MOFAD Fisheries Commission The State of Fisheries in Ghana Science and Fisheries Management

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1 MOFAD The State of in Ghana Science and Management Najih Lazar Senior Advisor

2 USAID/Sustainable Management Project ( ) GOAL: To rebuild marine fisheries stocks and increase production through effective fisheries management strategies and adoption of responsible fishing practices To contribute to the Government of Ghana s fisheries policies and development objectives, and USAID Feed the Future Initiative Build research and education capacity of University of Cape Coast

3 IMPLEMENTATION: The Coastal Resources Center (CRC) Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island leads a team of partners in Ghana (HM, FoN, SNV, CW, DAA, SS, DQ, SSG)

4 Africa has some of the highest per capita consumption of fish in the World In Africa, highest in West Africa Animal Source Food (ASF) from fish Source: Briefing paper 6

5 Animal Source Food (ASF) from fish Source: Briefing paper 6

6 Table 1. The nutrient content of fish and other foods (per 100g)* Scientific name /common name (local Total saturated fat Nutritional Value of Small Total lipid Pelagic Total PUFA Fishes Group name/common name) Protein (g) (fat; g) (g) Fat (g) EPA (g) DHA (g) Ca (mg) Fe (mg) Zn (mg) Vitamin A (RAE) Notes (per 100g) Table Large 1. The nutrient Carp content of fish and other foods (per g)* Raw, edible freshwater fish Catfish Fat Farmed, raw, edible and prawn Tilapia Raw, edible Table Marine 1. fish The nutrient Scientific Anchovy content name Total of fish and other foods (per g)* Raw, edible, European /common name (local Total lipid saturated fat Total PUFA Vitamin A Group Herring Fat Raw, edible, Pacific name/common name) Protein (g) (fat; g) (g) (g) EPA (g) DHA (g) Ca (mg) Fe (mg) Zn (mg) (RAE) Notes (per 100g) Scientific Mackerel name Total Raw, edible Large /common Carp Milkfish name (local Total lipid saturated fat Total PUFA Vitamin 30 9 A Raw, edible, Group freshwater fish name/common Catfish name) Protein (g) (fat; 7.59 g) (g) (g) EPA (g) DHA (g) Ca (mg) 9 Fe 0.50 (mg) Zn 0.74 (mg) (RAE) 15 Farmed, Philippines Notes raw, (per edible 100g) and prawn Tilapia Sardine Raw, Canned edible in oil, drained Large Marine fish Carp Anchovy Raw, Raw, solids edible, with bone European freshwater Other animalsourced fish Catfish Herring Beef ground Farmed, Raw, edible, ground, raw, Pacific edible 70% lean and prawn foods Tilapia Mackerel Raw, Raw, meat edible edible 30% fat Marine fish Anchovy Milkfish Chicken breast Raw, Breast edible, tender, European Herring Raw, Philippines uncooked edible, raw Pacific Mackerel Raw, edible Table Plant-sourced 1. The nutrient Sardine Cassava content of fish and other foods (per g)* Canned Raw in oil, drained foods Milkfish Raw, edible, Rice Fat solids White, with long-grained, bone Other animalsourced foods Canned in oil, drained Beef ground Philippines Raw, Sardine Scientific name Total regular, ground, cooked 70% lean Kidney beans 8.67 /common name (local Total 0.09 lipid saturated 0.09 fat Total PUFA Vitamin 0 meat A Mature, 30% cooked fat Chicken solids with bone Other Group animal- Beef name/common High ground content breast name) Protein > (g) (fat; g) (g) > (g) EPA >0.400 (g) DHA >0.400 (g) Ca > (mg) 24 Fe > (mg) Zn > (mg) (RAE) >500 0 Breast tender, 0 Raw, Notes ground, (per 70% 100g) uncooked raw lean RAE, retinol Large foods activity equivalents. Plant-sourced Carp Cassava meat Raw, edible 30% fat Bold indicates high freshwater fish Chicken content Catfish breast values foods Breast Farmed, tender, Rice White, long-grained, raw, edible and prawn Tilapia uncooked Raw, edible raw regular, cooked Plant-sourced Marine fish Cassava Anchovy Kidney beans Raw, Mature, edible, cooked European foods Adapted Rice Herring White, Raw, edible, long-grained, High from: content Kawarazuka >15.00 and Béné, >2.000 Public >0.400 health nutrition, >0.400 >100 14(11), > >3.50 >500 Pacific Mackerel regular, Raw, edible cooked RAE, retinol activity equivalents. Kidney Milkfish beans Mature, Raw, edible, cooked Bold indicates high content values High content >15.00 >2.000 >0.400 >0.400 >100 >3.00 >3.50 >500 Philippines RAE, retinol activity Sardine equivalents Canned in oil, drained

7 MARINE FISHERIES PROFILE OF GHANA MOFAD The marine fisheries sector is the most important source of local fish production, delivering more than 80% of the total supply Over 300 different species of commercially important fish are caught from marine sources in Ghana Most marine fish supply is from artisanal fishery and the most important marine resources are small pelagics (sardinella, anchovy and mackerel) Gross value is over $300 million/year and the total revenues over $1 billion Export value over $100 million/year Direct jobs >200,000 and indirect jobs over 2 million Average consumption kgs/capita A way of life for coastal communities

8 MOFAD Artisanal Semi-Industrial Trawlers Tuna

9 CPUE (Kgs/Day) CPUE (Kgs/Day) CPUE (Kgs/Day) CPUE (Kgs/Day) Resource Indicator (CPUE) MOFAD Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) Artisanal Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) Trawlers YEAR YEAR Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) Semi-Industrial Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) Tuna YEAR YEAR

10 MOFAD State of the fish stocks in Ghana (FAO) The Marine fisheries resources of Ghana over the last decade have been fluctuating showing general decline in catches, revenues and mean size of fish. This is an indication of heavy exploitation at all fisheries (F/Fmsy=1.46 and B/Bmsy=0.72) Some targeted stocks are severely overfished (Sardinella, Sea breams, Groupers/Snappers and Cephalopods) Others are at full exploitation level (chub mackerel, skipjacks and carrangids F/Fmsy=1.0) There are no stocks that are under-exploited

11 MOFAD Status of small pelagics stocks STWG Sardinella aurita (Eban, Kankama) Sardinella maderensis (Antebo, Adruku) Engraulis encrasicolus (Amoni, Abobi) Scomber japonicas (Saman, Awokongula)

12 Sardinellas Biology and Stock distribution: MOFAD Can be fished from Morocco to South Africa on the Atlantic Ocean of Africa. Strong seasonal migratory species Move in schools of fish from inshore to edge of shelf. Prefers clear saline water with a minimum temperature below 24 C. Juveniles tend to stay in nursery areas inshore. They join adult stocks offshore when they mature. Feeds mainly on zooplankton, especially copepods

13 Landings trends MOFAD

14 Number of Canoes Effort trends 16,000 Number of Canoes in the artisanal fishery MOFAD 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 -

15 Small pelagic fishery is seasonal MOFAD

16 Biomass trends (tons) MOFAD

17 Fishing efficiency (rate of fishing F) MOFAD

18 Total weight of fish in the ocean Were are we? Rebuilding targets Fishery status showing overfishing and stocks overfished Fishing mortality rate

19 MOFAD Status of the stock (SFMP) Stock of small pelagic resources in Ghana are severely overfished. Fishing mortality rate (removal rate) remains in excess of the sustainable level. If this trend continues, the stock will collapse and so will the fishery.

20 Causes of overexploitation MOFAD MAN MADE ACTIVITIES OPEN ACCESS CAUSED OVERCAPACITY ( ,000 canoes in 20 years) and OVEREFISHING (average net increased and input of large foreign trawlers) LACK OF ADEQUATE ENFORCEMENT CAUSED USE OF ILLEGAL METHODS AND GEARS (small mesh, light fishing, Seiko, dynamite, chemicals etc) LACK OF ADEQUATE INFRASTUCTURE CAUSED WASTEFUL FISHING PRACTICES LEADING TO POST HARVEST LOSSES ENVIRONMNETAL FACTORS UPWELLINGS AND UNEXPECPTED INTERACTIONS CLIMATE CHANGE

21 CONSEQUENCES MOFAD - Loss of revenues and jobs - Increased Poverty - Loss of food security - Loss of healthy ecosystem

22 MOFAD We can reverse this trend by implementing the National Management Plan (MoFAD ) The implementation should be guided by: Maximum Sustainable Yield Effort control Legislation Improved fisheries information Improved law enforcement

23 MOFAD What is the Maximum Sustainable Yield? Under no harvest a wild population will grow exponentially then slow down until it reaches an equilibrium Maximum growth rate

24 Yield ( x 1000 tons) MOFAD Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) An International management target MSY Emsy Fishing Effort (Exp: Number of vessels or number of days fished...etc)

25 Artisanal Canoe of Ghana (Open Access) Revenues 9095 MSY Cost Subsidy Current fishing effort Fishing Effort f MSY

26 MOFAD - Implement the laws governing licensing provisions of the Act - Moratorium on new licenses for artisanal fisheries (no more canoes) - Reduce fishing effort for industrial trawlers by 50% Effort control - Improve fisheries data collection system - Implement closed season for all fisheries

27 MOFAD Legislation that Influence Act 625 (2002) Regulations L.I (2010) Amendment Act 880 (2014) National Environmental Act 490 (1994) Endangered species Act (Wildlife & Forestry 571)

28 MOFAD Improved information system Scientific and Technical Working Group needs to be formalized Scientific and Survey Division needs more staff and more capacity Decentralize flow of fisheries information Training and capacity building

29 MOFAD Improved Law enforcement Training and capacity building Logistical support Coordination with FEU Improve transparency

30 SUMMARY sector is a significant socio-economic driver Many fish stocks are overfished NFMP ( ) was approved and needs full force implementation Science-based fisheries management needs to guide implementation Improve legal framework and strengthen science and monitoring institutions Invest in post-harvest techniques, infrastructure and market strategies

31 Thank you MOFAD

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