FISHERY BIOLOGY OF THE YELLOWFIN TUNA, THUNNUS ALBACARES IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

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1 SCRS/4/15 Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(1): (5) FISHERY BIOLOGY OF THE YELLOWFIN TUNA, THUNNUS ALBACARES IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL F.E.S. Costa 1, F.M.S. Braga 2, A.F. Amorim 3, C.A. Arfelli 3 SUMMARY It was analyzed the biology and fishing of the yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, caught in southeast and south of Brazil, based in the data of the tuna fleet settled in Santos (SP). The total catch of yellowfin tuna in Brazil is around 3,5 t/year, and this corresponds the practically 1% of the total catch of this species in the west side of the Atlantic Ocean. The catches of yellowfin tuna of the Santos tuna fleet correspond to about 1% of the total catch of this species by longline in Brazil. The yellowfin tuna is the main tuna species caught by the Santos fleet, along its history, corresponding to more than 5% of the total of tunas caught by this fleet. The main catches of this species happen in the hot months, September to April, and in the months of colder waters the catches of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) and bigeye (Thunnus obesus) prevail. The largest distributions of the yellowfin tuna were observed in the months of December to April, period this related with the largest distributions of the currents of warm waters in the Brazilian coast. In the southeast and south coast of Brazil, was observed juveniles fishes concentrations near the coast, and larger individuals in more distant areas, showing isolated schools. It was observed concentrations of small individuals in the southeast and south coast of Brazil, during the cold months of the year (May to October) evidenced by the decrease in the medium weight of the fishes and for the frequency distributions in weight. On the other hand, the adults' proportion in the area is larger during the months of August to April, and during the months of May to July, the young s proportion increases, probably due to the adults' migration in direction to the Venezuelan Caribbean, for they participate in the local reproductive station that happens the months of August and September. The fishing recruitment of the yellowfin tuna for the southeast and south coast of Brazil occurs from February to April. The variations observed in the size frequency of the yellowfin tuna also happen due to the periodicity arrive and exit of age groups along the years. This periodicity happens seemingly in cycles annual, being evidenced its presence and the individuals' of great load absence in the area. A differentiated growth for males and females of yellowfin tuna was observed, in the Brazilian coast. The yellowfin tuna population exploited by the Santos tuna fleet is composed in its majority by adult individuals, in the age groups between 2 and 5 years. Although a fall has been observed in the CPUE indices of the species in the study area, this is due to the change of the main goal of the fishing activity, seeking the catch of another species, and until the present moment, indication of overfishing of this species was not observed. This statement is based on the fact of the annual medium values of the length of the individuals' caught, does not present a fall tendency during the period from 1971 to RÉSUMÉ Le présent document analyse la biologie et la pêche de l albacore (Thunnus albacares) capturé au sud-est et au sud du Brésil, en se basant sur les données de la flottille thonière installée à Santos (SP). La capture totale de l albacore au Brésil s élève aux alentours de 3.5 t/an, ce qui correspond à pratiquement 1% de la prise totale de cette espèce à l ouest de l océan Atlantique. Les captures d albacore de la flottille thonière de Santos correspondent à environ 1% de la prise totale de cette espèce par les palangriers brésiliens. L albacore est la principale espèce capturée par la flottille de Santos, tout au long de son histoire, ce qui correspond à plus de 5% de tous les thons capturés par cette flottille. Les principales captures de cette espèce ont lieu pendant les mois chauds, de septembre à avril, et c est pendant les mois où l eau est plus froide que les prises de germon (Thunnus alalunga) et de thon obèse (Thunnus obesus) prédominent. Les plus vastes distributions d albacore ont été observées entre décembre et avril, période correspondant aux plus grandes distributions de courants d eau tempérée sur le littoral 1 Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados (MS) - Brasil, fabioescosta@uol.com.br 2 Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro (SP), fmsbraga@rc.unesp.br 3 Instituto de Pesca APTA SAA, Santos (SP), crisamorim@uol.com.br, arfelli@pesca.sp.gov.br 9

2 brésilien. Au sud-est et au sud du Brésil, des concentrations de poissons juvéniles ont été observées près de la côte, et des spécimens plus grands ont été aperçus dans des zones plus éloignées, formant des bancs isolés. Des concentrations de petits spécimens ont été observées au sud-est et au sud du littoral brésilien, au cours des mois froids de l année (mai à octobre), comme en témoignent la diminution du poids moyen des poissons ainsi que les distributions de fréquence de poids. D autre part, la proportion d adultes dans la zone est plus forte entre août et avril. Entre mai et juillet, la proportion des juvéniles s accroît en raison probablement de la migration des adultes vers les Caraïbes vénézuéliennes afin de participer au frai local qui a lieu pendant les mois d août et de septembre. Le recrutement par la pêche de l albacore au sud-est et au sud du littoral brésilien a lieu de février à avril. Les variations observées dans les fréquences de taille de l albacore sont également dues aux entrées et sorties périodiques des groupes d âge tout au long de l année. Cette périodicité semble prendre forme dans des cycles annuels, comme en témoignent la présence et l absence des individus de poids élevé dans la zone. Une croissance différenciée pour les mâles et les femelles d albacore a été observée sur la côte brésilienne. La population d albacore exploitée par la flottille thonière de Santos est composée dans sa majorité de poissons adultes, dont les groupes d âge oscillent entre 2 et 5 ans. Bien qu une baisse ait été observée dans les indices de CPUE des espèces présentes dans la zone étudiée, celle-ci est due au changement de l objectif principal de l activité de pêche, c est-à-dire la capture d une autre espèce, et jusqu à présent, aucune indication de surpêche de cette espèce n a été observée. Cette affirmation se base sur le fait que les valeurs moyennes annuelles de la taille des spécimens capturés ne dégagent pas de tendance à la baisse au cours de la période RESUMEN Se analizó la biología y pesca del rabil (Thunnus albacares) capturado en el Sudeste y Sur de Brasil, partiendo de los datos de la flota atunera con base en Santos (SP). La captura total de rabil en Brasil se sitúa en torno a 3.5 t/año, y responde prácticamente del 1% de la captura total de esta especie en la parte occidental del océano Atlántico. Las capturas de rabil de la flota atunera de Santos responden de aproximadamente el 1% de la captura total de esta especie de la flota palangrera brasileña. El rabil es la especie principal capturada por la flota de Santos a lo largo de su historia, respondiendo de más del 5% de las capturas totales de túnidos de esta flota. Las principales capturas de esta especie se producen en los meses cálidos, septiembre a abril, y en los meses en los que las aguas están más frías prevalecen las capturas de atún blanco (Thunnus alalunga) y patudo (Thunnus obsesus). Las distribuciones más amplias del rabil se observaron en los meses de diciembre a abril, periodo en el que se producen las distribuciones más amplias de las corrientes cálidas en las aguas de la costa brasileña. En la costa sur y sudeste de Brasil se observaron concentraciones de juveniles cerca de la costa y especimenes de talla mayor en agua distantes, en cardúmenes aislados. Se observaron concentraciones de especimenes pequeños en las costas sur y sudeste de Brasil durante los meses fríos del año (mayo a octubre) que se evidenciaron por el descenso del peso medio de los peces y por la distribución de frecuencias en el peso. Por otro lado, la proporción de adultos en la zona es mayor durante los meses de agosto a abril, y durante los meses de mayo a julio se produce un incremento en la proporción de juveniles probablemente causada por la migración de los adultos hacia el Caribe venezolano, para participar en reproducción local que se produce en los meses de agosto y septiembre. El reclutamiento pesquero del rabil en el Sur y Sudeste de Brasil se produce de febrero a abril. Las variaciones observadas en las frecuencias de talla del rabil también se producen por las entradas y salidas periódicas de grupos de edad a lo largo de los años. Aparentemente, esta periodicidad se produce en ciclos anuales, y se evidencia por la presencia y ausencia en la zona de especimenes con peso elevado. Se observó un crecimiento distinto para hembras y machos de rabil en la costa brasileña. La población de rabil explotada por la flota atunera de Santos está compuesta en su mayor parte por especimenes adultos, de los grupos de edades entre 2 y 5 años. Aunque se observó un descenso en los índices de CPUE de esta especie en la zona estudiada, éste se debe a un cambio en el objetivo de la actividad pesquera, que se dirige a otra especie y, hasta el momento, no se han observado indicios de sobrepesca. Esa afirmación se basa en el hecho de que los valores medios anuales de la talla de los especimenes capturados no exhiben una tendencia decreciente durante le periodo 1971 a KEYWORDS Longline fishery, Yellowfin tuna-thunnus albacares, Albacore-Thunnus alalunga, Bigeye-Thunnus obesus, Yield, CPUE, Seasonal distribution, Length frequency 31

3 1. Introduction Yellowfin tuna is a cosmopolitan species that occurs in large schools, mainly in tropical and subtropical oceanic waters from the three oceans. The caught individuals by different fishing equipment vary from cm to 17 cm from furcal length. The juvenile fish form mixed schools with skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis and bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus that occurs mainly in superficial waters and the larger fish are in superficial and sub-surface waters. Presently the study groups of ICCAT believe that the species Thunnus albacares occurs in the Atlantic Ocean as one fishing stock that presents the following characteristics: (1) The main spawning area is in the eastern tropical Atlantic, from 3 N and 3 S approximately. It is important also to observe that there are other important spawning areas; (2) The fish from the main spawning area stay in the eastern tropical Atlantic until they reach the size of 5 cm (furcal length), and after they reach the juvenile stage, they spread to the coastal waters of the eastern and western Atlantic; (3) When they reach sexual maturity (around 1 cm), most of them go back to the main spawning areas; (4) According to this hypothesis, it is expected that very large e very small fish predominate in the fisheries from the east Atlantic, as it is supposed that eastern tropical Atlantic is an important spawning area, and the medium size fish are predominant in the western Atlantic. According to Fonteneau (1992) this is the distribution of this species of individuals in the Atlantic: many small yellowfin individuals (under 5 cm) are caught in the eastern Atlantic, but they are rare in the west; the medium size individuals area caught in the east side, but they are predominant in the west; many large individuals (larger than 1 cm) are caught in the east, being scarce in the west. These differences in the sizes of capture are probably due to many factors, among them: the specific age of fish that each fishing gear catches, according to the area where they operate; the specific age of the population that lives in each area. Fonteneau (1992) also proposes that the differences related to differentiated catchability according to age classes in each region are mostly due to oceanographic differences and environmental present in the two areas, where the greatest environmental difference observed is the different depths of term cline. The scarcity of small specimens of yellowfin in the west can be interpreted under two hypotheses: small specimens of yellowfin are really rare in the west, because most spawning nursing areas are located in the Guinea Gulf; small specimens of yellowfin are present in relatively high numbers in the West Atlantic (may be at the same levels of the East Atlantic), but they are not available to the fishing boats, due to the local characteristics of the fishing gear, fishing areas and oceanography. In the east, the catches per size classes, usually present bimodal characteristics, with large catches of small specimens, or very large (Fonteneau, 1992). This species was studied until mid 7 s by Zavala-Camin (1978), and after that there were not any other studies on fishery and biology of this species in the region. The present study is necessary in order to continue collecting data about this species, as well as contribute to the knowledge on this area in all the Atlantic Ocean, especially in the west, as ICCAT recommends. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the longline fisheries and the aspects of the marine biology of yellowfin caught by tuna boats, settled in Santos City, Sao Paulo State, compared to fisheries of this same species in the Atlantic Ocean. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Catch Two sources of data were used for the study of capture of species or groups of species. The information related to the commercial fleet settled in Santos, Sao Paulo, was obtained from the files of the center of marine research from Instituto de Pesca (APTA/SP). The data related to tuna catches in Brazil, Atlantic and Mediterranean (by fishing gear) was obtained from the ICCAT reports (Data records and Statistical Bulletin) (ICCAT, 1981, 1983, 1995a and b). Annual catches and average monthly catches in weight (kg) from , observing the evolution of the catches of this species, as well as the evolution of the tuna boat fisheries. The individual values in weight (base of the capture data) are related to the gutted weight, for tunas and swordfish. For sharks, the weight data is related just to the muscles (without head, guts and fins). 311

4 The annual analysis is the addition of the monthly catches (per specimen). The average monthly catches per species, or groups of species, from 1971 to 1995 were obtained adding the catches from January 1971 to January 1995 and dividing the total by the number of years (). The same procedure was done for the other months. 2.2 Percentage of catch in the Atlantic Ocean The catches from tuna boats settled in Santos, Sao Paulo, were compared to catches in other places in Brazil, and also with the Atlantic in general. This comparison was based on the data collected from the ICCAT bulletins (Data Records and Statistical Bulletins). 2.3 Fishing effort The fishing effort (number of hooks cast to the sea) was calculated per month and year, and also by fleet (national and leased), calculating the monthly and annual total from , like the previous items. 2.4 Percentage of participation of the tuna boat fishing The yellowfin fishing from 1971 to 1995 was analyzed, in comparison with other species caught by tuna boats settled in Santos City, Sao Paulo State. The purpose of this comparison was to observe the catches of yellowfin in the whole period, according to the target of the fishing in each period, identifying the importance of this species for the mentioned fleet, as well as its participation in the total catch. 2.5 Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) The CPUE annual and monthly values of yellowfin from 1971 to 1995 were done. In the monthly and annual analysis per species, or group of species, the values of catch (weight)/1 hooks were used, and the values of catch (weight or number)/1, hooks were used in the analysis of CPUE per fishing area. In order to compare the catches among groups of interest (tunas, swordfish, sharks and total catch), and among the different periods of sampling, the values of CPUE were adopted as a standard for analysis, instead of the simple catch data. The values of CPUE were calculated in two different ways. From 1971 to 1989 in kg/1, hooks, and from 1994 to 1995 in number of individuals/1, hooks. After processing the data, the CPUEs of different groups of interest were plotted per 5 lat/long per month for both analyzed periods. In order to observe the concentration areas of each analyzed group of interest, the catch and effort data was clustered in parts of 5 o latitude, and then the respective values of CPUE were calculated. From only the groups of latitude South was considerate: o - o, o - o and o - o. The group 15 o - o S was discarded for being an area where the effort and the catches were sporadic. 2.6 Regular longline & superficial longline Due to the use of two different fishing gears by the tuna fleet from Santos, one with Japanese traditional model, and the other with the American surface model, the catch, effort and CPUEs of each kind were compared. The index of effort conversion (ICE) proposed by Fonteles-Filho (1989) was determined, where the efficiency of fishing gear A is calculated in comparison to fishing gear B. In this case the efficiency of surface longline is calculated in comparison to the regular longline, through the following formula: 2.7 Analysis of catch by fishing area ICE+ CPUE (surface) CPUE (regular) It was studied the catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of the main species caught by the tuna fleet settled in Santos City, Sao Paulo State by fishing area from 1971 to 1989, when the whole fleet operated with surface longline; from 1994 to 1995, when the tuna fleet started to operate with both fishing gears (regular and surface). These data was obtained from log commercial sheets, written by the captains of tuna boats, and given to Instituto de Pesca during the unloading. They contain fishing effort data (number of hooks) and the production by species for each fishing area. The fishing areas are divided in quadrants of 5 o latitude & 5 o longitude, 312

5 according to ICCAT standardization. The species production data are presented in two different forms: data of catch per weight (kg) by 5 o area, from 1971 to 1989; and catch data in number of individuals by 5 o area, from 1994 to The data related to the period were not available during the period of analysis of these data. 2.8 Analyses of statistical data The Friedman parametric test was applied in order to verify the possible concentration areas of species or groups of species studied. This test was chosen after verifying the dependence among the CPUE values to be analyzed, although the data were homogenous in variances and normality. This test was applied according to the mythology described by Siegel (1975), where the following values were considered: K= latitude blocks (treatments) N= months (repetitions) These tests were carried out for each group of interest, in the following ways: For the period the CPUEs (kg/1 hooks) per group of latitude 5 o were compared, and for yellowfin variance analysis were done, based on CPUE data by fishing area and 5 o latitude/longitude. For the periods, the same tests were done by group of latitude, with the CPUE values divided in regular longline and surface longline. In addition it was done a test based on values of monthly CPUE for each group of interest for regular and superficial longline. In this exclusive case of application of the Friedman test for the two fishing gears, for the period from 1994 to 1995, the data from June 1994 to December 1995 were used as base, because they correspond to the period when both fishing gears were used continuously at the same time. 2.9 Analysis of yellowfin individual weight data The yellowfin monthly individual weight from 1971 to 1988 and from 1994 to 1995 was obtained from the statistics computed by Instituto de Pesca from the commercialization papers of the tuna fishing companies. The individual data from 1971 to 1977 and from 1994 to 1995 were obtained by boat and date of unloading. This information is compared with the log commercial sheets provided by the boats, so it is possible to know the capture data of yellowfin in individual weight by fishing area (5 o lat & 5 o long). From 1994 to 1995 these data were separated by kind of longliner (regular or superficial). From 1978 to 1988 the data in individual weight was available just for date of commercialization, without the name of the boat and fishing area. Data of numerical frequency distribution of the yellowfin and bigeye were also obtained in a general way, without month and fishing area. Based on the source of data above mentioned, the following information was obtained: general weight frequency, yellowfin weight frequency distribution by fishing gear, average monthly weight by fishing gear for the three species of tuna from 1994 to 1995, yellowfin monthly and annual weight from 1971 to 1995, yellowfin monthly general frequency distribution from 1971 to 1995; monthly average weight per 5 o lat & 5 o long from 1971 to 1977 and 1994 to 1995 with the respective size distributions by studied area. Samples were monthly collected in the Santos Fishing Terminal (TPS), from April 1997 to June 1998, in order to obtain data on individual gutted weight and furcal length of yellow fin. Sex and gonad maturation stage were recorded, to observe if the studied area is a spawning area. From these data the length-weight relationship, clustered by sex and species, was determined. Then a general relation, clustered and non-clustered by sex, was used to convert the values of individual weight to length. The monthly average values of condition factor for the species were also calculated, using the condition factor Le Cren (1951). The values in individual weight of yellow fin commercialized in Santos Fishing Terminal, from 1971 to 1988 and from 1994 to 1995, were converted in length. After this conversion, the furcal length frequency distribution values, per month and year were obtained. Considering the value of L 5 used by ICCAT for 1 cm-yellowfin tuna, based on values estimated by Albaret (1977) from 97 to 11 cm, the proportion between young and adults, per month and year, from 1971 to Data of yellowfin catch per size for the whole Atlantic, and also for each fishing gear that captures this stock, were obtained for comparison, based on data from ICCAT (ICCAT, 1995a). The length frequency distributions by fishing gear for the whole Atlantic, and also to the occidental and oriental sides, were obtained. In order to 313

6 estimate the size of yellowfin population on the Brazilian coast, exploited by the tuna fleet settled in Santos, values of catch and effort of this species, obtained from ICCAT, related to all the yellowfin longline fisheries, were used. The depletion method, based on Leslie and DeLury models, proposed by Ricker (1975), was used with the mentioned data, to calculate the estimate size of the population exploited by longline off the Brazilian coast. 2.1 Length-weight relationship The length-weight relationship, clustered and non-clustered by sex, was determined for the species. The weight data were adjusted to the potence curve of y=ax b, where y stands for weight, x is the length, a and b are parameters estimated after transforming data in logarithm and straight line adjust to the points, for the minimum square method Yellowfin length frequency distribution After obtaining the length-weight relationship, the general relationship, clustered by sex, was used to convert the individual weight values in length. The individual weight numbers from 1971 to 1995 were converted in length, except from 1989 to 1993, when the data were not available. After the data conversion, the yellowfin furcal length frequency distribution, per year and month, was obtained for the studied period. This length frequency distributions were obtained in order to generate a source of data to compare the frequency distribution pattern presented by ICCAT, that is based on furcal length values. The length frequency distribution was not deeply analyzed, as it was done in the individual weight frequency distribution Juvenile and adult yellowfin catch ratio Considering the value of L5 used by ICCAT for 1 cm-yellowfin, based on the estimated values by Albaret (1977) from 97 to 11 cm, the adult and juvenile ratio, per month and year, from 1971 to 1995, was calculated. The length of 1 cm was considered the limit between the two the age groups. Catch data based on size class for the whole Atlantic and with different fishing gears were obtained from ICCAT (ICCAT, 1995a) for comparison studies. The length frequency distributions, by fishing gear, were calculated for the whole Atlantic, and also to the oriental and occidental sides Growth Curve The growth parameters for the local population were not calculated because the tuna fleet settled in Santos operates only over part of the yellowfin population present off the Brazilian coast. As the yellowfin growth parameters are well-defined by species, based on the ICCAT workshop groups, the values described for the whole Atlantic population were used. From this growth curve and its parameters used by ICCAT, the population strata of the yellowfin caught by the tuna fleet settled in Santos was identified and analyzed in this paper Yellowfin Population size estimates In order to estimate the size of the yellowfin population present off the Brazilian coast and exploited by the tuna fleet settled in Santos, the values of catch and effort from ICCAT, related to all the longline fisheries of this species, were used. The depletion method, based on the Leslie and DeLury models, proposed by Ricker (1975), were used to calculate the estimated size of the population exploited by longliners off the Brazilian coast. 3. Results and discussion The total catch of yellowfin in Brazil until 197 corresponded almost exclusively to longline boats. From 198 on there was a great increase in the live bait fishery catches, and this fishing gear was responsible for the highest catches of yellowfin in Brazil (Figure 1) for the whole studied period, except This increase was caused by 314

7 the increase in the number of boats catching skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), that usually are mixed in schools with yellowfin. Tuna boats from other countries have been settled in Brazil and legally operating off the Brazilian coast through the use of licenses, since 197. Figure 2 shows the participation of many fleets from in Brazil. In the 197s, the main fleet for yellowfin catch in Brazil was the national fleet settled in Santos that is studied in this paper. From the 198s on, the Japanese leased fleet presented the highest catches of this species in Brazil, and the fleet settled in Santos was in second place. In the beginning of the 199s, the Taiwanese fleet started to be the main one in the catch of yellowfin in Brazil. The national fleet showed a decrease in total catch for yellowfin and other species of tuna, because the target changed to shark, specially from the 198s on, as Amorim et al. states (1997). The yellowfin catch data for the national boats, when compared independently of the fishing gear, are the great majority of the total catch in Brazil, as Figure 2 shows, in the item Brazil. Figure 3 shows the relative percentage of yellowfin in the fisheries from the fleet settled in Santos, compared to the catches by longline in Brazil (San/Bra-LL) and to all the Brazilian fleets (San/Bra-Tot), and the catches in Brazil compared to the catches from the western Atlantic (Bra/Atl-West) and in the whole Atlantic (Bra/Atl- Tot). In the 7s the fleet settled in Santos presented a high percentage of yellowfin catches, 9% of the total catch of the species in Brazil. This percentage was gradually decreasing to 5% of the total in This decrease was also observed in the percentage of yellowfin caught by the fleet settled in Santos, changing from 9% to around 1% in The percentage of Brazilian catch for yellowfin compared to the fisheries in the whole Atlantic have always been in low levels, up to 4% of the total. The percentage of the Brazilian catches compared to the Western Atlantic reached 14% in 1993, and 1% in According to ICCAT data (ICCAT, 1994), the yellowfin catches from longline boats correspond to 14, t/year, that represents 1% of the total in the Atlantic. Most of these boats are Japanese, Taiwanese, Korean and Cuban in a smaller proportion. So the data presented in this paper correspond just to part of the total exploited from the yellowfin stocks in the Atlantic Ocean. The tuna fleet settled in Santos presented an increase of effort (in number of hooks), consequently increasing the total catch from 1971 to 1995 (Figure 4). Tuna were the target species of this fleet in the 7s, gradually decreasing from 198 on. After the tuna catch decrease, the fleet changed their target to swordfish and sharks that started representing the highest percentage of catches from the total. The total catch of the fleet settled in Santos ranged from 6 t/year in 1971 to 3, t in 199. The fishing effort in number of hooks ranged from a little more than, hooks/year in 1972 to about 4 million hooks in The increase in the effort corresponds to the increase of the boats operating in the fleet. During the studied period ( ) the gradual modification of the fleet settled in Santos can be observed. The target changed from tunas that used to be almost 6% from the total catches in the beginning of the 7s, gradually decreasing to about 1% of the total in With the reduction of the percentage of tuna catches, it is observed a remarkable change to sharks, especially from 198 on. During the same period swordfish represented about % of the total, reaching more than % in 198 and Analyzing the tuna catch in weight, from the fleet settled in Santos from 1971 to 1995, it is observed an inversely proportional relation, with the decrease of the tuna catch along the years (P<.1) (Figure 5). The catch of sharks increased in the same period (P<.1) (Figure 6). The change of the target species from tunas to sharks can be observed in the inverse relation of the percentage of tunas and sharks caught by the fleet settled in Santos from (P<.1). When the fleet settled in Santos started operating, the target species were the tunas, especially because they were abundant and had an excellent price in the market. With the increase of the fleet, and a consequent increase in effort, the catches decreased in the end of the 197s. The boats used to catch sharks, but it was not profitable because the fish was not well accepted in the market. From the 8s on, with the decrease of the tuna catch, the 315

8 market started accepting shark meat due to some changes. The fishermen were trained to improve gutting, manipulation and conservation of sharks. An increasing market for shark fins, with high prices, was another reason for the development of these catches. For all these factors, the fleet settled in Santos changed their target species to shark (Amorim et al. 1997). The tuna catch in Santos reached its highest level in 1979, with a production of 1, t (Figure 7). From 1971 to 1995 yellowfin was the most caught species. Bigeye came second until 1982, followed by albacore from 1983 to Thus, yellowfin proved to be the most important species for the fleet settled in Santos, as regards the percentage of this species in the tuna total catch. Yellowfin represented an average of more than 5% of the total in the whole period, except in the last year, 1995, when it was not the most caught species. From 1971 to 1972 it represented more than % of the total catch. There was a decrease, as shown in Figure 7, causing also a decrease in the total catch. The total catch always showed an increase in the second semester. Observing the average monthly catch from 1971 to 1995, it is possible to observe that they started increasing from May to June, and keep this high level until the end of the year. The shark catches were high almost all year round, but the tuna catches were higher in the cold water months. The tuna catches had two different patterns. The yellowfin presented the highest catches in the warm months, e.g., from January to April, and from September to December, reaching 9% of the total tuna catch. In the months when the catches decreased, Bigeye and albacore catches increased, and sometimes surpassed yellowfin (Figure 8). Albacore presented the highest catches in June and July, reaching about 5% of the tuna total catch, while bigeye presented the highest catches in April and May, with around % of the total. This seasonal pattern is also observed for yellowfin catches purse seine in the Eastern Atlantic, near the Gulf of Guinea region, Point Noire and Angola. In these places the catches occur in the beginning of the year and in the last trimester, period when warm waters occur most frequently, and also period of local spawning, because this area in near the highest concentration spawning area in the Atlantic (ICCAT, 1994). The highest yellowfin catches related to favorable environmental conditions show the dependence of the species distribution to environmental factors, specially related to temperature (Fonteneau, 1992 and 1991 apud Abuabara 1996). Fonteneau (1992) also showed the differences related to differentiated capturability for age classes in each region, mostly due to the oceanographic and environmental differences in the Western and Eastern Atlantic. In this case the greatest environmental difference was the depth structure and termocline in each area. With the catch decrease in cold months, the proportion of the yellowfin catch compared to the total catch of the fleet settled in Santos also decreased. The highest percentage of tuna catches occur in the months with cold water, from May to August. This increase is also due to the increase of other two species, bigeye and albacore. Although Figure 4 shows a gradual increase in the total catches from the fleet settled in Santos from 1971 to 1995, this same trend was not observed in the CPUE. Changes in the CPUE values during the period, with peaks in , 198 and , alternated with slumps. The tuna CPUE (kg/1 hooks) presented a clear decreasing trend in this period, with reflexes in the total catches for the same period, ranging from 8 (in 1979) to less than in Also the shark CPUE for the period presented a slight increasing trend, ranging from less than to more than 7. The swordfish CPUE presented oscillation for the whole period, following the total catch CPUE trend. The CPUE (kg/1 hooks) for the three species of tuna presented decreasing trends from The yellowfin CPUE ranged from 5 in 1979 to less than 5 in Also the albacore and bigeye presented decreases in the CPUE values, ranging from more than in 1974 to about 2 for bigeye and 5 to albacore in 1995 (Figure 9). This reduction observed in the CPUE was caused by the changes in the target species to sharks (end of the 8s) and to swordfish ( ). Considering the monthly values, the total CPUE for the fleet settled in Santos was higher in the cold months, reaching about 1 kg/1 hooks in July. Comparing the CPUE monthly values among the groups of the species caught, the seasonal abundance is evident. The highest shark catches occurred from April to August, while for the tunas they occurred from June to August, and the swordfish catches peak was observed from July to October. 316

9 The highest monthly tuna CPUEs presented two different patterns. The highest yellowfin CPUEs occurred in the warm months, from January to March, and from August to December. The highest CPUEs for albacore and bigeye occurred in the cold months, with peaks from June to August, and from April to August, respectively (Figure 1). So the CPUE and the catch values indicate the existence of species concentration off the Brazilian southern and southeastern coast. The fleet settled in Santos started using the superficial longline in May 1994, with a gradual increase in the effort, with consequent decrease of the hooks used in the regular longline, until December 1995, when the total number of hooks of the superficial longline surpassed the regular one. The gradual effort decrease was caused by the substitution of the fishing gear used by the fleet, because the same boats that used to operate with regular longline casting an average of 1,5 hooks/day to the sea, started using the superficial longline, casting 8 hooks/day (Figure 11). The yellowfin catch in weight from January 1994 to December 1995 clearly shows the periodicity in the species catches, where they present their highest catches in the warm months, followed by decreases in the cold water months (Figure 13). The superficial longline effort increase was followed by the increase in the yellowfin effort. From October 1994 the monthly superficial longline catches were generally superior to the ones from the regular longline. This substitution was clearer observing the Figure 14 that shows the percentages for each fishing gear. Observing the catches of the three species of tuna by different fishing gears, it is possible to notice some similarity to the previous pattern, with some little differences. The regular longline presented the same pattern described for the yellowfin, with high catches in the warm months, reaching even more than 9% of the monthly tuna catch (Figure 19). In the cold months an increase of albacore and bigeye catches occurs. The bigeye catch is higher in the cold months, but it seems to be independent of the other species. On the other hand the months with the highest peaks of yellowfin catches, coincides with the greatest decreases in the albacore and vice-versa. This pattern is generally observed for superficial longline (Figure ), but the opposite pattern for yellowfin and albacore is not observed for the whole period. It can be seen in December 1994, October and November 1995, when high catches of the two species were registered. The highest yellowfin catches in the warm months and bigeye and albacore in the cold months is a reflex of the abundance of this species in the region. From January 1994 to December 1995 it is also possible to observe month by month, the evolution and abundance periodicity of these species, through the CPUE values (Figures 23 and 24). It can be also concluded that tunas are not the target species of this fleet anymore. Tuna CPUE (kg/1hooks) from the regular longline reached the maximum monthly value of 1 for yellowfin, 5 to albacore and 7 to bigeye. Comparing the efficiency of the two fishing gears for yellowfin through Figure, it is possible to conclude that the efficiency of superficial longline is superior. The two reasons are: choosing a fishing area where tunas and swordfish are abundant and the use of light-sticks, known as very attractive for fish. This fishing pattern observed in the fleet settled in Santos, with high yellowfin catches in the warm months, changing in the cold months, clearly shows that the distribution of this species is related to environmental conditions. As yellowfin is not the target species, the data of catches and abundance for this species is a reflex of its distribution in the fishing area where the fleet operated. According to Fonteles Filho (1989) the ICE (effort conversion index) is very important for the analysis of the fisheries using more than one fishing gear, being also essential in the standardization of the fishing effort. It is necessary to observe that both fishing gears have different characteristics for operation, target, and fishing areas. The efficiency comparison between the superficial and the regular longline can be seen in Figure 26. Comparing the main species caught by longline, as tunas, sharks and swordfish, the highest efficiency of the superficial compared to the regular longline is observed in the tunas and swordfish catches. The fishing superficial longline efficiency for swordfish was times superior to the regular longline, and times for tunas. The regular longline was more efficient for catching sharks, in an average of 1.5 times than the superficial longline. Bigeye presented the highest difference of efficiency with different fishing gears. The superficial longline was more than times more efficient, in an average of 36 times. The superficial longline fishing efficiency for albacore was in average 1 times superior, reaching a maximum of 6 times. The differences were not 317

10 remarkable for yellowfin. In this case, superficial longline presented an average efficiency of 4.5 times superior to the regular, reaching a maximum of times. According to Mahon et al. (1994) the seasonal trends of CPUE for yellowfin show some differences in the Caribbean Islands. In Granada and Santa Lucia, the CPUE reached the maximum in the pelagic season (February and March). Santa Lucia presented its highest catches at the end of the pelagic season. This could be a reflex of a deviation of effort due to the decrease of the main target species, the mari-mari (Coryphaena hippurus). Also in Barbados, where yellowfin is accidentally caught, the CPUE values reach their maximum right before and right after the main pelagic season (from April to May and from August to September, respectively). Again this can be a reflex of changing in the species target, when the main target species are not very abundant. In Sao Vincent, yellowfin is caught during the whole pelagic season (from December to June), but there are no definite peaks in the CPUE. The fact that yellowfin is not a target species, can explain the absence of a seasonal trend for this fish in Barbados. The data presented by Mahon et al. (1994.) showed yellowfin high catches in the warm months that are frequent in the Caribbean region. Even considering this weather influences, the variations in abundance are related to the establishment of target species, as observed in the fleet settled in Santos. The patterns observed by Vyalov (1994) in the study of environmental variations that influence the population structure of marine life, corroborate the data analyzed in this paper, showing a clear relation of the patterns of yellowfin distribution in our region, with temperature. The conclusion is that the months with higher temperature present more abundance. In the analysis of the results of fishing effort and CPUE per fishing area, the results are divided in topics, as follows: 3.1 Fishing Effort : During this period, the tuna fleet operated in areas nearer the coast (Figure 27). It is also observed a reduction in the fishing areas and also in the total catch effort in the cold months, July, August and September, when compared to the other months. Although there is an increase of CPUE in these months, the catch effort decreases, mainly due to the bad weather conditions : It is observed in this period an increase in the fishing operation, compared to the period. The tuna fleet starts operating in new fishing areas and also increase the fishing effort (Figures 28 and 29). All the figures related to the CPUEs values in the presented areas, follow the same pattern and scale. 3.2 Regular longline x superficial longline ( ) The regular longline operates in a more extensive fishing area than the superficial longline, because the trips are longer and also because this gear is less productive (CPUE) than the superficial longline. Another reason for extending the fishing area is the presence of leasing boats in the fleet based in Santos (Arfelli 1996). It was also observed that the average effort of the boats operating with regular longline is superior to the superficial longline. There are two explanations to this fact. First of all, there was a higher number of boats operating with regular longline than with the superficial one during the studied period. The latter just started being used in regular basis from May 1994 on. Secondly, the superficial longline besides operating in the region nearer to the surface than the regular, presents also a fewer number of hooks per cast. The total sum of efforts used by the fleet, the fishing effort is lower. 3.3 CPUEs Analysis per fishing area In order to determine the concentration areas for the species off the coast, the Friedman test was performed with the CPUEs of the species, by latitude bands (5 o ) and per fishing area (5 o lat/ 5 o long), based on the catch monthly values, clustering the years and In the tests per latitude bands just the bands o - o, o - o and o - o, because they presented catches during the whole period. During many months, the bands 15 o - o and º-º did not present any fishing activity. 318

11 From the latitude band 15º-º presented constant fisheries, that were used in the CPUEs analysis. Two scales were used in the CPUEs analysis per area, according to the available data. From it was used kg/1, hooks, and from , number of individuals/1, hooks. The results of the analysis are the following: Yellowfin : The period from July to September presented the lower relative abundances per fishing area, and a distribution nearer the coast. In the other months, with warmer water, the catch distribution of this species increases a lot, occurring even in waters with higher latitudes (March and April) (Figure ). In the yellowfin CPUEs analysis, , it was observed a difference among the CPUEs for the areas (P<.1) per latitude band 5º. The same was observed for the CPUE values between the bands 5º lat X 5º long : The yellowfin catch efficiency of the tuna fleet settled in Santos increased a lot in this period, from 59kg/1, hooks in October ( ) to 57.6 fish/1, hooks for the regular longline also in October and 59.8 fish/1, hooks for the superficial longline in November (Figures 31 and 32). The CPUE values doubled from one period to the other, based on an average weight of kg (according to the frequency distributions). In the period , a decrease in the abundance index is observed, as well as a reduction in the fishing area in the coldest months (from June to September), compared to the warmer months, especially December, March and April. The highest catches occurred in the warm months, independently of the fishing area. The highest distribution range off the Brazilian coast from December to April is probably due to the sea characteristics of the currents in the region. From middle spring to the end of summer the Brazilian current extends over the whole continental shelf. As yellowfin is a species that prefer tropical waters (warm) its distribution during this period is also increased, following the Brazilian current. As this study is a macroanalysis, focused in the yellowfin distribution tendencies, some minor environmental variations, probably occurred during fishing, are not considered. So these probable variations in the described pattern were possibly caused by variations intrinsic to the species distribution in some occasions, or due to local environmental changes. This statement is also valid to the other species below mentioned. The highest CPUE values observed in the hot months in the south of Brazil (Figures, 31 and 32) are possibly related to the retraction to the south orientation of the Malvinas Current, with low temperatures that the yellowfin cannot tolerate. For the period: the Friedman test for the superficial and regular longline CPUEs per latitude band 5º was also performed for the period. In this case, and others in this period, the following latitude bands were considered: 15º-º, º-º, º-º and º-º. The Friedman test was also performed for the CPUE monthly total values for regular and superficial longline (independently of the fishing area). The Friedman test result for the CPUE analysis per fishing area was not significative for both fishing gears. It means that there is no difference between the CPUEs for the areas (P>.5). In the analysis of the yellowfin CPUE for the period, comparing the regular to the superficial longline, it was observed a great difference between the CPUEs for the two kinds of longline (P<.5). It means that the superficial longline is significantly more efficient than the regular one for catching yellowfin. Taking into consideration the yellowfin distribution off the Brazilian coast, independently of the season, it was observed for the period, that the largest concentrations of the species occur in the regions with high temperatures off the Brazilian coast. It is also observed some concentration in Cabo Frio region. This area, although presenting low water temperature, presents also a not very deep termocline of about 1 m (Allard 1955), in the range where the longline operates and also where the species occurs, permitting its presence in the area. In addition, there is a high primary productivity in the area and a high concentration of species and megabents, being considered an area of high feeding activity. Significant differences were not observed in the large fishing areas in the period. Although the highest catches of yellowfin occurred in high latitude areas (º-º), they happened in the hot months, near the coast, when the tropical waters from the Brazil Current are spread in the area (Fundespa 1994a). 319

12 3.3.2 Tunas : The highest concentrations of the three species of tuna in the second semester of the studied period reach 7 kg/1, hooks in October. The results of the Friedman tests show that there are not differences for the CPUEs in the tuna fishing areas (P>.5,) in the period, per latitude band 5º : For this period, besides a higher range of fishing area compared to the previous period, it was observed an increase in the catch efficiency, reaching a maximum of 58 fish/1, hooks in October for the regular longline and 15 fish/1, hooks for the superficial longline (Figures 34 and ). The Friedman test results showed that there is not difference in the tuna CPUEs with regular longline for the areas, per latitude band 5º (P>.5) in the period. The same is observed for the same group, considering the superficial longline catches (P>.5). In the tuna CPUEs analysis from 1994 to 1995, comparing the efficiency of the superficial and regular longline, the Friedman test showed that there is difference between the CPUEs (P<,1) for the two types of longline. It means that the superficial longline is significatively more efficient than the regular in the tuna catches. The highest efficiency observed in the two different fishing periods analyzed is due to three facts: first, the improvement of the fishing techniques and a better knowledge of the fishing areas by the captains; second, the superficial longline, that uses squid, that is a more efficient bait than fish, that is used by the regular longline and third, the sealumen that increases the efficiency of catch. The absence of significant CPUEs differences in the tuna fishing areas for the periods studied, is possibly due to the fact that yellowfin presents a higher catch in the warmer areas. On the other hand, the highest catches of bigeye and albacore occur in colder areas, homogenizing the catches in some way. During the period, there were two different fishing targets. First, they aim at tunas, and after at sharks. In the period basically the fleet aimed at swordfish catch. Although the fishing target changed in different periods, all the species were sold in the market. It means that there are not discarded species, even if they aren t the target. Although there are hydrographic and bibliographic data on the Brazil Current and others present off the Brazilian coast, they are deficient. Many reviews and data are restricted to the analysis of a specific area. It is almost impossible to find a global and detailed review of the Brazilian ocean and coastal water mass, with seasonal and temporal data. With the available data, it is practically impossible to obtain conclusive information on the characteristic temperature structure and spatial and temporal variations of Brazil Current, and therefore to relate them with other parameters like the catches of a specific fleet. For a better fisheries analysis it would be necessary a data collection system from the fishing boats, comprising quantity of catch, position and oceanographic conditions (area depth, temperature and salinity). At the moment this information is not available. Probably the Brazilian Economic Exclusive Zone aquatic living resources assessment made by REVIZEE Program will provide this information. Observing the yellowfin catch frequency distribution with superficial and regular longline, it can be noted that regular longline mainly catches fish comprised in the classes from 13 to 23 kg, and the superficial longline from 9 to 14 kg (Figure ). These two frequencies presented in the figure correspond just to the catch data from 1994 to 1995, period when both fishing gear operated continuously and simultaneously. As it was observed by ICCAT (1994), it is observed a spatial segregation in size classes for yellowfin, by the water column extract, considering that the smaller fish stay close to the surface, and the average and also the large stay deeper. Concerning to the average weight of the fish captured by the two different fishing gear,it was observed that the regular longline presented an average weight of 28,49 kg, and the superficial 28,45 kg, being statistically the same (P>,5). There are no great differences in the values of the monthly average weight of the three tuna species caught by the two kinds of longline (Figure 41). The greatest monthly differences were observed for yellowfin, and the smallest for the albacore. As the fishing areas are practically the same for the two fleets (regular and superficial longline), the few differences can be attributed to the differences found of each species related to the water 3

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