Wetland Recovery and Salmon Population Resilience: A Case Study in Estuary Ecosystem Restoration
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1 Wetland Recovery and Salmon Population Resilience: A Case Study in Estuary Ecosystem Restoration Daniel L. Bottom NOAA NW Fisheries Science Center, Newport, OR Kim K. Jones, Trevan J. Cornwell, Staci Stein Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis, OR Lance A. Campbell Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA Photo: Carey Smith, Pacific Coast Joint Venture, Vancouver, WA
2 Life history diversity in Chinook salmon Fry migrants Subyearling migrants Yearling migrants Subyearling migrants (mid summer) Subyearling migrants (late summer/fall) From Reimers 1973
3 Conventional life history of Coho salmon Stream rearing (~1 ½ years) Ocean rearing (~1 ½ years)
4 Resilience of Salmon with Diverse Life Histories High Diversity Environmental variability Reduced Diversity Salmonid Response
5 Objective Determine whether recovery of tidal wetlands in Salmon River estuary has benefited Chinook and coho salmon, as indicated by: Juvenile habitat use and performance within the estuary (residency, foraging success, growth) Population response within the basin (life history diversity, production, resilience) Salmon River Research Chinook salmon study ( ) Coho salmon study ( ) Pre-hatchery survey ( ) Photo: Carey Smith, Pacific Coast Joint Venture, Vancouver, WA
6 Salmon River Basin 195 km 2 watershed Estuary area 800 ha Head of tide ~ Rkm 6.5 Fish hatchery at Rkm 8 Estuary protection: Cascade Head Scenic Research Area (1974)
7 Salmon River Estuary Marsh Restoration >175 ha restored Reference
8 Life-cycle perspective: Juvenile abundance in streams (coho) Migration from watershed Estuary habitat use, movement, timing and CPUE, growth Adult returns (spawner surveys) Life history reconstruction: juv, adult otoliths PIT tags (coho) Survival (coho)
9 Life History Variation in Juvenile Salmon Sampling at estuary mouth to collect oceanbound juveniles Reconstruct life histories of juveniles and adults from otolith chemistry Strontium indicator of salt-water entry Back-calculated size at estuary entry based on otolith:fish size relationship Growth rates from daily increments
10 Chinook life history diversity has expanded with increased estuary rearing opportunity Lower estuary Mid estuary Upper estuary Lower estuary Mid estuary Upper estuary 75' seine (1977) Upper estuary 125' seine (1977) CPUE (number/seine haul) CPUE (number/seine haul) Mar May Jul Sep Nov Mar May Jul Sep Nov
11 Life histories of outmigrating juvenile Chinook Summer Fall Early Fry Spring Summer E Fry ER<30d E Fry ER>30d Spring Migrant ER<30d Spring Migrant ER> 30d Summer Migrant ER<30d Summer Migrant ER>30d Fall Migrant ER< 30d Fall Migrant ER> 30d (adapted from Volk et al. 2010) Size at Estuary Entry (mm) Emergent Fry < 45 Spring (MAM) Summer (JJA) Fall (SON)
12 Juvenile Life Histories of Returning Adult Chinook All 4 migrant types contributed to surviving adults 25 40% of spawners were spring fry migrants that were rare or absent when the marshes were diked Run Year 2004 (n=145) Run Year 2005 (n=85) Size at Estuary Entry (mm FL) (L. Campbell unpubl. data)
13 Coho Population Studies Salmon River Jones et al PIT Array, Smolt Trap
14 Juvenile coho use of upper estuary and wetlands Yearlings in upper estuary in the spring 27% of tagged yearlings used 96 Marsh (2010) Contrary to the conventional coho life history, subyearlings reared in estuary wetlands Fry entered in spring; parr were present late fall and winter CPUE upper Salmon R. estuary yearling subyearling
15 Diverse juvenile coho life histories in Salmon River (Jones et al. 2014) Rearing Environment Stream and Tidal Fresh Estuary Ocean Yearling Fry Nomad Parr Juvenile Migrant Type
16 Juvenile Life Histories of Returning Adult Coho (Jones et al. 2014) Estuary rearing types Yearling Fry Nomad Parr 20-35% of returning adults had reared in the estuary Estuary life histories were absent when marshes were diked Estuary restoration has increased coho life history diversity as well as production
17 Coho life history diversity has expanded with increased estuary rearing opportunity (Jones et al. 2014)
18 Lessons from Salmon River Restoring estuary habitat has enhanced life history expression in both Chinook and coho salmon Coho that leave natal streams as subyearlings are not lost to the population but use the estuary Estuary life histories linked to restored wetlands contributed 25-40% of adult Chinook and 20-35% of adult Coho produced in Salmon River Life history diversity (and the habitat opportunities that support it) is fundamental to the productivity as well as the resilience of salmon populations
19 Case Studies in Salmon Resilience
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