not-for-profit company. The purpose of the South African Association for Marine Biological Research is: To contribute to the conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity and resources, by: Generating and disseminating scientific information, and Inspiring and empowering people The sea is not a limitless resource - many fisheries have collapsed because people have caught too many fish. We need to encourage people to develop an understanding of and caring for our oceans, if we want to continue to use and enjoy them. ushaka Sea World is an ideal venue for encouraging and stimulating that understanding, by bringing within the reach of everyone the reality of life beneath the oceans in all its diversity and beauty. The ushaka Sea World Education Centre offers a wide range of activities and programmes designed to suit different grades. We offer visits to the aquarium and dolphinarium. The educational value of a visit to ushaka Sea World can be greatly enhanced by including a special marine lesson in your visit. These 45-minute lessons are conducted in our Education Centre and utilise the unique expertise and facilities available at ushaka Sea World. We also offer exciting, hands-on 4-hour courses. Our courses for foundation phase learners give a fun introduction to the sea, while intermediate and senior phase learners can learn more about marine animals through a series of co-ordinated activities during our half-day courses covering a variety of different curriculum-aligned topics. Specially designed F.E.T courses for life sciences with introductory presentations are also available - Ecology, Classification and Population Studies. All come alive during these hands-on workshops that also cover conservation principles. 4

5 Our free educators workshops give you an opportunity to learn more about the sea and how the sea can be used in teaching across the curriculum. A unique feature of the education program at ushaka Sea World is its flexibility - we try, as far as possible, to adapt our programs to suit your specific requirements. To find out more about our activities, please give us a call /6. DID YOU KNOW? The ushaka Sea World Education Centre also runs specially designed workshops for teachers at ushaka Sea World and in selected communities each month during term time. More information is available from specially designed teachers manuals which are received at the teachers workshops. 2. Background information 2.1. Why have aquariums? Life beneath the oceans is difficult to see. Aquariums show us a seldom seen underwater world, a world that covers over 70% of the surface of the earth. At ushaka Sea World your learners can observe some of the fascinating marine animals and ecosystems that are normally hidden from view. Aquariums contribute to the conservation of marine life by showing people the different marine environments, thereby raising public awareness of their value and the need to care for them Where do we get our seawater? Water is the single most important ingredient in the care of marine animals. Seawater is continuously pumped in from the sea through pipes at the end of the ushaka Marine World pier. The water is filtered and cleaned to ensure that our animals always have clear, welloxygenated water, free of disease-causing agents. 5

6 2.3. Where do we get the animals? The animals come from many different places: The aquarium staff collect fish and invertebrates from shallow reefs along our coast by fishing and diving. Local aquarists and fishermen donate some animals to us. Many of the seals and penguins were brought to us as stranded animals. Most of our dolphins were born at ushaka Sea World. The animals at ushaka Sea World are well cared for by specialists in their fields and some live for many years What do we feed the animals at ushaka Sea World? Our animals are fed a wide variety of food to keep them healthy. Most of the food is bought from local fish wholesalers. We also grow our own live food for the small, specialised feeders. The smaller fish are fed on brine shrimp and fish food while the larger fish eat chopped pilchard or other fish and squid. The sharks and penguins are fed a variety of different fish while the dolphins and seals are fed high quality pilchard, octopus, squid and hake Who works at ushaka Sea World? We employ about 200 permanent staff members, ranging from scientists and field technicians to veterinarians, animal behaviourists and aquarium curators, teachers, divers and administrative staff. Voluntary education guides also assist in the activities of the Education Centre. DID YOU KNOW? ushaka Sea World offers a four-day holiday workshop on Marine Careers. Participants find out more about many of the different career opportunities in the marine environment. 6

7 3. Plants and animals at ushaka Sea World It is important to realise that most of the plants and all the animals at ushaka Sea World are dependent, in some way, on the sea - they are marine Plants Many different plants live in the sea. Some are so small that you can only see them with a very powerful microscope (phytoplankton). Others are larger and can be seen in the aquarium. The plants provide food for the herbivores, which are in turn eaten by the carnivores. Plants also produce oxygen during photosynthesis. The oxygen is needed by fish and other animals to breathe. (Remember that respiration takes place in all living plant cells!) Look out for the plants in the exhibits - some are green and some are red. Figure 1 Different seaweeds (or algae) 3.2 Invertebrates (animals without backbones) Representatives of most invertebrate phyla are visible in the aquarium. (a) Phylum: CNIDARIA (Coelenterata) Look out for the sea anemones and corals in the Coral Gardens displays. Near the Open Ocean Exhibit you will see sea jellies. These animals are all related to the hydra and share similar characteristics. They all have hollow, sac-like bodies with one opening, the mouth. A ring of tentacles that have stinging cells surrounds the mouth. These stinging cells are used to sting the prey, which can then be pulled into the mouth. The corals are also cnidarians. The hard corals live inside a hard coral 7

8 home that they produce. Many of them live together in large groups, and are famous for the formation of huge coral reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef off the Australian Coast. There are also examples of soft corals that have spicules in their flesh, forming a flexible skeleton (in the Coral Gardens). Figure 2 Sea anemone, jelly and hard coral (b) Phylum: PLATYHELMINTHES (flat worms) If you look carefully in the exhibit with the sea stars and sea urchins at the Coral Gardens Gallery, you may occasionally see flatworms. Flatworms have simple leaf-like bodies and glide along on a bed of fine hairs or by contracting their muscles. They have a front and a back but no through gut. 8

9 (c) Phylum: ANNELIDA (segmented worms) If you look very carefully in the Coral Gardens Gallery at the hard coral exhibit, you might see a fan worm with its feathery tentacles sticking out of its tube. The fan worm is a worm, similar to the earthworm; however, it does not move around and builds itself a tube from which it sends out tentacles to collect food and for respiration. The bristle worms have hundreds of tiny feet for crawling around. Most bristle worms are scavengers and can bite! Figure 3 Fan worm and bristle worm (c) Phylum: ARTHROPODA (jointed limbs) The rock lobster and crab are related to the insects such as locusts, beetles and flies, which we all know. The crabs and rock lobsters, however, belong to a sub group called the Crustaceans. They have a hard outer skeleton for protection, and have jointed legs for locomotion. The outer skeleton cannot stretch or grow as the animal grows, so before the animal can increase in size, it must climb out of its shell. This is called moulting. After moulting, its new shell is very soft and the animal must grow very quickly before the outer shell hardens again. These animals are very popular food items and they are protected by regulations that make sure that people do not over-exploit them (collect too many). The rock lobsters live in an exhibit opposite the Snorkel Lagoon. 9

10 Figure 4 A barnacle, rock lobster and a crab (d) Phylum: MOLLUSCA The many types of snails, the octopus and the cuttlefish are all members of the mollusc family. You probably know about the garden snail, which is also a mollusc. These animals all have a soft body and are often (but not always) protected by a hard shell. The octopus and the cuttlefish also have a soft body but they do not have an external shell. They have very good eyesight and are able to quickly change their colour or swim away, to avoid their predators. The octopus lives in an exhibit in the Snorkel Lagoon Gallery and there are a number of molluscs in one of the exhibits at the Coral Gardens Gallery. Figure 5 A cowry, a mussel and an octopus 10

11 (e) Phylum: ECHINODERMATA The interesting animals in one of the two centre exhibits at Coral Gardens are the echinoderms. This group includes the sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and the brittle stars. All of these animals have rough skins and bodies divided into five. Rows of little tube feet stick out of their skin for locomotion. Look carefully at the sea stars on the glass and you will be able to see the tube feet. The sea urchins have many sharp spines covering their round bodies. When an animal dies, the spines fall off leaving the test or shell. You may know these as the sea eggs or sea pumpkins often picked up on the beach. Figure 6 Sea urchins, a sea star and sea cumbers 11

12 3.3. Phylum: CHORDATA (animals with backbones) Sub-Phylum: VERTEBRATA (a) Class: Reptilia (Reptiles) Turtles are reptiles that are related to tortoises, lizards and crocodiles. Turtles use their lungs for breathing and must swim to the surface to take a gulp of air every few minutes. You will be able to see the turtles swimming to the top of the Turtle Lagoon for a gulp of air. Turtles can hold their breath for a few hours when sleeping. In the wild, the female turtle returns to the beach that she hatched on, to lay her eggs. After mating she clambers out on a quiet beach at night to lay her eggs in a hole which she digs. She then covers the hole and returns to sea. Of the many hundreds of eggs laid, very few will survive to adulthood, as the hatchlings (baby turtles) are eaten by a wide variety of animals. Figure 7 A Green turtle and a Leatherback turtle (b) Super Class: Pisces (Fish) All fish have an internal skeleton and breathe by means of gills. Fish are divided into two groups - those which have a skeleton made of bone, and those with a skeleton made of cartilage (you can feel cartilage in your ears). 12

13 (i) Bony fish: There are many examples of bony fish in all the large exhibits. All bony fish have one gill opening on either side of the head and their skin is usually covered in scales. Fish use their fins for locomotion. Look carefully at the different fish and see if you can see how the various fins are used for locomotion. Also look carefully at the different shapes of the fish - can you guess which fish are fast swimmers and which are more likely to be slow swimmers? Figure 8 A typical bony fish with labelled body parts In a number of the smaller exhibits you will see many fish that do not look at all like fish - the sea horse and the razor fish are both specially adapted to swim vertically and are well camouflaged amongst beds of seaweed. The eel is also a fish and has a fearsome set of teeth to capture its prey of smaller fish. The stonefish is well camouflaged and looks just like a stone. It has lethal spines to protect itself. (ii) Cartilaginous fish: The cartilaginous fish include the sharks and rays. These fish have five to seven gill openings on either side of the head. They are covered with a rough skin made up of tiny spikes called dermal denticles. A shark has a number of rows of teeth in its jaw and as one tooth falls out, it is replaced by another tooth from the row behind. Have a good look at the ragged toothed sharks and you will see the many rows of teeth in their jaws. The Open Ocean Exhibit is home to the rays. In the Large Shark Exhibit you will see raggedtoothed sharks and guitarfish. In the Reef Predator Exhibit you will see a variety of smaller sharks. 13

14 It is important to remember that sharks play an important role in marine ecosystems, as they are often the top predators. Although there are over 450 species of shark worldwide, very few of these (less than 20%) grow to a size large enough to potentially harm humans. Figure 9 Cartilaginous fish - a ragged tooth shark and a honeycomb ray (c) Class: Aves (birds) Penguins are birds - they are warm-blooded and are covered in feathers. Penguins are not able to fly, but can swim very quickly through the water where they catch their food. Penguins have special adaptations like waterproof feathers to keep themselves warm in the icy Antarctic where most species are found. However, the African Penguin is endemic to South Africa, and is only found on the south-western coast of Africa, living in colonies on 24 islands between Namibia and Algoa Bay. It is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN red data list due to egg and guano harvesting and a decrease in fish numbers, which is affecting the breeding of the African penguin. Figure 10 An African Penguin. 14

15 (d) Class: Mammalia Seals and dolphins are warm blooded and give birth to live young that they suckle. Humans, dogs and cats are also mammals. Look carefully for the dolphin s blowhole near the top of its head. It has the same function as our nostrils, which take air to the lungs for breathing. Long ago the ancestors of dolphins lived on land, but dolphins have become so completely adapted to aquatic life that, if stranded on a beach, they will die. The dolphin s streamlined body is powered by up-and-down beats of the tail fluke, enabling them to achieve speeds of up to 30km per hour. Dolphins have a special sixth sense known as echolocation. This helps them to detect their food and avoid predators. The skeleton inside the entrance of the ship will give you a good idea of the similarities between a whale skeleton and a human skeleton. Figure 11 A seal and a dolphin At the Dolphin Stadium listen carefully to the information given by the presenters that accompanies the Dolphins behaviours. This presentation will give you and your learners valuable information about marine mammals. 15

16 3.4. Ecology of marine animals Now that you know something about the animals we have at ushaka Sea World you can look at where they live, their adaptations, feeding habits, movement and their interactions with other animals. Habitat This means the place where the animal lives. Each habitat has a different set of environmental conditions, e.g. temperature, food supply, type of terrain (rocky or sandy) and depth. Different animals are adapted to live in different habitats. Food Web Animals must eat to live. Most plants make their own food by using the energy from the sun. Plants are, therefore, the start of the food web, as animals eat them. Animals that eat plants (called herbivores) are then in turn eaten by other animals (called carnivores). When animals die, their bodies become food for yet other animals - the scavengers and decomposers. All plants and animals in the sea are linked in this way, and are all dependent on each other. This is why it is important to look after all marine life and not only the animals we use - all animals are linked together in the ocean food web. Protection Animals have developed various ways to protect themselves from their enemies, the predators. Some are able to disguise or camouflage themselves so that their predators do not see them (e.g. the octopus and the razor fish). Others have protective devices such as poisonous sharp spines, or a hard outside covering to protect themselves (e.g. the sea urchin and the rock lobster). Others can swim very fast to escape their predators (look at the tuna in the main tank). The predators on the other hand, have adaptations to avoid being seen by the prey, so that they can approach them undetected. Locomotion Watch carefully to see how the different animals move. Do they use legs or fins? Do they move quickly or slowly? The movement of animals depends very much on their body shape, habitat, what they eat and what eats them. 16

17 4. Conservation Most of us are aware of the effect that man has on his environment -it is easy to see smoke pouring out of a factory or rubbish lying on the side of the road. But, not many people are aware of the impact that man can have on the sea, as it is an area that we can only see a little of. The world's oceans play a critical role in regulating our weather and providing us with essential oxygen. Billions of people around the world rely on the sea for their food. People also use the oceans for transport, waste disposal, defence and recreation. However, if people do not use the sea wisely, pollution and overfishing may ruin parts of the oceans forever. The small Durban Bay exhibit at the end of the aquarium is a good place for you to discuss conservation with your learners. This exhibit displays some of the pollution found in the Durban Bay. In this exhibit we make sure that the rubbish does not harm the animals. In nature, this is not the case, as dolphins, birds, fish and turtles may be tempted to eat the plastic or paper and may die. They may also become tangled up in nylon, or get stuck in tin cans. It is important to realise that we are all partly responsible for the pollution in the sea. We can all help to prevent pollution by picking up litter and by making sure that all rubbish is put into dustbins. We can also recycle our waste, or contact the municipal authorities when we see factories discharging effluent into the environment. We need to understand the effects that people have on the marine environment, and that is why marine research is so important. The results of marine research help us to find the best methods to protect our marine environment while, at the same time, being able to use it wisely. Figure 12 A trawl net catching fish. The hake that we eat is caught like this. 17

18 5. What can I do to help look after our ocean? Here are some suggestions for you to share with your learners: Throw all rubbish in a bin Separate rubbish for recycling. Drive your car less - to reduce pollution and the risk of oil spills. Save water. Do not buy animals or plants illegally taken from the wild. Do not collect more marine animals than is legal. Do not collect animals that you will not use. Put back all the animals you look at - they will not survive at home in a bucket. Do not collect animals that are smaller than the minimum size (the size at which they re able to reproduce for the first time. Report to the authorities any factories that you see dumping into the rivers or storm water drains. Learn as much as you can about conservation and the sea. Talk to people about conservation and about what you have learnt at ushaka Sea World. Some lesson ideas Here are a few lesson ideas for you. Most of these lessons can be adapted for different grades. Ask you learners to think about an animal that they saw at ushaka Sea World. Ask them to then act out the movements and feeding of that animal. You and the rest of the class should then work out the animal being acted out. Make sure that the learners are not just guessing; try to get them to use the clues that the actor is giving them. Divide the class into different teams who could then compete. Let each learner invent a marine animal based on what they learned at ushaka Sea World. This could be used as a fun exercise for younger learners, and as a natural science lesson for older learners, where factors such as what the animal eats, where it lives, who eats it and how it protects itself can be included. The learners can also make a model of the animal out of mud or plasticine. 18

19 Select marine related words for spelling and sea stories for comprehension activities. Make a list of fish names, e.g. catfish, hammerhead shark, parrot fish, butterfly fish, surgeon fish, trigger fish, etc. Have you ever wondered how fish got their names? Was it from their looks, behaviour, habitat, etc.? Let the children write a paragraph on How the... got its name. Younger learners may draw a funny picture based on the fish s name. Let your learners write an essay or short story about their visit to ushaka Sea World. The following can be used as useful story beginnings: This morning I woke up with gills like a fish. I jumped out of bed and... If waves could talk, they would say... A day in the life of a...(select a marine animal). Let your learners discuss how life in the sea is similar to, and different from, life on land. Compare ways animals move, find food, protect themselves, etc. Do this in groups and then let the groups report back to the class. Discuss with the class the best way to educate people about the value of sharks. Older learners should ask their families and friends what they think about sharks. Ask them to list the different responses to the question "Do you like sharks?" Discuss the responses, why do many people dislike sharks? Can education assist people to understand sharks better? Are fears of sharks unfounded? Let the learners each design a SAVE THE SHARK poster, based on their study of people s attitudes to sharks. Ask your class to collect pictures or newspaper articles about the sea. Stick them up on a board or on the wall in a corner of your classroom. Add to this collection through the year and slowly group the articles and pictures into different topics - pollution, fishing, laws and regulations, surfing, sailing, shipping, weather, animals, scenery, etc. Slowly your learners will get an idea of just how important the sea is to people and how we all rely on the sea in some way. Let your class discuss their visit to ushaka Sea World. Did the trip increase their understanding of the marine environment? What was their most important discovery at ushaka Sea World? Let your learners discuss pollution and conservation. Try to encourage them to explore their own feelings about conservation. A debate with one team for conservation and one team against conservation, may help to stimulate thought on the subject. 19

20 Why is the sea important? Ask your learners to list the reasons why they feel that the sea is important. Ask them to group the reasons into different categories - recreation, food, economics, defence, weather, transport, etc. Discuss the economic importance of the sea. Use counting activities as a basis for a marine maths lesson. Gambit eats about 10 percent of his body weight per day. If he weighs about 500kg, how many kilograms of fish would Sea World feed to Gambit each week? If that fish costs R10/ kg, how much would it cost Sea World to feed Gambit each month? The visit to ushaka Sea World will stimulate and interest many of your learners. Use this interest to make your teaching easier by using marine examples. 6. Tips to make your group visit more educational Your role is to help guide your group's looking, learning and thinking. Do this by asking lots of questions and encouraging your learners to ask questions. Do not be afraid to say, "I do not know - where can we find out the answer to that question" (you are not expected to be an expert on the sea). You may find some answers in the information boards alongside the tanks. You may find some answers if you simply observe the animal for a few minutes. You may find some answers by asking the guides on duty in the Aquarium. The Education Centre staff are there to help you - ask them. If you cannot find an answer at ushaka Sea World - write the question down and look the answer up in a library. Each school visiting ushaka Sea World on an education concession (except on Sundays or public holidays) is escorted by an Education Guide who will give the learners some basic information at each of the large exhibits. Do not hesitate to ask your guide questions. Each school visit to sea World is planned and structured to ensure that the learners gain the most from their educational visit. 20

21 7. Glossary adaptation: a characteristic (body part, behaviour, etc.) that helps a plant or animal to survive in its environment. camouflage: a behaviour, shape, colour and/or behaviour pattern that helps an animal or plant to blend in with its surroundings. carnivore: ecology: an animal that eats the flesh of other animals. the study of how plants and animals interact with their environments. ecosystem: a group of plants and animals that live in a particular area. Includes both the living components and the non-living components of an area. environment: the surroundings or all external conditions that affect the life and development of an organism. habitat: herbivore: the place where a plant or animal usually lives (its home). an animal that eats plants. invertebrate: an animal without a backbone. marine: organism: of the sea. a living thing. phytoplankton: minute plants found drifting in the sea pollution: predator: prey: recycle: scavenger: harmful substances deposited in the environment. an animal that kills and eats other animals. an animal that is killed and eaten by another animal. the collection and processing of manufactured materials to reuse, either in the same form or as part of a different product. an animal that eats dead plants and animals or their parts. vertebrate: an animal with a backbone (vertebral column) 21

22 8. Recommended reading ushaka Sea World Education Centre: Treasure Chest Educator s Guide Science on Sea Educator s Guide Underwater Reefs Educator s Guide (These booklets are available to teachers that attend ushaka Sea World Teachers Workshops.) Share-net More detailed information is available from your local library. 22

23 9. Map of the aquarium 23

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