CHUM SALMON - BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA. Oncorhynchus keta. Sometimes known as Dog Salmon, Calico Salmon SUMMARY

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1 CHUM SALMON - BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA Oncorhynchus keta Sometimes known as Dog Salmon, Calico Salmon SUMMARY Chum Salmon is an anadromous fish, meaning it migrates from freshwaters to ocean waters to feed for several years and then back to freshwaters to reproduce. They are found in the North Pacific Ocean, with many distinct reproductive populations occurring along the coasts of North America and Asia. They reach sexual maturity between 3-5 years and have a short life span, reproducing only once and then dying. In British Columbia, Chum Salmon abundance is currently low for most populations. Chum Salmon are caught upon their return to coastal waters to reproduce with drift gillnets, purse seines, and trolls. These gear types have minimal habitat impacts and typically low bycatch, but some threatened/endangered salmon species can be caught. Criterion Points Final Score Color Life History Abundance Habitat Quality and Fishing Gear Impacts Management 2.50 Bycatch 2.25 Final Score 2.20 Color

2 LIFE HISTORY Core Points (only one selection allowed) If a value for intrinsic rate of increase ( r ) is known, assign the score below based on this value. If no r-value is available, assign the score below for the correct age at 50% maturity for females if specified, or for the correct value of growth rate ('k'). If no estimates of r, age at 50% maturity, or k are available, assign the score below based on maximum age Intrinsic rate of increase <0.05; OR age at 50% maturity >10 years; OR growth rate <0.15; OR maximum age >30 years Intrinsic rate of increase = ; OR age at 50% maturity = 5-10 years; OR a growth rate = ; OR maximum age = years Intrinsic rate of increase >0.16; OR age at 50% maturity = 1-5 years; OR growth rate >0.30; OR maximum age <11 years. Chum Salmon are one of seven North American Pacific salmon fish species (Family: Salmonidae). Like other salmon, Chum Salmon are anadromous, meaning they spend most of their lives in the ocean but migrate to freshwater streams/rivers to reproduce, usually to the same stream/river of their birth. As a result, there are many distinct reproductive populations and there is a high amount of life history variation among these populations, but the general life cycle is the same. Life for the Chum Salmon begins in freshwater rivers, but in contrast to most other salmon, new born Chum Salmon (known as fry) spend very little time in freshwaters, migrating almost immediately to estuarine or near shore oceanic waters (Bakkala 1970, Hale 1981, DFO 2011a, WDFW 2012a). The young Chum Salmon will spend a few months in near shore waters before migrating to open-ocean waters of the North Pacific by the end of year 1. At this time they will average 28 cm (11 in) in length (WDFW 2012a). They will then spend the next several years in the open-ocean waters feeding and growing. Chum Salmon grow rapidly in these oceanic waters, commonly reaching sizes of cm (24-30 in.) in length and 4-7 kg (8-15 lbs) in weight (Bakkala 1970, Merrell 1970, Morrow 1980, WDFW 2012a, NMFS 2012a). The maximum observed size for Chum Salmon is 1.1 m (3.6 ft) and 20 kg (45 lbs), which is second in size only to the chinook salmon (NMFS 2012a). Most Chum Salmon will reach sexual maturity between 3-5 years of age, with fish at northern latitudes tending to become sexually mature at a slightly later age compared to fish at more southern latitudes (Gilbert et al. 1983, WDFW 2012a, NMFS 2012a). Once they reach sexual maturity they will migrate back to freshwater to reproduce, completing the cycle. After reproduction, Chum Salmon die. The maximum age for Chum Salmon is six years (ADFG 2012, DFO 2011a). Since Chum Salmon are short-lived, reach sexual maturity at early age, and seem to grow quickly, a score of 3 is awarded.

3 Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed) Species has special behaviors that make it especially vulnerable to fishing pressure (e.g., spawning aggregations; site fidelity; segregation by sex; migratory bottlenecks; unusual attraction to gear; etc.). Like other salmon, Chum Salmon are anadromous, being born in freshwater, then moving out to ocean waters, and returning to freshwaters to reproduce. Larval Chum Salmon (also known as fry), typically move to estuarine or near shore oceanic waters immediately following birth, and tend to form schools, likely to protect themselves from predators (Bakkala 1970, Hale 1981, NMFS 2012a). After spending a few months in near shore waters, they move to deeper, open waters in the North Pacific, where they spend several years before returning to freshwaters to reproduce (NMFS 2012a, WDFW 2012a). It is upon their return to coastal areas/freshwaters that Chum Salmon become vulnerable to capture. They migrate back to freshwaters in groups, along predictable coastal routes, making them easy targets for commercial, recreational, and tribal fishermen (WDFW 2012a, DFO 2011a). Additionally, most Chum Salmon return to the same river/stream where they were born, known as natal homing, which makes individual spawning populations very susceptible to depletion. Points are subtracted Species has a strategy for sexual development that makes it especially vulnerable to fishing pressure (e.g., age at 50% maturity >20 years; sequential hermaphrodites; extremely low fecundity). Chum Salmon mate or spawn in gravel beds in the lower reaches of rives or streams (NMFS 2012a, Buklis 1994). In several rivers/streams there is both a summer spawning run (September-October) and a fall spawning run (November-December), and in Puget Sound, Washington there is also a winter spawn (January-February) (Gilbert et al. 1988, DFO 2011a, WDFW 2012a). The majority of Chum Salmon though spawn in the fall. Females use their body or tail to construct nests (known as redds) to deposit their eggs in, which are then fertilized by the males (WDFW 2012a). Females will then guard the nest until they become weak and die, while males will continue to compete for mates until they die (WDFW 2012a). This reproduction process takes around 10 days. On average, females can produce 2,000-3,000 eggs; however, many of the eggs will suffer mortalities over the four month incubation period as a result of predation, erosion of the eggs from flooding, a lack of oxygen, or other various environmental factors (Bakkala 1970, Buklis 1994). The survival rate from the egg to larval or fry stage is typically less than 10% (Hale 1981). When the eggs hatch, the young larvae will remain in the gravel nests for another month and a half, before emerging, at which point they will immediately begin moving downstream to ocean waters (WDFW 2012a). Chum Salmon are considered to have a medium fecundity (e.g. egg production), so no points are subtracted.

4 -0.25 Species has a small or restricted range (e.g., endemism; numerous evolutionarily significant units; restricted to one coastline; e.g., American lobster; striped bass; endemic reef fishes). Chum Salmon have the widest distribution of the North Pacific salmon fishes, ranging from Monterey, California northward to arctic Alaska, and in Asia along the coast of Russia south to Japan and Korea (NMFS 2012a). Presently though, Chum Salmon spawning populations are typically not found south of Tillamook Bay, Oregon on the North American coast (NMFS 2012a). Although, Chum Salmon are widely disturbed, like other salmon they exhibit natal homing, returning to spawn at the same river/stream where they were born. As a result, this leads to discrete reproductive populations that have each genetically adapted to their unique environment (Taylor 1991, Dittman and Quinn 1996). Each genetically distinct population/group is at risk of being depleted, and if lost is unlikely to be able to naturally recolonize itself (DFO 2005). In Canada, salmon population groups that are genetically distinct are called conservation units (DFO 2005). For Chum Salmon in Canada, 46 conservation units have been identified (DFO Stock Assessment Staff 2011). Although, there are several genetically distinct populations for Chum Salmon, they have fewer discrete populations compared to some other salmon species. Overall, we consider Chum Salmon to have a moderate distribution, so no points are subtracted Species exhibits high natural population variability driven by broad-scale environmental change (e.g. El Nino; decadal oscillations). Several studies have indicated that North Pacific salmon growth and survival can be significantly affected by broad scale environmental change. The main source of interdecadal climate variability in the northwest Pacific is the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which causes a regime shift in ocean temperatures every years, alternating between a warm phase and a cool phase (WDFW 2012a, CIG 2012). The PDO regime shift to warmer conditions in the 1970s appears to have had a positive impact on the abundance of some Pacific salmon species, including Chum Salmon, while negatively impacting other salmon species (Helle and Hoffman 1998, CIG 2012, WDFW 2012a). Additionally, El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, which occur over short timescales (2-7 years) and result in above-average ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific and sometimes in the northwest Pacific, have had some impacts on salmon populations as well (Hare et al. 1999, WDFW 2012a). In the coming years, salmon populations could be further impacted by global climate change (CIG 2012). Points are therefore subtracted Species does not have special behaviors that increase ease or population consequences of capture OR has special behaviors that make it less vulnerable to fishing pressure (e.g., species is widely dispersed during spawning) Species has a strategy for sexual development that makes it especially resilient to fishing pressure (e.g., age at 50% maturity <1 year; extremely high fecundity).

5 +0.25 Species is distributed over a very wide range (e.g., throughout an entire hemisphere or ocean basin; e.g., swordfish; tuna; Patagonian toothfish) Species does not exhibit high natural population variability driven by broad-scale environmental change (e.g., El Nino; decadal oscillations) Points for Life History ABUNDANCE Core Points (only one selection allowed) Compared to natural or un-fished level, the species population is: 1.00 Low: Abundance or biomass is <75% of BMSY or similar proxy (e.g., spawning potential ratio). Chum Salmon are captured in commercial, recreational, and tribal fisheries throughout their range when they return to freshwater rivers to reproduce. This report is focused on Chum Salmon captured in British Columbia, Canada only (Chum Salmon from other regions are assessed in separate reports). In Canada, Chum Salmon commercial catches from 2000 to 2011 were highly variable, ranging from 100,000 fish to 3.3 million fish (500-14,000 mt), averaging 1.75 million fish or 7,000 mt (DFO 2012d). It should be noted that in Canada, several salmon hatcheries have been established to enhance Chum Salmon populations and that catch numbers reflect both wild and hatchery produced fish (DFO 2011b, c). There are a total of 46 Chum Salmon populations or conservation units throughout Canada s rivers/streams, which are grouped into several management or stock groups (DFO Stock Assessment Staff 2011). Each stock group is assessed based on spawner escapement, i.e. the number of sexually mature fish that return from the ocean to reproduce and escape the fishery, and thus actually spawn. For each population or group of populations, a target spawner escapement goal (SEG) has been set and populations are then categorized based on whether they are exceeding, meeting, or below SEGs. It should be realized that survey coverage to estimate escapement varies among areas, and in some cases there are uncertainties in escapement estimates, but the following discussion is based on the available data. Population groups in the northern region of British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands and North Coast) have generally been below escapement goals since the 1990s, and are thus considered to be at low abundances (Spilsted and Pestal 2009). Additionally, because North Coast Chum Salmon have been significantly below their escapement goal (<25%), this group is considered a conservation concern

6 (Spilsted 2004, DFO 2011b, DFO Stock Assessment Staff 2011). Escapement numbers for Central Coast Chum Salmon populations have been variable, with increases in the late 1990s to early 2000s (some of which may be due to hatchery enhancement), but declines in recent years to below target escapement goals (Spilsted and Pestal 2009). For populations in southern British Columbia (those both east and west of Vancouver Island), escapements numbers can also be quite variable. In the most recent years though, many populations are considered to be at low abundances, as they have been below target escapement goals, while only a few populations are actually meeting or exceeding their escapement goals (Van Will et al. 2009, Dobson et al. 2009, Grant and Pestal 2009, DFO 2011c). Management tries to constrain fishing to populations that are exceeding their spawner escapement goals and have surplus fish to catch, but inevitably Chum Salmon from populations with low abundances are still caught (DFO 2011b, c). As noted earlier, there are numerous hatchery enhancement programs for Chum Salmon throughout British Columbia, and in some areas hatchery fish contribute to a substantial proportion of spawning Chum Salmon (Riddell 2004, Spilsted and Pestal 2009, Grant and Pestal 2009, Van Will et al. 2009). This is a concern because there is evidence that salmon hatchery production can have negative impacts on wild salmon populations (NMFS 2012a, WDFW 2012a). We have awarded a score of 1 since the majority of Chum Salmon populations in British Columbia are at low abundance levels Medium: Abundance or biomass is % of BMSY or similar proxy; OR population is approaching or recovering from an overfished condition; OR adequate information on abundance or biomass is not available High: Abundance or biomass is >125% of BMSY or similar proxy. Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed) The population is declining over a generational time scale (as indicated by biomass estimates or standardized CPUE). In British Columbia, Canada, several populations along the southern coast, appear to have increased in the 1990s, but since declined (Labelle 2009, Van Will et al. 2009). In the central and northern coast, abundance trends can be quite variable, but several of the northern populations have shown declines over the last couple decades (Riddell 2004, Spilsted 2004, Spilsted and Pestal 2009). Since the predominant trend in recent years is a decline in Chum Salmon abundance, points are subtracted Age, size or sex distribution is skewed relative to the natural condition (e.g., truncated size/age structure or anomalous sex distribution).

7 -0.25 Species is listed as "overfished" OR species is listed as "depleted", "endangered", or "threatened" by recognized national or international bodies. North Coast British Columbia Chum Salmon are considered to be a conservation concern, which means these populations are at very low abundances and are thus under a rebuilding management strategy (DFO 2011b). However, since this is the only population group listed as conservation concern, no points were subtracted Current levels of abundance are likely to jeopardize the availability of food for other species or cause substantial change in the structure of the associated food web. Chum Salmon feed on a variety of prey. Young Chum Salmon in rivers and near shore waters feed on insects, small shrimp-like crustaceans, and small herring. In the open ocean, adults will prey on copepods, various fishes, mollusks (e.g. clams), squid, and tunicates (ADFG 2012, NMFS 2012a). Predators of young Chum Salmon include a variety of fishes, such as trout or Coho salmon, and birds (e.g. cormorants) (Hale 1981, Gilbert et al. 1983, WDFW 2012a). It is during their migrations from freshwater to saltwater that predation is the highest. As Chum Salmon grow larger in size, predation decreases and only larger animals feed on them. In the open ocean important predators of Chum Salmon are killer whales, sea lions, harbor seals, and various pelagic fishes and sharks (Bakkala 1970, WDFW 2012a ADFG 2012). Salmon species are considered to be important components of the food web (DFO 2011b, c). Therefore, the current low abundance of Chum Salmon in many areas is likely to have an impact on the food web. Points are subtracted The population is increasing over a generational time scale (as indicated by biomass estimates or standardized CPUE) Age, size or sex distribution is functionally normal. Chum Salmon become sexually mature and migrate from open-ocean waters to freshwater rivers and streams to reproduce between 3-5 years of age. Following reproduction, Chum Salmon die. There have been some observed changes in the age/size at maturity in Chum Salmon over the years, but these changes appear to be related to environmental factors (Helle and Hoffman 1998). Changes in population structure are not known to have occurred as a result of fishing, so points are added Species is close to virgin biomass Current levels of abundance provide adequate food for other predators or are not known to affect the structure of the associated food web Points for Abundance

8 HABITAT QUALITY AND FISHING GEAR IMPACTS Core Points (only one selection allowed) Select the option that most accurately describes the effect of the fishing method upon the habitat that it affects 1.00 The fishing method causes great damage to physical and biogenic habitats (e.g., cyanide; blasting; bottom trawling; dredging) The fishing method does moderate damage to physical and biogenic habitats (e.g., bottom gillnets; traps and pots; bottom longlines) The fishing method does little damage to physical or biogenic habitats (e.g., hand picking; hand raking; hook and line; pelagic long lines; mid-water trawl or gillnet; purse seines). This report is focused on Chum Salmon fisheries in British Columbia, Canada. Commercial catches of Chum Salmon in Canada have averaged 1.7 million fish or 7,000 metric tons over the last decade (DFO 2012d). Chum Salmon are captured using purse seines, gillnets, and trolls (DFO 2012b, c, d). Purse seines are long nets, with floats on the top line and weights on the bottom line, which are designed to catch schools of fish. They are set from a boat in a circle around a school of fish, and then the bottom edges are drawn to together in a purse to trap the fish. Gillnets are rectangle nets that hang vertically in the water column, and entangle fish by their gills. Like purse seines, they have floats on the top line and weights on the bottom line. Gillnets are typically set near inlets or rivers, across migration routes known to be taken by salmon (WDFW 2012a, DFO 2011b). Trolling is a method of hook and line fishing, in which lines with lures are suspended from large poles that extend from the fishing vessel (DFO 2011b). All of the gears used in the Chum Salmon fisheries are fished in surface or mid-waters, and thus cause minimal habitat damage. Therefore, a score of 3 is awarded. Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed) Habitat for this species is so compromised from non-fishery impacts that the ability of the habitat to support this species is substantially reduced (e.g., dams; pollution; coastal development). Chum Salmon are dependent on various habitats, from freshwater rivers to the open ocean, throughout their life cycle. Reproduction by Chum Salmon in freshwater rivers/streams requires low-moderate stream flows and good water quality to allow for migration in/out of the streams and optimal egg and early larval survival. Additionally, healthy estuarine environments provide important food sources for young Chum Salmon and protection from a variety of fish and bird predators. Juvenile and adult Chum Salmon

9 also depend on optimal open-ocean environmental conditions for fast growth and survival to sexual maturity (WDFW 2012a). River and near shore Chum Salmon habitats have been significantly affected by nonfishery impacts. Various land use practices, like logging, agriculture, mining, and water resource development have altered natural river/stream water flows that are necessary for migration, spawning, and rearing of Chum Salmon and degraded coastal habitats (NMFS 2012a, WDFW 2012a, DFO 2011a). The impacts to Chum Salmon habitats can vary from low to high among areas/regions, being greatest in populated areas, but overall, habitat for salmon is not as viable and healthy as it once was. Reductions in habitat quantity and quality are a contributing factor to the decline in Chum Salmon for several populations (WDFW 2012a, DFO 2011a). Although, open-ocean habitats have not been impacted by human-development projects, they are affected by natural climate processes which can influence food availability, growth, and survival of salmon species (WDFW 2012a, DFO 2011a). In addition to the above impacts on Chum Salmon habitat, there is also concern that hatchery programs, which were established to enhance declining Chum Salmon populations, may actually have negative impacts on wild Chum Salmon. For instance, they may compete for food resources, alter the genetic structure of the wild populations if they spawn with wild fish, and transmit diseases (NMFS 2012a, DFO 2011b). In addition, the release of hatchery fry or larvae has also been known to result in large predator aggregations, which can then lead to increased predation on wild Chum Salmon larvae (WDFW 2012a, DFO 2011b). There are many hatchery enhancement programs for Chum Salmon in British Columbia. Although there have been efforts in recent years to protect and restore Chum Salmon habitats (discussed below), the availability of suitable habitat is still a major concern for many Chum Salmon populations. Points are subtracted Critical habitat areas (e.g., spawning areas) for this species are not protected by management using time/area closures, marine reserves, etc. Over the last decade or two, there have been increased efforts to protect and restore critical freshwater and estuarine salmon habitats needed for spawning and early larval development (WDFW 2012b, DFO 2012c). These efforts have included removing migration barriers to spawning grounds, working to improve water quality or restore the natural flows of rivers, developing guidelines for land use in coastal areas, restoring estuarine habitats, planting vegetation, and building side channels for migration routes (WDFW 2012b, DFO 2012c). However, despite these efforts, many critical spawning habitats for Chum Salmon remain in poor condition and there are not sufficient protection measures in place to limit impacts from hatchery production on wild spawning populations. Therefore, points are subtracted.

10 -0.25 No efforts are being made to minimize damage from existing gear types OR new or modified gear is increasing habitat damage (e.g., fitting trawls with roller rigs or rockhopping gear; more robust gear for deep-sea fisheries) If gear impacts are substantial, resilience of affected habitats is very slow (e.g., deep water corals; rocky bottoms) Habitat for this species remains robust and viable and is capable of supporting this species Critical habitat areas (e.g., spawning areas) for this species are protected by management using time/area closures, marine reserves, etc Gear innovations are being implemented over a majority of the fishing area to minimize damage from gear types OR no innovations necessary because gear effects are minimal. Chum Salmon are captured with purse seines, gillnets, and trolls. These gears are typically fished in surface or mid-waters, and thus gear effects on habitats are minimal If gear impacts are substantial, resilience of affected habitats is fast (e.g., mud or sandy bottoms) OR gear effects are minimal. Gear effects are minimal Points for Habitat Quality and Fishing Gear Impacts

11 MANAGEMENT Core Points (only one selection allowed) Select the option that most accurately describes the current management of the fisheries of this species Regulations are ineffective (e.g., illegal fishing or overfishing is occurring) OR the fishery is unregulated (i.e., no control rules are in effect) Management measures are in place over a major portion over the species' range but implementation has not met conservation goals OR management measures are in place but have not been in place long enough to determine if they are likely to achieve conservation and sustainability goals. In British Columbia, Canada, Chum Salmon are managed by the Division of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) under Integrated Fishery Management Plans (DFO 2011b, c). Additionally management is also influenced by the Pacific Salmon Treaty, a co-operative management agreement between the U.S. and Canada that regulates salmon populations of mutual concern (PSC 2009). The Pacific Salmon Treaty is enforced by the Pacific Salmon Commission (PSC). Chum Salmon fisheries are managed to ensure an adequate amount of mature adults escape the fishery and survive to reproduce (DFO 2011b, c). The number of fish that survive all sources of mortality (natural and fishing) and actually reproduce is known as the escapement. For all reproductive populations or population groups, escapement goals have been determined, based on historical knowledge of escapements and best guess estimates by fisheries scientists/mangers, and these are used to set fishery regulations each season (DFO 2011b, c). At the beginning of each fishing season, scientists predict how many fish will return to each freshwater population to spawn, based on information from past years escapement estimates. Generally fisheries will be allowed on populations in which numbers of returning fish are expected to be above the escapement goal, until fishermen catch all the surplus fish, while directed fisheries will not be allowed on those populations that are not expected to meet their escapement goals or have no surplus fish. To ensure only the surplus fish are caught, managers may regulate fishing season length, number of fishing days, and set catch limits (DFO 2011b, c). Additionally, since fish from different populations are often mixed together before they enter their respective rivers, managers will use time, area, and gear restrictions, as well as selective fishing techniques, to minimize fishing impacts on non-target populations with low abundances. In some cases, managers have limited the overall fishing level to a fixed low rate for mixed population fisheries (DFO 2011b, c). Monitoring of Chum Salmon populations occurs both during the fishing season, to update pre-season spawner return estimates and adjust management regulations if necessary, and at the end of the fishing season to determine actual escapement (DFO 2011b, c). However, the level of monitoring varies among areas.

12 Chum Salmon populations that are considered to be a conservation concern are managed to rebuild populations, which generally involves strictly limiting fishing on these populations (no or minimal catch). In some cases hatchery enhancement programs are also used to restore populations (DFO 2011b, c). Hatchery production of salmon is a major issue in British Columbia salmon management. Hatcheries are often used to enhance or restore populations to provide greater fishing opportunities (DFO 2011b, c). However, as mentioned earlier, there is increasing evidence that the releasing of hatchery raised salmon can have negative impacts on wild salmon populations, including competing with wild fish for food, altering the genetic structure of populations, transmitting disease, and causing increased predation (NMFS 2012a, WDFW 2012a, DFO 2011b). Wild Chum Salmon from populations with low abundances may also be caught in fisheries aimed at enhanced populations. These issues have not been sufficiency addressed by management. A score of 2 was awarded since management regulations are in place, but have not achieved sustainability goals Substantial management measures are in place over a large portion of the species range and have demonstrated success in achieving conservation and sustainability goals. Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed) There is inadequate scientific monitoring of stock status, catch or fishing effort Management does not explicitly address fishery effects on habitat, food webs, and ecosystems This species is overfished and no recovery plan or an ineffective recovery plan is in place Management has failed to reduce excess capacity in this fishery or implements subsidies that result in excess capacity in this fishery There is adequate scientific monitoring, analysis and interpretation of stock status, catch and fishing effort. Catch and fishing effort are monitored for Chum Salmon fisheries, and in some cases the catch may be sampled to check for hatchery marks and to collect age information. Escapement (i.e. fish that survive natural and fishing mortality and actually reproduce) is monitored using a variety of methods, including counting fences and visual counts from helicopter over-flights or streamwalks. Generally, only a set of key index rivers/streams are monitored and used to extrapolate annual escapement estimates for a given area. These escapement estimates are then compared with established population escapement goals to determine population status. Additionally, they are used to make yearly pre-

13 season predictions on expected returns of spawning Chum Salmon and to develop preseason fishing plans. These fishing plans are then often adjusted in-season based on updated in-season abundance or escapement estimates (DFO 2012b, c). Although several Chum Salmon populations are closely monitored, in some areas the level of monitoring and number of stream samples has declined in recent years, making escapement estimates and hence population status somewhat uncertain (Spilsted and Pestal 2009, Van Will et al. 2009). Additionally, more robust management escapement goals need to be determined. Therefore no points are added Management explicitly and effectively addresses fishery effects on habitat, food webs, and ecosystems. Managers of Chum Salmon fisheries typically address fishery effects on ecosystems. Impacts on non-target species are considered when developing fishery management plans, and several measures may are used to limit bycatch, including time, area, and gear restrictions, plus selective fishing techniques (DFO 2011b, c). Canada s management plan also considers potential fishery effects on endangered or protected species (DFO 2011b, c). The fishing gears used in the salmon fisheries have low impacts on habitats. Points are added This species is overfished and there is a recovery plan (including benchmarks, timetables and methods to evaluate success) in place that is showing signs of success OR recovery plan is not needed. None of the Chum Salmon populations in British Columbia are listed as endangered, but North Coast Chum Salmon are considered to be of conservation concern (DFO Stock Assessment Staff 2011, DFO 2011b). Populations listed as conservation concern are managed for rebuilding, which means directed fishing is not permitted and additional measures may be taken to limit bycatch in other fisheries (DFO 2011b). However, there is no formal recovery plan, and there have been few signs of improvement for these populations (Spilsted and Pestal 2009, DFO 2011b). Therefore, no points are added Management has taken action to control excess capacity or reduce subsidies that result in excess capacity OR no measures are necessary because fishery is not overcapitalized. Excess capacity has been controlled in British Columbia Chum Salmon fisheries, by limiting the number of licenses granted in their commercial salmon fisheries (DFO 2012b). Additionally, fishing effort is limited by using area and time restrictions, as well as fixed exploitation rates in some cases (DFO 2011b, c). Furthermore, catches and escapement are often monitored in-season to ensure populations are not being overexploited. Points are added Points for Management

14 BYCATCH Core Points (only one selection allowed) Select the option that most accurately describes the current level of bycatch and the consequences that result from fishing this species. The term, "bycatch" used in this document excludes incidental catch of a species for which an adequate management framework exists. The terms, "endangered, threatened, or protected," used in this document refer to species status that is determined by national legislation such as the U.S. Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (or another nation's equivalent), the IUCN Red List, or a credible scientific body such as the American Fisheries Society Bycatch in this fishery is high (>100% of targeted landings), OR regularly includes a "threatened, endangered or protected species." 2.00 Bycatch in this fishery is moderate (10-99% of targeted landings) AND does not regularly include "threatened, endangered or protected species" OR level of bycatch is unknown. Chum Salmon fisheries in British Columbia use three primary gear types: purse seines, surface/mid-water gillnets, and trolls. Chum Salmon fisheries tend to be fairly selective, as fishing typically occurs in areas and during times in which bycatch can be limited and selective fishing techniques are often used (DFO 2011b, c). However, some bycatch does occur. Bycatch in these fisheries may include the incidental catch of Chum Salmon from depressed populations, other salmon species, some of which may be listed as threatened/ endangered or of conservation concern, and non-salmon species (e.g. rockfish or other groundfish). There is some in-season monitoring of bycatch species (Spilsted and Pestal 2009, Van Will et al. 2009), but monitoring appears relatively low (DFO 2004). Observer reports from the southern British Columbia fishery, suggest bycatch of non-target salmon species is low compared to the catch of targeted salmon species (DFO 2004). However, even low bycatch can have impacts on species from depressed populations or those listed as endangered/threatened. In some cases fishermen may retain their bycatch, while in other cases they are required to release their bycatch. Mortality rates of released salmon species are considered when developing fishing plans each year (DFO 2011b, c). Estimated mortality rates range from 10-70% depending on the area, species, and gear type (DFO 2011b). An additional concern for the gillnet fisheries is the capture of seabirds and marine mammals. In British Columbia information on seabird interactions in their salmon gillnet fisheries is limited, but based on data from test, experimental, and selective fisheries it was estimated that there may be 12,000 or more seabirds captured annually, with the most common species caught being the Common Murre and Rhinoceros Auklet. There were also some catches of Marbled Murrelets, which are listed as threatened (Smith and Morgan 2005). However, seabirds catches varied by fishery and area. Further investigations into the extent of seabird catches and mortalities in the salmon gillnet fisheries in Canada are currently being conducted (DFO 2011b, c). There are also some

15 concerns of marine mammal entanglements in salmon fishing gears in British Columbia waters, but management plans have been developed for those species of concern (killer whale, harbor porpoise, grey whale, and Steller sea lion). (DFO 2011b, c). Although bycatch levels in the Chum Salmon fisheries may be fairly low, the bycatch may include salmon from populations that are depressed or listed as threatened/ endangered, and bycatch of seabirds may be a significant conversation concern. Therefore a score of 2 is awarded Bycatch in this fishery is low (<10% of targeted landings) and does not regularly include "threatened, endangered or protected species." Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed) Bycatch in this fishery is a contributing factor to the decline of "threatened, endangered, or protected species" and no effective measures are being taken to reduce it Bycatch of targeted or non-targeted species (e.g., undersize individuals) in this fishery is high and no measures are being taken to reduce it Bycatch of this species (e.g., undersize individuals) in other fisheries is high OR bycatch of this species in other fisheries inhibits its recovery, and no measures are being taken to reduce it The continued removal of the bycatch species contributes to its decline Measures taken over a major portion of the species range have been shown to reduce bycatch of "threatened, endangered, or protected species" or bycatch rates are no longer deemed to affect the abundance of the "protected" bycatch species OR no measures needed because fishery is highly selective (e.g., harpoon; spear). In the Chum Salmon fisheries, non-target salmon species from populations that are that are listed as threatened or endangered may be caught. To try to limit bycatch of salmon from populations with low abundances, several measures are used. In general, managers limit fishing to areas and times when salmon from healthy populations can be caught, while catches of salmon from low populations can avoided or limited. There are also various gear restrictions, such as mesh size restrictions, net length restrictions, and limits to the amount of time gillnets are allowed to be left in the water. Additionally, selective fishing techniques may be required in certain cases. For example, to reduce mortality of released bycatch, fishermen may be required to place their bycatch in recovery boxes or revival tanks before releasing them, and in the purse seine fisheries, fishermen may be required to brail and release (use a dip net to carefully retrieve the catch from the net rather than bringing it aboard so unwanted catch can be released with minimal harm) (DFO 2011b, c).

16 In Canada, there has also been an increasing concern for seabird catches in salmon gillnet fisheries. The extent of seabird catches in these fisheries remains uncertain, but may be high and is currently being further investigated (DFO 2011b, c). Some marbled murrelets, which are listed as threatened, were observed to be caught (Smith and Morgan 2005). No seabird reduction measures have been implemented. Although measures are in place to limit catches of threatened/endangered or protected species in most cases, it is unclear whether these measures are enough to prevent adverse effects to salmon populations with critically low abundance levels, and further measures are likely be needed to minimize seabird catches. Therefore no point will be added There is bycatch of targeted (e.g., undersize individuals) or non-targeted species in this fishery and measures (e.g., gear modifications) have been implemented that have been shown to reduce bycatch over a large portion of the species range OR no measures are needed because fishery is highly selective (e.g., harpoon; spear). As mentioned above, there are several measures in place to limit the bycatch of nontarget species, including areas, time, and gear restrictions. Selective fishing techniques may also be required, such as brail and release in purse seine fisheries and short soak times for gillnets and revival boxes (DFO 2011b, c). Retention of bycatch is often prohibited for many salmon species, but regulations vary by area. Retention of all steelhead is prohibited (DFO 2011b). Troll fisheries are currently permitted to retain lingcod, if they have available catch shares, and 20 rockfish, with the exception of a few species (DFO 2011b, c). Since bycatch measures are in place, points are added Bycatch of this species in other fisheries is low OR bycatch of this species in other fisheries inhibits its recovery, but effective measures are being taken to reduce it over a large portion of the range. Chum Salmon are taken as bycatch in the Bering Sea Pollock fishery. Chum Salmon catches in this fishery have ranged from around 50,000 fish to 700,000 fish from 1991 to 2009 (NPFMC 2010). The Chum Salmon caught in this fishery are from a mix of origin populations and include fish British Columbia, as salmon from both North America and Asia migrate to the Bering Sea to spend several years feeding and growing. In the past, Chum Salmon bycatch in this fishery has been managed by using time and area closures, but these measures have not been sufficient to limit bycatch, so new measures are now being considered (NPFMC 2010, 2012). Some Chum Salmon may also be caught in Pacific coast groundfish fisheries, though this does not appear to be a major concern, and fisheries for other salmon species. Like in the fisheries for Chum Salmon, selective fishing techniques are also used in other salmon fisheries to minimize bycatch of non-target salmon (DFO 2011b, c). Although measures have been implemented to minimize bycatch of Chum Salmon in other fisheries, the measures established in the Bering Sea Pollock fishery have not yet

17 been sufficient to minimize bycatch and even low bycatch of Chum Salmon can be a concern for populations with low abundances. Thus, no points are added The continued removal of the bycatch species in the targeted fishery has had or will likely have little or no impact on populations of the bycatch species OR there are no significant bycatch concerns because the fishery is highly selective (e.g., harpoon; spear) Points for Bycatch REFERENCES Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) (2012) Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Online at Bakkala, R.G Synopsis of biological data on the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Wal baum 1792). FAO Species Synopsis. No. 41. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Bur. Comm. Fish. Circ pp. Buklis LS (1994) Chum Salmon. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Notebook Series. Climate Impacts Group (CIP) Climate Impacts on Pacific Northwest Salmon. Online at cses.washington.edu/cig/pnwc/pnwsalmon.shtml Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) (2004) 2003 summary report: southern BC salmon catch monitoring programs. Observer, Logbook and First Nations Catch Reports. Prepared by Stock Assessment, Catch Monitoring Group, B.C. 18 p. DFO (2005) Canada s policy for conservation of wild Pacific Salmon. Published June DFO (2011a) UnderwaterWorld: Pacific salmon. Online at mpo.gc.ca/science/ publications/uww-msm/articles/pacificsalmon-saumonpacifique-eng.htm DFO (2011b) Pacific Region Integrated Fisheries Management Plan Salmon Northern B.C. June 1, 2011 May 31, Available Online at DFO (2011c) Pacific Region Integrated Fisheries Management Plan Salmon Southern B.C. June 1, 2011 May 31, Available Online at DFO (2012a) Salmon Facts. Online at salmon-saumon/facts-infos/index-eng.htm

18 DFO (2012b) Salmon Fisheries in the Pacific Region. Online at mpo.gc.ca/f m-gp/species-especes/salmon-saumon/fisheries-peches/index-eng.htm DFO (2012c) Salmonid Enhancement Program: Resource Restoration. DFO (2012d) Pacific commercial catch statistics: Salmon. Online at DFO Salmon Stock Assessment Staff (2011) Preliminary Salmon Outlook for November Dittman AH, Quinn, T.P (1996) Homing in Pacific Salmon: Mechanisms and ecological basis. The Journal of Experimental Biology 199: Dobson D., D. O Brien, and G. Pestal Certification Unit Profile: West Coast Vancouver Island Chum Salmon. Can. Man. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. ####: viii + 45 p. Grant, S. and G. Pestal Certification Unit Profile: Fraser River Chum Salmon. Can. Man. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. ####: vii + 40p. Hale, S. S Freshwater habitat relationships for chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage. Contract Rep. No PP. Hare SR, Mantua NJ, Francis RC (1999) Inverse production regimes: Alaska and west coast Pacific Salmon. Fisheries Habitat 24:6-13. Helle JH, Hoffman MS (1998) Changes in size and age at maturity of two North American stocks of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) before and after a major regime shift in the North Pacific Ocean. North Pacific Anadromous Fish Community Bulletin No. 1: Labelle M (2009) Status of Pacific Salmon resources in southern British Columbia and the Fraser River Basin. Pacific Fisheries Resource Conservation Council. July Available online at Merrell TR (1970) Alaska s fishery resource- the chum salmon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leaflet No pp. Morrow JE (1980) The freshwater fishes of Alaska. A1aska Northwest Publishing Co., Anchorage. 248 pp. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (2012a) Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). NMFS, Office of Protected Resources. Online at htm NPFMC (2010) Chum Salmon bycatch discussion paper. June Available online at

19 North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC) (2012) Bering Sea Chum Salmon Bycatch. Online at Pauley GB, Bowers K.L., Thomas GL (1988) Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82(11.81) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL pp. Pacific Salmon Commission (PSC) (2009) Treaty between the government of Canada and the government of the United States of American concerning Pacific salmon. Updated January 27, Riddell B (2004) Pacific Salmon resources in central and north coast British Columbia. Pacific Fisheries Resource Conservation Council. February Available online at Smith JL, Morgan KH (2005) An assessment of seabird bycatch in longline and net fisheries in British Columbia. Canada Wildlife Service, Pacific and Yukon Region, British Columbia. Technical Report Series No Spilsted S (2004) Trends in abundance for northern British Columbia Chum Salmon. Canadian Science Advisory Report, Research Document 2004/013. Spilsted S, Pestal G (2009) Certification Unit Profile: North Coast and Central Coast Chum Salmon. Can. Man. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2879: vii + 65p. Taylor EB (1991) A review of local adaptation in Salmonidae, with particular reference to Pacific and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 98: Van Will P, Brahniuk R, Hop Wo L, Pestal G (2009) Certification Unit Profile: Inner South Coast Chum Salmon (Excluding Fraser River). Can. Man. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. ####: vii + 63p. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) (2012a) Chum (Dog) Salmon. Online at

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