3. Recommends activities to address weakness of performance indicator of the 3 fisheries assessment principles

Transcription

1 ANNEX 12

2 1. Present assessments of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) fisheries in the Andaman Sea covering Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Myanmar using PSA and Risk-based Framework 2. Highlight impacts to the IM fisheries by the three different fishing gears 3. Recommends activities to address weakness of performance indicator of the 3 fisheries assessment principles

3 Biology of Indian Mackerel Mackerel The Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier) is a pelagic shoaling scombroid fish widely distributed in the Indo West Pacific region l It is a neritic species (inhabiting the ocean waters between the low tide mark and a depth of 200 m) and occurs in areas where surface water temperatures are at least 17 C. Juveniles feed on phytoplankton (diatoms) and small zooplankton (cladocerans, ostracods and larval polychaetes Adults occur in coastal bays, harbours and deep lagoons, usually in some turbid plankton rich waters Migration for feeding and spawning

4 Assumptions: for the purpose of the assessment, the Indian mackerel present in the Andaman Sea is considered to be a single stock.

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6 The PSA approach examines attributes of each species that contribute to or reflect its productivity or susceptibility, in order to provide a relative measure of the risk to the scoring element from fishing activities. The PSA is then used in order to determine the overall risk to the stock.

7 The seven PRODUCTIVITY ATTRIBUTES are specific to the species and determined according to species growth and maturity characteristics, trophic level and fecundity. The productivity attributes and scores as defined by MSC methodology are presented in Table 1 Generally speaking quicker growing, fast maturing, low trophic level smaller species are more productive than slower growing species with large maximum size and age, which are typically high trophic level, are deemed to be low productivity.

8 Table 1: Productivity attributes and scores Productivity attributes Low productivity (high risk) Med productivity (medium risk) High productivity (low risk Avg. age at maturity >15 years 5-15 years <5 years Avg. max. age >25 years years <10 years Fecundity <100 eggs /year ,000 eggs/yr >20,000 eggs/year Avg. max. size >300 cm cm <100 cm Avg. size at maturity Reproductive strategy >200 cm cm <40 cm Live bearer Demersal egg layer Broadcast spawner Trophic level > <2.75

9 The scores will be consistent across a single stock, regardless of which countries or gears are targeting the fishery. Low productivity species are potentially easier to over exploit so fisheries for these stocks (all other things being equal) are higher risk. However in order to finally determine the level of risk, productivity scores must be combined with information about the susceptibility to be capture.

10 The susceptibility analysis considers attributes that are specific to the gear that is targeting the fishery and assessed according to the overlap of the fishing area compared with the species range (geographical spread and depth / habitat overlap), selectivity of the gear and the likelihood of post capture survival. when considering the risk based scores as target species (under P1) important to recognize that area overlap considerations are for all fishing activities on the stock, not just the vessels belonging to the unit of assessment The susceptibility attributes and scores as defined by MSC methodology are presented in Table 2 in the next slide

11 Table 2: Susceptibility attributes and scores Susceptibility attribute Low susceptibility (low risk) Medium susceptibility (medium risk) High susceptibility (High risk) Availability overlap of species range with fishery <10% overlap 10-30% overlap >30% overlap Encounterability Habitat and depth check Low overlap with fishing gear Medium overlap with fishing gear High overlap with fishing gear Selectivity (varies per gear type) < mesh size, or >5m in length 1-2 times mesh size, or 4-5m in length >2 times mesh size or up to 4m in length Post capture mortality Evidence of post capture release and survival Released alive Retained spp. or majority dead when released

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13 The performance can be viewed as weak (scored as 0 and red), intermediate (scored as 1 and amber), or good (scored as 2 and green). Indicators plus simple colour coded scoring system, allows for easy identification of both the strengths and the weaknesses in the status, impacts and management of these fisheries. The Principles and related performance indicators (PIs) used in the assessments are presented in the three tables below (Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5). For each indicator, it show the key issues examined when assessing/scoring performance.

14 Principle 1 A fishery must be conducted in a manner that does not lead to overfishing or depletion of the exploited populations and, for those populations that are depleted, the fishery must be conducted in a manner that demonstrably leads to their recovery.. The principle ensure productive capacities of resources be maintain at high levels of abundance, with safety margin for error, and restore to retain their capacities for a long term

15 Principle 1 Indicators (Stock Status) Indicator number Principle 1: Stock Status Indicator title Stock status Reference points Stock Rebuilding Harvest control strategy Harvest control tools and rules Information and monitoring Assessment of stock status _Principle 1 (Stock Status) Indicators Used to Assess Indian mackerel fisheries.docx

16 Principle 2 Fishing operations should allow maintenance of structure, productivity, function and diversity of ecosystem( including habitat and associated dependent and ecologically related species) on which the fishery depends. The intent of this principle is to encourage the management of fisheries from an ecosystem perspective under a system designed to assess and restrain the impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem

17 PRINCIPLE 2 INDICATORS (ECOSYSTEM IMPACTS) Indicator number Indicator title Table 4_Principle 2 (Ecosystems Impacts) Indicators Used to Assess.docx Retained species status / outcome Retained species management Retained species information and monitoring Discarded species status/ outcome Discarded species management Endangered, Threatened and Protected (ETP) species status / outcome ETP species management ETP species information and monitoring Critical habitat status/outcome Critical habitat management Critical habitat information and monitoring 2.51 Ecosystem status/outcome 2.52 Ecosystem management 2.53 Ecosystem information and monitoring

18 Principle 3 The fishery is subjected to an effective management system that respects local, national, internationl laws and standards and incorporates institutional and operational frameworks that require the use of resources to be responsible and sustainable The principle ensure tht there is an institutional and operational framework for implementing Principle 1 and 2, appropriate to the size and scale of the fishery.

19 PRINCIPLE 3 INDICATORS (MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK) Indicator number Indicator title Table 5_Principle 3 (Management Frameworks) Indicators Used to Assess Indian mackerel Fisheries.docx Legal and/or customary framework Consultation roles and responsibilities Long term objectives Incentives for sustainable fishing Fishery-specific objectives Decision-making processes Compliance and enforcement Research Plan Monitoring and management performance evaluation

20 PSA AND ASSESSMENT RESULTS

21 Results and conclusions of Productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) on IM across gear types and countries 1. Indian mackerel scores highly on six productivity attributes (i.e is a highly productive species) and intermediately for trophic level (Table 8). Table 8 key productivity attributes of Indian Mackerel.docx 2. IM has a minimum population doubling time of less than 15 months, thus considered a highly productive species with a high resilience and low vulnerability. (in terms of its physiology and reproductive strategy)

22 Cont d Results of PSA and conclusions of Indian mackerel (IM) Table 9.docx 3. IM is highly susceptible to being caught by the purse seine and trawl fleets 4. These gears are likely to overlap > 30% of the natural distribution of Indian mackerel, also a high overlap with the habitat and depth range inhabited by this species. 5. Due to the mesh sizes of these gears, they have a low selectivity in that most fish encountered will be captured. 6. From a stock status perspective both purse seine and trawl fisheries are considered to be high risk to Indian mackerel. 7. The gillnet fisheries in Indonesia and Malaysia have a lower risk score based on availability and encounterability attributes. 8. Whist selectivity scores poorly due to the small mesh sizes compared to the fish length, overall the impact of this gillnet fishery on the stock is considered low risk.

23 Results of PSA undertaken for the main retained species in each of the gear types targeting IM (table 10 psa on retained species.docx) PURSE-SEINES 1. Purse seine vessels present a high risk to the majority of small and large pelagic species with the exception of three species assessed as medium risk: overall retained species within the purse seine fleet achieves an intermediate performance level due to :- a) high productivity of IM, skipjack and Bigeye tuna on account of their distribution throughout tropical and warm temperate waters b. despite the small pelagic species falling within the high risk category, due to the medium trophic levels (>3.25) and high overlap between fishing gear and species range, they all are understood to have a high resilience with a minimum population doubling time of 15 months BOTTOM OTTER TRAWL 1. On account of excellent productivity the shrimp and Indo Pacific mackerel are considered at medium risk, as are squid which has a medium encounter-ability due to its depth range. 2. All other main retained species are at high risk from trawling due to high trophic status and high overlap with species range, as well as habitat and depth distributions. Due to the diversity and quantities of demersal fish species taken by this gear, together with the fact that a higher proportion of juveniles across all species are likely to be captured as a consequence of the indiscriminate nature of this gear, the overall performance is assessed as weak for all countries. GILL NET 1. No verification or information on the species associated with the gill net fisheries targeting a range of demersal species in Indonesia and Malaysia were available Hutomo et al (2009) reported overexploitation of demersal species in the Malacca Straits and Andaman Sea, therefore the overall performance is considered weak.

24 WEAKNESS OF PRINCIPLE 1 (STOCK STATUS ) ASSESSMENT Lack of knowledge on many aspects of stock status including distinct stock No recent reference points have been defined and there is no harvest strategy or harvest control rules and tools in place to manage the fishery Patchy/incomplete landing statistics ad-hoc research on pelagic resources rather than on regular assessment no harvest strategy or harvest control rules and tools in place to manage the fishery Principle 1 Msia Idnsia Thai Myanmar.docx Summary table for Assessment of IM against P1.docx

25 WEAKNESS OF PRINCIPLE 2 ( Ecosystem Impacts) ASSESSMENT Principle 2.doc Summary Scores of Indian Mackerel Against Principle 2.docx Key problems across all gear types relate to the status and management of retained species. The current mesh size for purse seine and trawl gear (and some gill nets) is 1 mesh which results in high catch rates of juveniles. This is likely to have implications for recruitments and is likely to lead to growth overfishing and possibly ecosystem overfishing. lack of discarding within these fisheries is considered a key strength; however this is primarily due to the landing of all fish including juveniles which itself is a lack of retained species management Little is known about the extent of interaction with ETP species and no measures exist to manage Habitat impacts are predominately by the trawling fleet, although lost gear from the gill net fleet may also damage corals little information on the ecological role of Indian mackerel, its response to natural fluctuations and the impact of its removal from the ecosystem Regulations have been developed to reduce fisheries impacts on species and habitats, but these are yet to be fully applied or enforced In the case of ETP species, the use of TEDs and JTEDs has not yet occurred, citing practicalities of managing grids with net drums. the major weakness for the trawl gear is associated with habitat and ETP interactions. The small mesh size of 25 mm for purse seine and trawl gear (and some gill nets can results in high catch rates of juveniles

26 WEAKNESS OF PRINCIPLE 3 ( Governance and Management) ASSESSMENT Key weaknesses are the lack of small pelagic species specific management plans and control measures. While it is noted that TACs may be established, it is unclear for which species these are applicable or which fleets comply. No evidence of TACs implementation and monitoring is available at Provincial level. As stocks are shared, countries are reluctance to apply more stringent management measures than neighbouring countries. Consultation levels via the extension officer network are good, but this stops short of localised and community-based fisheries management (CBFM). Small pelagics are not currently viewed as a priority. Demersal fisheries are the current priority and fleet overcapacity is being addressed to an extent. The focus is on capacity reduction through reducing total number of vessels. Other effort management measures such as technical measures (mesh size increases) are not being implemented the capacity problems identified are exacerbated by the offshore fishery mainly involving foreign vessels under license that are not always landing catches back to local landing sites overarching institutional challenge is to improve the scientific basis for the management of the fisheries not clear that the political will and sufficient resources are available to achieve improvements, particularly if long-term management means more limits on fishing opportunities. Summary Scores for Indian Mackerel against Principle 3.docx Principle 3 Assessment (Governance and management).docx

27 The Specific Goals for Fisheries Management of Indian Mackerel Rastreliger kanagurta in the Andaman Sea of Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Myanmar With the objective : To ensure the long term livelihood of fishers through sustainable resource management for the Andaman Sea and Straits of Malacca Indian Mackerel fishery, and supporting preservation of allied ecosystems from which these resources depend to realise this objective, the results from the PSA and fisheries RBF assessment were translated into a logframe to identify activities to be undertaken to achieve the necessary goals outlined from the assessment. The Specific Goals for R kanagurta in andaman Sea and Straits of Malacca.doc

28 GOAL 1: TO STRENGTHEN THE CAPACITY OF FISHERIES BODIES TO UNDERTAKE RESEARCH Outcome 1.1: Fisheries stock assessment processes strengthened ACTIVITES Strengthen capacity of the regional institutions to undertake research. Establish scientific partnerships with other Research centre of excellence Prepare a research plan DNA research to confirm interdependent or independent stocks Identify target and Limit Reference Points for the scad fishery Outcome 1.2: Harvest control strategies adopted in line with the precautionary principle of fisheries management ACTIVITY Implement Harvest Control Strategy Outcome 1.3: Harvest control tools adopted ACTIVITIES Harvest control tools reformed or established based on Limit Reference point Ongoing training and awareness programme Outcome 1.4 : Improve information systems and data collection in all member countries ACTIVITIES Data collection templates to include retained and by-catch Methodologies, sampling procedures agreed Database systems operating

29 GOAL 2: TO ESTABLISH ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE Indian Mackerel MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Outcome 2.1: Ecosystem approach to fisheries management applied ACTIVITIES Collect information on fishery interactions. Assess potential risks to retained species, Endangered, Threatened and Protected animals and habitats Conduct ecosystem research Determine mitigation actions (e.g. temporal and permanent closed areas supported by participatory support by community organizations) Provide training to avoid interaction with ETP species

30 GOAL 3: TO SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING PROCESS Outcome 3.1: Governance systems strengthened ACTIVITIES Governance policy objectives strengthened with priority given to implementing international conventions and sustainability and the ecosystem approach to fisheries management Preparing templates for fishery management plans which take account of the need for collaborative actions Setting up appropriate co management consultative systems to support co management Regional management bodies promoting joint management initiatives Regional Advisory Councils created Outcome 3.2: Fisheries management capacity and co-management system established ACTIVITY Strengthen the capacity of the fisheries administration to service the Management Council

31 GOAL 4: TO DEVELOP AND PROMOTE RESPONSIBLE AND SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES PRACTICES Outcome 4.1: Responsible and sustainable fisheries systems in place Establish appropriate input and output management systems Establish technical measure Closed seasons Evaluate the effectiveness of the management Introduce ongoing training and awareness programmes Review of fishery subsidy scheme Outcome 4.2: Co-management systems strengthened Establish stakeholder associations Co-management responsibilities determined based on above and provided for in legislation Outcome 4.3: Fishery compliance systems strengthened MCS systems applied VMS and other control measures applied Strengthening Legislation to support compliance actions Compliance training Fisheries administrations and fisher groups

32 GOAL 5: TO IMPLEMENT A MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM Outcome 5.1: Monitoring and evaluation systems applied effectively ACTIVITIES Develop/document a Monitoring and Evaluation plan Agree on monitoring and evaluation practices/processes that ensure credibility, impartiality, transparency, and usefulness

33 THANK YOU & TERIMA KASIH