Unit 5: Alive! from algae to zooplankton. Alive LESSON 4. and DEFENDING

Transcription

1 Unit 5: Alive! from algae to zooplankton LESSON 4 Alive and DEFENDING

2 Unit 5: Alive! from algae to zooplankton LESSON 4 Alive and DEFENDING All living things defend themselves against predators. Students learn structures used for this function.

3 Table of contents 4 Launch! Defense. All living things defend themselves. 6 Won t Eat THAT! A1: Producers Defense. Producers defend against herbivores. 14 En Guard! A2: Consumers Defense. Consumers defend themselves and their territories. 20 Peek-a-Boo! A3: Fish Defense. Fish defensive structures include ballooning and hiding. 28 I ll Sting You A4: Coral Defense. Corals use nematocysts against predators and other coral. 34 Vanished! A5: Octopus Defense. Octopuses defend themselves in many different ways. 40 Painful Pinchers A6: Crabs Defense. Crabs have powerful claws to scare off predators. 48 Shielding Shell A7: Turtles Defense. A turtle s main defense is its body armor shell. 54 Beware of Seal! A8: Monk Seals Defense. Monk seals scare predators away through threatening sounds and postures. 60 Painfully Prickly A9: Sea Urchin and Sea Star Defense. Spines protect sea urchins and sea stars.

4 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING what is one characteristic of all living things? Launch! (Defense) All living things defend themselves. Defence! Ready? Familiarize yourself with Defend lyrics (p.5). Materials Defend (mp3 and lyrics) Hawaii Standards SC.K.1.3 SC Set? Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 1: Won t Eat THAT! (Producers) Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 2: En Guard! (Consumers) Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 3: Fish-Peek-a-Boo! (Fish) Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 4: I ll Sting You (Coral) Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 5: Vanished! (Octopus) Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 6: Painful Pinchers (Crabs) Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 7: Shielding Shell (Turtles) Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 8: Beware of Seal! (Monk Seals) Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 9: Painfully Prickly (Sea Urchins and Sea Stars) Go! Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. 4 4 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.Launch! *

5 Think about it... How do marine creatures defend themselves? Launch! Listen and dance to Defend. When a predator tries to eat a sea slug, The sea slug has a little trick. It begins to mimic another animal; Now you ve got to admit that s pretty slick! Mimic, 4x. Mimicry is the sea slug s slickest trick! When a predator tries to eat a Manini, Those fish have a special rule. Manini figure they re much safer If they travel together in a school! School, 4x. Schooling is the Manini s coolest rule! Reef Pulse - U5 L4 Launch! What s in a Word? Defend comes from the Latin word defendere, meaning to protect. It is made up of de (from, away) and fendere (to strike, push). When a predator wants to eat an octopus, There s just one way for him to dodge. He begins to change his color and shape; That octopus puts on Camouflage! Camouflage, 4x. Camouflage is an octopus way to dodge! If a predator wants to eat a sponge crab, He better have really good eyes. He could look all day long and never find one, Cause that crab wears a sponge disguise! Disguise, 4x. Disguise is a sponge crab s way to fool your eyes! If a predator wants to eat a sea urchin, He had better watch how he dines. Because no matter how hard he tries, He ll get a mouth full of sea urchin spines! Spines, 4x. Spines can make it really hard to dine! If a predator thinks he s gonna eat a squid, He better be careful of what he thinks. Because, before that predator knows it, He ll have a mouth full of thick, black ink! Ink, 4x. Ink is a squid s way to make you blink! If a predator wants to eat a ghost crab, That predator probably won t get a bite. Because although other animals prefer to hide, Ghost crabs sometimes prefer to fight! Fight, 4x. Fighting is a ghost crab s way to show his might! How it works Many different ways! Consumers mimic, school, camouflage, disguise, poke, ink, and fight. But no matter how, all defend themselves in one or more ways. Interesting Fact When dinoflagellates sense a predator coming after them, they light up to attract a larger predator. This predator will consume the predator coming after them! NOAA Link How do animals hide in the open ocean? explorations/04deepscope Joke Time! Teacher: Use defense in a sentence. Student: Our dog escaped through a hole in da fence. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.Launch! * 5

6 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Materials Leafy Greens (iceburg lettuce and either arugula or Chinese mustard cabbage) Broccoli stems Newspaper Paper strips (white or newspaper) Glue-water mixture Paper Plates (2 per group) Stapler Tissue paper (red,white) Paper (white) Bowl Brushes Lunch sack bags (4 per student) Single hole puncher Ribbon Drawing Materials Hawaii Standards SC.K.3.1 SC.K.6.1 SC SC SC SC SC What living thing defends itself against herbivores? Won t Eat THAT! (Producer Defense) Ready? Engage Wash and shred leafy greens. Explore Separate broccoli stems and florets. Elaborate Cover work area with newspaper. Cut strips of paper. Make paste in bowl of one part water to two parts glue. Find and print photos of coralline algae. Search google images or photography.com. Evaluate Make lunch bag journals with the class. All the evaluates in the lesson can be recorded in this journal. Instructions on how to make the journal are in U5.L4.A1 p.12. Set? Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 1: Growing Goodness (Producers make Food) Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 1: In-Out-In-Out (Producers Breathe) Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 1: Many Mini Me s (Producers Life Cycle) Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 2: Grow Like a Weed (Producers Grow) Go! Producers defend against herbivores. Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A1 * producers

7 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A1 Think about it... What defensive properties do some algae have? Engage Compare leafy greens in small groups. Take a bite of iceberg lettuce. Take a bite of arugula or Chinese mustard cabbage. Interesting Fact Some algae have calcium carbonate that makes a hard shell to keep other algae from growing on them and taking their sunlight. Compare and contrast the taste of each. Explain how the two samples represent two types of algae. If you were a fish, which algae would you eat? Which would you avoid? Interesting Fact Sea hares eat yucky algae that make them taste yucky too! Eating algae is a form of defense for sea hares. Not all animals avoid nasty tasting algae. Just for Fun Go outside and observe different producers. Predict their defenses! Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A1 * 7

8 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Won t Eat THAT! Think about it... What structures do some algae have for defense? Explore Compare texture and hardness of foods in groups of three. Student one: Hold the end of a piece of iceberg lettuce with writing hand Your hand serves as algae s holdfast. Student two: Hold the end of a broccoli stem (without floret) with writing hand. Your hand becomes the algae s holdfast. Student three: Rip each sample using your non-writing hand. Repeat until all students have tried to rip each type of algae. 8 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A1 *

9 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A1 Explain Producers are food for herbivores. To avoid getting eaten and survive, they defend themselves many different ways. What defensive properties do some algae have? Nasty taste! Consumers prefer to eat something ono (delicious). Chemicals inside the producer give them a bitter taste, making them an unappealing dinner for a predator. What structures do some algae have for defense? TOUGH to eat! Herbivores and some macroalgae are hard to rip, like you found broccoli stems challenging. Others, like lettuce, tear easily making them easy to eat. Reading Resource Plant Tricksters by Janet Halfmann (J Ha) Scientists Say epiphytic when producers grow on other producers and epizoic when they grow on animals. did you know? Because the highly invasive alga Kappaphycus is tough, not many consumers choose to eat it. That s not good because when allowed to grow out of control it will block out the sun from the coral reef. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A1 * 9

10 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Won t Eat THAT! Think about it... What is another structure some algae have for defense? Elaborate Create paper mache coralline algae in groups. Crumple up three sheets of newspaper. Place in between two paper plates. (Plates should have their tops facing inwards.) Staple plate edges together. Dip paper strips in glue mixture. Slide off excess glue into container with your fingers. Lay strips over plates making sure to cover both sides completely. Use a brush to smooth down. Fold some strips off the edge to give algae a more natural, uneven look. Dry. Tear strips of red tissue paper and stick to algae with glue mixture. Glue white strips along the edge for a white border. Dry. OPTIONAL: Use paint instead of tissue paper. Dry. Compare coralline algae craft to a leafy algae (lettuce leaf). Which algae do you think most herbivores would prefer? 10 How it works? Hard shells! Coralline algae have hard outer coverings made of calcium carbonate to protect themselves from strong waves or herbivores. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A1 *

11 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A1 Evaluate How do producers defend themselves? Answer by drawing a picture on the first page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12. Write the title, Marine Plant and Animal Defenses on your cover. Decorate. Draw a picture on the first page of how marine plants and algae defend themselves. If you were an herbivore fish, describe your perfect meal? Describe your worst meal. Interesting Fact Some types of brown algae make sulfuric acid, which dissolves the teeth of herbivores! Career Corner Several medicines come from chemicals producers make to stop herbivores. Chemists who work at pharmaceutical companies research these to discover new medicines. NOAA Link Assess SC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals. SC.K.6.1 Classify objects by their attributes (e.g., physical properties, materials of which they are made). SC Describe how living things have structures that help them to survive. SC Identify ways in which the same kinds of plants and the same kinds of animals differ. SC Describe the physical characteristics of living things that enable them to live in their environment. Rockweed (algae) secretes chemicals that slow digestion. Learn more at gov >>Living Sanctuary >> Seaweeds >> List of known Species. did you know? Hanauma Bay reefs are not coral. Actually, what you see is live red crustose coralline ALGAE! SC Develop predictions based on observations. SC Describe how animals depend on plants and animals. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A1 * 11

12 Lunch Bag Journals U5 L4 A1 Won t Eat THAT! (Evaluste) 1. Fold the bottom flap of both lunch bags down and crease. 2. Cut off bottom flaps on crease. Throw away bottom sections or save for future project. 3. Fold bags in half. Punch two holes down the back (folded side) of one bag. 4. Put second bag under the bag with holes, and mark holes for second bag. 5. Sandwich one bag inside the other and align holes. 6. Thread ribbon or pipe cleaner through both holes to bind the book. Record what you learned about different plant and animal defense structure on each page. BONUS: Fill the pockets up with more information. 12 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A1 *

13 Intentionally Left Blank Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A1 * 13

14 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING what living thing defends to protect themselves and their territory? En Guard! (Consumers Defense) Consumers defend themselves and their territories. consumers! Ready? Elaborate Set pane of glass or lay small aquarium sideways on desk or table. Materials Glasspane or Small aquarium Flags (2) Opihi craft from U3.L3.A3 or suction cups (1 per student) Marker Water Water pitcher Sound recorder Hawaii Standards SC.K.6.1 SC SC Evaluate Checkout books on marine consumers to read as class. Listen to some sample operas on as class. Prepare to record your students singing. Set? Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 3: Get a Grip (Resident Algae) Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 5: Take No Prisoners (Eating Structure) Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending Unit 6-Lesson 2-Activity 5: Web of Life (Food Web) Go! Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A2 *

15 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A2 Think about it... Why do consumers use defensive structures? Engage Play Predator-Prey Tag as a class. Choose three to four students to be predators ( it ). Remaining students are prey. Reading Resource Survival Secrets of Sea Animals by Mary Jo Rhodes (J Rh) Play a game of tag without prey defenses. Prey: Stand still in play area. Do not move. Predator: Tag prey. Tagged prey go to the side, out of play area, until all prey has been eaten. Scientists Say predator for animals that hunt other animals and prey for hunted animals. Develop defenses for prey. Examples: Movement, camoflauge, etcetera. Repeat game allowing prey to use its defense. Use of defense operates similar to base. Just for Fun Defense is important in many games, including basketball, soccer, football, checkers, and chess! Invention Center Humans have invented many tools to defend themselves. Can you think of examples? Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A2 * 15

16 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING En Guard! Think about it... Why else do consumers use defensive structures? Explore Play Capture the Algae as a class. Divide playing area into two parts. Divide into two teams of hungry consumers. Give each team a flag (use towels or handkerchiefs). Like the game Capture the Flag, the object is to take the other team s algae while defending your own. Each team: Place your algae flag somewhere on your side. Leave some people to defend it! Capture the other team s algae. Grab the algae and return to your side without being caught. Stand in a line along the other team s sideline near their algae if you are caught. Stay there until another teammate tags you back into the game. First team to capture other team s algae and return to their side with it wins! 16 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A2 *

17 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A2 Explain Consumers have defensive structures. Some have built-in defensive structures, like spines or poison. Others rely on hiding places. Some even use other animals to defend themselves! Most use more than one defensive structure. Why do consumers use defensive structures? To avoid becoming lunch! Remember what you learned in the eating lesson. Consumers have special structures to find and eat food. Animals without defensive structures quickly get eaten! What happened in the game of tag when prey did not have defenses? The predators quickly ate them all! Why else do consumers use defensive structures? To guard an area of food or shelter! Some consumers chase other animals away, just like you tried to keep the other team away from your algae. Interesting Fact Ornate butterflyfish defend their territory in pairs! A male and female work together to stop other fish from eating their food. What s in a Word? Territory comes from the Latin word terra (earth). Literature Link Read Wild Boar by Shel Silverstein. What is a boar s defense? Does it work on the speaker? did you know? There are some fish that fly to avoid danger. Flying fish have wing-like pectoral fins that allow them to glide in the air after launching out of the water with a thrust of the powerful tail fins. Now that s a defense! Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A2 * 17

18 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING En Guard! Think about it... What is another function of consumer defensive structures? Elaborate Test opihi in pairs to see which one sticks! Wet rim of first opihi craft (U3.L3.A3). You may substitute suction cups if not available. Set firmly on piece of horizontal glass aquarium. Mark a second opihi (craft) with a D for dry. Place firmly next to first opihi. Pour water gently over glass. Tilt glass so water runs off one side. Observe what happens to each opihi. Discuss with class. How it works To protect themselves from strong waves! Uncle syas opihi live in areas where powerful waves sweep them away. They defend themselves with a strong muscular foot. It acts like a wet suction cup, making it very difficult to remove the opihi! 18 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A2 *

19 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A2 Evaluate Why do consumers defend themselves? Answer by drawing a picture on the second page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12. Scientists Say limpet instead of opihi. Draw a picture on the second page of how some marine animals defend themselves. Do consumers living on land have similar defensive structures to those living underwater? All in the Family Opihi will not settle on rocks where they cannot smell other opihi. NOAA Link Learn about chemicals sponges use to defend themselves and our hopes of using them for human defense. Assess gov >>Explorations >> 2007 >> Cayman Islands Twilight Zone 2007 >> May 26 Log and May 28 Log SC.K.6.1 Classify objects by their attributes (e.g., physical properties, materials of which they are made). SC Describe how living things have structures that help them to survive. SC Describe the physical characteristics of living things that enable them to live in their environment. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A2 * 19

20 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING what animal defends itself with defensive structures and hiding? Peek-a-Boo! (Fish Defense) fish! Fish defensive structures include ballooning and hiding. Ready? Elaborate Familiarize yourself with instructions to make Origami Balloon, (see appendix). Materials Origami paper Markers Hawaii Standards SC.K.1.3 SC.K.3.1 SC.K.6.1 SC SC SC SC SC SC Set? Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 1: Happenin Hale (Habitats) Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 4: Munchin Machines (Fish Eat) Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 3:Gills? What a Gas! (Fish Breathe) Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 6: Egg-cellent Start (Egg Life Cycle) Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 7: Seeds of the Sea (Larvae) Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 8: Genuine Juveniles (Juveniles) Unit 5-Lesson 6-Activity 2: Something s Fishy (Fish) Unit 6-Lesson 2-All Activities: Food Chain Go! Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. 20 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A3 *

21 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A3 reading resource Creatures of the Sea by Joan Christopher Fine (J591-92F). Think about it... What structure does the pufferfish have to protect itself? Engage Make an origami pufferfish balloon. Lay origami paper colored-side facing down on desk. Fold into triangle, colored-side outwards. Open. Fold into triangle along other diagonal, colored-side outwards. Open. Fold in half horizontally, colored-side inwards. Open. Fold in half vertically, colored-side inwards. Open. Pull up into X shape following fold lines so middle of each side meet at the tops and colored side faces out. Paper should point upright. Pinch sides together and set on its side as flat triangle with base towards you and point away from you. Fold up each corner towards top of triangle with edge along vertical center line. Flip over to fold backside s two corners. Diamond shape emerges. Did you know? Pufferfish inflate their stomachs with water (or air when outside water). NOAA Link Watch this video that describes mysterious deep sea eels spotted on a dive opereation: gov >>Explorations >> 2002 >> Davidson Seamount >> May 21 logo >> Fold four horizontal corners towards center. Flip over to fold backside s two horizontal corners. Adjust folds, if necessary. Poke finger to create pockets within four small triangles just made. Tuck four top points into pockets. Pick up and inflate through hole at top. May need to slightly open into X shape. Origami should balloon outwards. Decorate fish. Draw eyes. Cut out a tail and tape on. Discuss why puffing up would help a pufferfish defend itself. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A3 * 21

22 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Peek-a-Boo! Explore Think about it... What defensive structure do sleeping humuhumunukunukuapuaa have? Enact Humuhumunukunukuapuaa defense in groups of three. Choose one student to be a fish, one to be a puka (hole in rock) and one to be a predator. Fish: Clap once and freeze hands in closed position. Puka: Touch fingertips to fingertips and palm to palm. Fish: Hide inside puka. Predator: Pull fish gently through puka. Use both hands to grab fish. Repeat. Fish: Pop up thumbs to catch crevices inside puka. Predatpr:grab fish and pull through puka. Discuss which was easier. What structure did the fish use for defense? **Activity Extension** Hunt for sleeping eel individually. Draw an eel on an index card. 22 Roll up index card. Eel should be on inside. Look for eel. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A3 *

23 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A3 Explain Fish have many ways to defend themselves. Many hide in pukas on the reef. Remember the habitat lesson? Scientists sort habitats based on types of shelter. What structure does the pufferfish have to protect itself? Inflatable stomachs! By ballooning to a much larger size, they can scare predators away! No fish wants to beef with a big fish. Some pufferfish are also poisonous. Predators learn not to eat the poisonous ones. What defensive structure do sleeping humuhumunukunukuapuaa have? Dorsal (top) fin! Humuhumu hide in reef puka. They wedge their dorsal fins into the hole. This makes it harder for a predator to pull them out of the hole. Think of the last activity. Was it easier or harder to pull the humuhumu when it was wedged? Harder! Hawaii Nei The humuhumu s name means trigger fish (humuhumu) with a snout (nukunuku) like (a) a pig (puaa). Interesting fact! Surgeonfish combine defenses. They swim in schools and use sharp spines to ward off predators, who don t want a mouthful of spines! on a related note The pufferfish has a unique adaptation that allows it to lodge its body into a puka and then puff up so it is impossible for a predator to dislodge it. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A3 * 23

24 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Peek-a-Boo! Think about it... How do fish rely on each other for defense? Elaborate Play Schooling Fish! Cut fish template (p.27). Trace the lateral line with pencil. Create a school of fish. Sit in 4-5 rows. Extend left arm with fish cutout in front and hold shoulder of person in front. Extend right arm and hold shoulder of person on your side. Person in the center of the front row is the lead fish. As a school, follow the lead fish s movements by swimming forward and side as one group. Lean forward if the lead fish leans forward. Lean side or back if he leans. Keep in formation by feeling the movements through your arms. 24 How it works Lateral lines! Like other animals, fish use their sense of sight, smell, and hearing to avoid being eaten, But they also have a special pores running along a line on the sides of their body called lateral lines.they use these sensors to move in a group, called a school as a defense. Each fish moves at same speed and in same direction as the others by sensing where the other fishes are. Uncle says they are kind of like a fishy marching band. Schools make it hard for a predator to pick out a single fish to attack. They may give up and go find an easier target! Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A3 *

25 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A3 Evaluate How do fish defend themselves? Answer by drawing a picture on the third page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12. Draw a picture on the third page of how some fish defend themselves. did you know? The pores along the lateral line are the opening of tiny tubes that travel to a nerve and then the the brain. When the tubes vibrate, the fish can tell from where the movement came. Why else might it be beneficial for fish to swim in schools? interesting fact Almost 80% of known species of fish are part of a school at some point in their lives. Assess SC.K.1.3 Collect data about living and non-living things. SC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals. SC.K.6.1 Classify objects by their attributes (e.g., physical properties, materials of which they are made). joke of the day Question: Why are some fish smarter than others? Answer: Because they hang out in schools. SC Collect, record, and organize data using simple tools, equipment, and techniques safely. SC Describe how living things have structures that help them to survive. SC Identify ways in which the same kinds of plants and the same kinds of animals differ. SC Describe the physical characteristics of living things that enable them to live in their environment. SC Describe how animals depend on plants and animals. SC Identify distinct environments and the different kinds of organisms each environment supports. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A3 * 25

26 Origami Balloon Directions U5 L4 A3: Peek-a-Boo! (ENGAGE) Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A3 *

27 Fish Template U5 L4 A3: Peek-a-Boo! (Elaborate) Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A3 * 27

28 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING what animal defends itself with nematocysts and mucus? I ll Sting You! (Coral Defense) coral! Corals use nematocysts against predators and other coral. Ready? Elaborate Make snot. Mix one cup cornstarch and half cup water in a resealable bag. Cover work area with newspaper. Materials Dixie Cup (1 per student) Playdough Paper Scissors Glue Chopsticks Yarn Party noise maker favors Corn starch Water Resealable Plastic bag Newspaper (1 per gourp) Pens or crayons Hawaii Standards SC SC Set? Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 4: Coral Castles (Coral) Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 5: Take No Prisoners (Coral Eat) Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 6: Oxygen Snatchers (Coral Breathe) Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 3: Coral, of Course (Coral Life Cycle) Unit 5-Lesson 7-Activity 2: Cnidarian Capers (Corals) Go! Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. 28 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A4 *

29 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A4 Think about it... What defensive structures do coral have? Engage Make a coral polyp with nematocysts individually. Decorate a dixie cup to look like polyp. Roll tentacles using play dough. Line them up on table and join together by pushing down on them gently. Attach tentacles to inside of cup by pushing against inside of cup. Reading Resource Coral Reef: A City that Never Sleeps by Mary M Cerullo (J Ce) Add nematocysts to tentacles. Cut tiny paper triangles and glue to tips of each tentacle. Did You Know? Coral stings are not strong enough to seriously harm humans, though they may hurt a bit. Ask a surfer with reef rash! NOAA Link Look at this diagram to find out exactly how coral defends itself: gov >>Education >> Corals >> What are corals? >> Scroll down and click scond image Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A4 * 29

30 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING I ll Sting You! Think about it... How do nematocysts help defend the coral? Explore Play Defending Nematocysts in groups. Divide into small groups. Make a simple fish cut out and hang on a chopstick. One person in the group stand and hold fish cutout above the groups heads. Pretend to be a coral polyp. Sit in a circle facing out. Each person is a tentacle of one polyp. Pretend to be a coral polyp defending itself. Ward off butterfly fish by shooting your party favor (nematocyst) and stinging the fish. 30 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A4 *

31 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A4 Explain Corals defend themselves from predators looking for a tasty meal with their own built-in weapons, nematocysts. They can also use those weapons to defend their territory from other invading corals. What defensive structures do coral have? Nematocysts! This harpoon-like stinger are found on the polyp s tentacles and can eject out to sting predators to kill it s next meal. How do nematocysts help defend the coral? Poison and paralyze! The nematocyst is coiled up in a capsule on coral polyp tentacles. If triggered, the harpoon-like stinger releases and injects a poison into the predator. What s in a Word? Nematocyst comes from the Greek words nema (thread) and kystis (bladder, pouch). Did You Know? Corals also use their nematocysts to battle other coral for territory. Interesting Fact Nematocysts shoot out in response to something touching the tentacle. Interesting Fact Scientists group together corals, anemones, and sea jellies by the fact that they have nematocysts. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A4 * 31

32 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING I ll Sting You! Think about it... What structure allows coral to defend themselves from dirt or disease? Elaborate Snot away dirt in small groups. Set a bowl upside down on a protected surface. Pour half a bag of coral snot over the cup. Sprinkle some dirt over snot. Slowly pour the rest of the snot over the cup. Discuss what happened. How it works Coral uses mucus ( coral snot ) to clean itself! Dirt naturally makes it out to the ocean, eventually landing on coral. Tutu says coral then takes a mucus bocha (bath). Mucus also helps to defend against disease by washing away dirt and bacteria. 32 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A4 *

33 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A4 Evaluate How do corals defend themselves? Answer by drawing a picture on the forth page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12. Hawaii nei In pidgin, bocha means take a bath. It comes from bocha-bocha, Japanese for splashing noises. Draw a picture on the forth page of how some coral defend themselves. What other marine animals sting if you touch them? Web Resource Learn about coral predators of the North Western Hawaiian Islands >>Expeditions >> NWHI Benthic Habitat Mapping >> Day 25atin word for slime or snot. Assess What s in a Word? Mucus is the Latin word for slime or snot. SC Describe how living things have structures that help them to survive. SC Describe the physical characteristics of living things that enable them to live in their environment. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A4 * 33

34 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Vanished! (Octopus Defense) Ready? what animal defends itself with camouflage, ink, and growth? Engage Cut paper into quarter sheets. Octopus! Octopuses defend themselves in many different ways. Materials Blank Paper Scissors Capped pen Bag Crayons Glass jar (1 per group) Water Various small objects (several per group) Food coloring Spoon Construction paper Blindfold Crepe paper Masking tape Hawaii Standards SC SC SC SC SC Explore Fill jars with water. Elaborate Cut out large gumdrop shape from manila folder. Use hole puncher to make two holes at 2:00 and 7:00 positions. Tie string from one hole to the other, large enough to hang on back of student, with one arm through the loop. Set? Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 6: I ve God You Covered! (Octopuses Eat) Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 4: Fanciful Filters (Octopuses Breathe) Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 6: Egg-cellent Start (Egg Life Cycle) Unit 5-Lesson 7-Activity 5: Mighty Mollusks (Mollusks) Go! Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. 34 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A5 *

35 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A5 Think about it... What structure allows octopuses to defend themselves? Engage Look for the hidden octopus. Draw outline of an octopus. Use back end of a capped pen. Push hard against paper. Place pen cap drawing in bag. Shake bag. Reading Resource Hiding in a Coral Reef, by Patricia Whitehouse (J Wh) Did You Know? Octopuses can also squeeze into very tight holes because they do not have skeletons. Pick one randomly. Place on a hard, smooth surface. Rub paper with side of unwrapped crayon. Watch the hidden octopus emerge. What s in a Word? Camouflage comes from the French slang camoufler, which means to disguise. Web Resource Watch amazing footage of a camouflaged octopus: Search amazing octopus camouflage. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A5 * 35

36 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Vanished! Think about it... How else do octopuses defend themselves? Explore Do the Octopus Ink Experiment in small groups. Place objects inside jar of water. Ask whether objects can be clearly seen. Squirt food coloring into jar. Add one drop of food coloring at a time. Stir. Continue until water is completely colored. Record observations. Make sure to note when you can no longer see objects. 36 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A5 *

37 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A5 Explain Octopuses have several ways of defending themselves from predators. What structures allow octopuses to defend themselves? Camouflaging skin! Octopuses use camouflage to blend into backgrounds so predators do not see them. They change color and texture of their skin. Predators pass right by the octopus! How else do octopuses defend themselves? Squirting ink! Octopuses have an ink sack. Squirting ink from the sack confuses predators and lowers their ability to see. When you added enough food coloring to water, you could not see the objects inside anymore. Hawaii Nei In old Hawaii, folks called a liar octopus mouth (waha o ka hee). Interesting Fact Octopuses can use their suction cup arms to hold up a wall of rocks to keep predators away. Did You Know? Octopuses can control the amount and shape of ink that they squirt. NOAA Link Want another lesson explaining how the octopus uses ink and camoflauge? >>Education >> For Teachers >> Curriculum (p2) >> Adaptations from the Depths Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A5 * 37

38 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Vanished! Think about it... What is the third structure octopuses have to defend themselves? Elaborate Play Octopus Tag in a small group. Draw octopus face on gumdrop shaped paper. Stick eight crepe paper arms to body with small piece of tape. Octopus: Place octopus cut out on back and reach one arm through the string so it rests only on one shoulder. Run away from the predators. If a predator get to close, pull off an arm and throw it on the ground. Predator: Try to catch and eat the octopus. If the octopus drops an arm, you must try to grab the arm, and not the octopus. Octopus: Replace missing arm and switch roles. How it works Autotomy! This is a fancy word for removing a small part of the body. An octopus will detach an arm in order to distract the predator and get away. They will regrow a new arm later. Geckos do the same thing with their tail and brittle stars with their arms. 38 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A5 *

39 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A5 Evaluate How do octopuses defend themselves? Answer by drawing a picture on the fifth page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12. What s in a Word? Autotomy comes from the Greek word auto (self) and tomy (severing or cutting off). Draw a picture on the fifth page of how some octopuses defend themselves. What other ocean animal can grow back a body part? Scientists Say regeneration when animals grow back a lost limb. on A RELATED NOTE... regeneration when animals grow back a lost limb. Assess SC Collect, record, and organize data using simple tools, equipment, and techniques safely. SC Describe how living things have structures that help them to survive. SC Describe the physical characteristics of living things that enable them to live in their environment. SC Develop predictions based on observations. SC Conduct a simple investigation using a systematic process safely to test a prediction. Literature Link In his novel Toilers of the Sea, Victor Hugo describes a fight between his hero and a monstrous octopus. He mistakenly calls it devilfish, the nickname of manta rays. The name and fierce description stuck. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A5 * 39

40 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING what animal defends itself with a shell and claws? Painful Pinchers (Crabs Defense) crab! Crabs have powerful claws to scare off predators. Ready? Materials Straws (2 per student) Tape Round Balloon (1 per group) Newspaper Plastic bowl (I per group) Scissors Crab Claw template(see appendix) Markers Glue Cardboard (1 piece per student) Hole Punch Paper Fasteners Camera (Polaroid) Popsicle Sticks (8 per student) String Hawaii Standards SC SC Explore Partially inflate balloons. One per group. Elaborate Cover work area with newspaper. Cut strips of cardboard the size of Claw Template (see appendix). Four per student. Set? Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 7: Crabby s Chopsticks (Crabs Eat) Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 4: Fanciful Filters (Crabs Breathe) Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 6: Egg-cellent Start (Egg Life Cycle) Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 7: Seeds of the Sea (Larva) Unit 5-Lesson 7-Activity 5: Mighty Mollusks (Crabs) Go! Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. SC Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A6 *

41 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A6 Think about it... What structures allow crabs to defend themselves from predators? Engage Experience claws! Tape straw to the side of pointer finger. It should extend just beyond your finger. Did You Know? One of the hermit crab s claws is bigger than the other. It uses its big claw to defend itself and its smaller one for eating. Tape second straw along side of adjacent thumb. It should extend just beyond your thumb. Open and close your new claw. Interesting Fact Male crabs will also use their claws to find female crabs. Some wave their claws in the air. Others drum their claws on the ground to attract interested females. NOAA Link The ghost crab can run up to 10 mph! Find out more: >>Photos & Videos >> Original Sanctuary Photo Gallery >> Hawaiian Islands... The Living Sanctuary >> Ghost crabs Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A6 * 41

42 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Painful Pinchers Think about it... What other defensive structure do crabs have? Explore Test strength of crab shell in small groups. Place round balloon (not fully inflated) on table to represent the crab s body. Squish it to change its shape. Place plastic bowl upside down over balloon. Try to squish the balloon now. 42 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A6 *

43 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A6 Explain Crabs defend themselves with their claws and shell. What structures allow crabs to defend themselves from predators? Claws! Crabs snap at predators with their claws. If you have ever been pinched by a crab, you know it hurts. Predators know this too. What other defensive structure do crabs have? Shell! Crabs have shells to protect their soft insides. Try popping a balloon without the bowl. Is it harder or easier with the shell bowl? Harder! A crab s shell works the same way! Interesting Fact Sponge crabs hide by placing sponges on top of themselves! If sponges are not available, they take whatever else they can find, including slippers, rope, and wood. Scientists Say......exoskeleton for a crab s shell. What s in a Word? Exoskeleton comes from the Greek words exo (outside) and skeletos (dried up). Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A6 * 43

44 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Painful Pinchers Think about it... Do crabs defend other animals? Elaborate Make crab claws as a small group. Decorate and cut out crab claws from Template, (see appendix). Glue strps to cardboard. Glue claws to ends of two strips. Punch holes in one end and middle of each strip. Make 2 x by pairing cardboard strips and lining up middle holes. Poke paper fastener through center holes. Connect two x s together by poking paper fastener through end holes. Open and shut pinchers. Move bottom ends together and a part. ***Activity Extension*** Sing Who s Afraid of the Crown of Thorns? while opening and closing pinchers. Tune: Who s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? Who s afraid of the crown-of-thorns, The crown-of-thorns, The crown-of-thorns? Who s afraid of the crown-of-thorns? Not the trapezia crab! 44 How it works Trapezia crabs take shelter in a coral and eat coral mucus. In return for food and shelter, they protect coral from the crown-of-thorns. Many marine critters are afraid of the poisonous spines of this sea star, but trapezia crabs use their strong pinchers to fight them. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A6 *

45 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A6 Evaluate How do crabs defend themselves? Answer by drawing a picture on the sixth page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12. Draw a picture on the sixth page of how some crabs defend themselves. What does a hermit crab use to defend itself? Hawaii Nei The Hawaiian word for crab is papai. Did You Know? Trapezia crabs will even pick up small starfish and throw them off the edge of the reef! Assess SC Describe how living things have structures that help them to survive. SC Describe the physical characteristics of living things that enable them to live in their environment. Interesting Fact Fireworms in Australia actually eat crown-ofthorns starfish. They enter through the hole made by trapezia crab. It takes the worm over a week to eat it the entire crown-of-thorns! SC Describe how animals depend on plants and animals. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A6 * 45

46 Trapezia Crab Pinchers CRAB CLAW TEMPLATE U5.L4.A6 Painful Pinchers (Elaborate) 46 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A6 *

47 Intentionally left blank Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A6 * 47

48 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING what animal defends itself with a body armor shell? Materials Play/Salt dough (brown, white) Glue Googly eyes Painter s tape Laundry basket (4 each) Construction paper (brown) Acrylic paint (brown and yellow) Paintbrush Shoebox Markers Hawaii Standards SC SC Shielding Shell (Turtles Defense) A turtle s main defense is its body armor shell. Ready? Engage Make enough dark brown salt dough for each student to have two large marble-size balls and one small marble-size ball. Make enough white salt dough so each student has one small marblesize ball. See U3.L3.A3 for salt dough recipe. Explore Mark start and finish line in classroom with painter s tape. Set? Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 8: Chompin Limu (Sea Turtles - Beak) Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 5: Fancifull Filters (Seals and Turtles) Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 5: Turtle Tales (Turtles) Unit 5-Lesson 6-Activity 3: Reptilian Cotilion (Reptiles) Unit 6-Lesson 2-All Activities: Food Chain Go! Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. turtle! 48 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A7 *

49 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A7 Think about it... What structure allows turtles to defend themselves? Engage Make a turtle out of salt dough. Create turtle body. Press bottom of dark brown, large ball gently against hard, flat surface to flatten. Make flippers. Roll second large, dark brown ball into thick log. Divide evenly into four pieces. Roll each piece into a ball. Flatten slightly. Pinch top and bottom halves to form diamond. Press each flipper into body. In the Ocean Sea turtles cannot pull their bodies fully into their shells like land turtles can. Interesting Fact Besides their shell, turtles have very strong jaws. They can bite animals that come too close. Add head. Secure dark brown small ball with glue to body. Use finger nail to etch mouth. Glue wiggle eyes to head. Create bottom shell Take a small ball of white/yellow salt douigh and flattened it. Place on the underside of turtle. NOAA Link Learn about sea turtles with this fun coloring page! hawaiihumpbackwhale. noaa.gov >>Education and Outreach>>Kid s Corner >> SEA TURTLES: No Na Honu Kai Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A7 * 49

50 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Shielding Shell Think about it... What kind of body armor do turtles have? Explore Run Turtle Relay. Divide into four groups. Line up behind start line. Run relay. Run to finish line and back. Tag next teammate. Continue until all team members have run. First team to finish wins. Run relay again with shell. Put a laundry basket on back while racing. 50 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A7 *

51 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A7 Explain Some ocean animals, like turtles, rely on body armor to defend themselves. What structure allows turtles to defend themselves? Body armor! Body armor is any protective casing on an animal. It protects all the important insides of the animal. Predators have a hard time getting through armor! What kind of body armor do turtles have? A very hard shell! Shells are usually strong material called calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is what makes up many rocks and is the same defense substance found in coralline algae. The shell protects turtles from predators. What do you think a drawback of the shell is? Think of the relay. It can make it harder for the turtle to move quickly. Keiki Storytime How Honu the Turtle Got His Shell by Casey A. McGuire-Turcotte (E H M) More Armor... Turtles flippers are covered with hard scales, making them difficult to break. Even More Armor! Turtles eyes are protected by thick eyelids. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A7 * 51

52 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Shielding Shell Think about it... Why are honu (turtles) dark on top and light on the bottom? Elaborate Search high and low for a countershaded honu individually. Place turtle (from Engage) on brown limu meadow (brown paper). Pretend to be a hungry shark looking downwards for a grazing turtle to eat. Make believe you are a hungry shark looking upwards for a swimming turtle to eat. Hold turtle above your head while you hunt. How it works Countershading! Honu shells are dark brown on top and light yellow to white underneath. Auntie says this is a great defense for turtles. The dark top shell blends in with the shadows amongst the limu meadows where turtle graze. The lighter bottom blends in with the bright sunlight shining down when predators look upwards. 52 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A7 *

53 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A7 Evaluate How do turtles defend themselves? Answer by drawing a picture on the seventh page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12. Draw a picture on the seventh page of how some turtles defend themselves. Scientists Say plastron for the underside of a turtle s shell and carapace for the top. What have humans used as body armor? What are similarities and difference between shells and human armor? Invention Center Military planes use countershading to avoid being seen. Did You Know? Assess Ancient Roman soldiers marched in formation with their large shields held above them. This formation was called Turtle Shell. SC Describe how living things have structures that help them to survive. SC Describe the physical characteristics of living things that enable them to live in their environment. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A7 * 53

54 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING what animal defends itself with a growl? Beware of Seal! (Monk Seals Defense) Monk Seal! Monk seals scare predators away through threatening sounds and postures. Ready? Nothing to prepare. Materials Pencil Markers Construction paper Tape Hawaii Standards SC.K.2.1 SC SC Set? Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 9: Nosing Around for Grinds (Monk Seals - Snout) Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 5: Fanciful Filters (Seals and Turtles) Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending Unit 5-Lesson 6-Activity 5: Marine Mammals (Mammals) Unit 6-Lesson 2-All Activities: Food Chain Go! Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. 54 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A8 *

55 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A8 Think about it... What structure allows monk seals to defend themselves? Engage Mimic a monk seal. Listen to the sounds Hawaiian monk seals make: >> Audio Gallery >> Hawaiian Monk Seal. Only in Hawaii The Hawaiian monk seal is endemic to Hawaii. This means they live only in Hawaii! Mimic the sounds. Blow raspberries on your arm, grunt, etcetera. Scientists Say vocalize to describe when an animal makes noises. NOAA Link NOAA s Marine Mammal Research Program is committed to protecting the monk seal: mmrp/brochure.pdf Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A8 * 55

56 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Beware of Seal! Think about it... How else do monk seals defense themselves? Explore Play the Hauling Out Race. Imitate a seal hauling out of the ocean on to the beach to avoid being eaten by a shark. Hold your breath while you swim from your desk to one side of the room. Line up in 4 lines. Race from the water to safety on the beach. Lie on your stomach and inch forward on your belly to the finish line (no using your arms). You can breathe while moving on the beach. 56 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A8 *

57 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A8 Explain Monk seals defend themselves several different ways. Their first line of defense is to scare a possible predator away before they can even attack. Monk seals are pretty big, so most animals will not want to beef with them. What structure allows monk seals to defend themselves? Mouth! Monk seals make a growling noise when they get frightened. It sounds similar to blowing raspberries! They use it to warn the other animals to stay away. They also grunt. What other structure allows monk seals to defend themselves? Lungs! Since monk seals have lungs, they can breathe air out of the water. The biggest threat to seals in the water are sharks. What can seals do that sharks can t? Haul out! Hauling out onto the beach is th easiest way to avoid being a meal for sharks! However, they don t usually haul out on crowded beaches. Did You Know? One of the monk seal s main predators is the shark. Many monk seals have scars showing where they have tangled with sharks! Interesting Fact Male monk seals weigh between 300 and 400 pounds. Females weigh between 400 and 600 pounds! Reading Resource Endangered Monk Seals, by Bobbie Kalman (J Ka) Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A8 * 57

58 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Beware of Seal! Elaborate 8 kids = = Think about it... How is a seal s size part of its defense? 1 Monk Seal 20 kids 1 Tiger Shark Compare your weight to a monk seal as a class. Ask a single student stand. Ulua weigh approximately the same amount as a student: pounds. Direct eight students to stand in a tight group. Monk seals weigh about 400 pounds. Direct twenty students to stand close together. Tiger sharks weigh approximately 1000 pounds. How it works Hawaiian monk seals are big heavy animals! Uncle says that since ulua are smaller and more nimble, they often steal prey away from a monk seal! He also says tiger sharks do attack and eat monk seals, but they are not always successful. 58 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A8 *

59 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A8 Evaluate How do monk seals defend themselves? Answer by drawing a picture on the eighth page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12. Draw a picture on the eighth page of how monk seals defend themselves. Interesting Fact Adult male monk seals play no part in the care, nursing, or weaning of their pups. What other animals growl to warn predators to stay away? Do you think their growls sounds like a seal growl? Did You Know? Mother monk seals give birth on beaches surrounded by shallow water to keep their pups safe from sharks. Interesting Fact Assess Monk seals look pretty clumsy moving on land, but once in water they are strong swimmers and can swim quickly away from threats. SC.K.2.1 Identify different types of technology at home, in the classroom, and/or in the world. SC Describe how living things have structures that help them to survive. SC Describe the physical characteristics of living things that enable them to live in their environment. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A8 * 59

60 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING What animal defends itself with spines? Painfully Prickly (Sea Urchin and Sea Star Defense) SEa urchins and Sea stars! Sea Urchin and Sea Star. Spines protect sea urchins and sea stars. Ready? Engage Cover work area with newspaper. Materials Newspaper Play dough Pretzel sticks Paper Sandpaper (rough) (1 sheet per student) Crayons (Unwrapped) Sea Star Template (1 per student) Scissors Hawaii Standards SC.K.3.1 SC SC Set? Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 7: Hello Halimeda (Halimeda Producers) Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 10: Delightful Dissolvers (Sea Urchins/Stars - Stomach Juices) Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 7: Your Feet Smell! (Sea Urchins and Sea Stars) Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 9: Ebb and Flow (Stars/Urchins Life Cycle) Unit 5-Lesson 2-All Activities: Food Chain Unit 5-Lesson 7-Activity 4: Spiny Echinoderms (Stars/Urchins Life Cycle) Go! Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. 60 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A9 *

61 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A9 Think about it... What structures allow sea urchins to defend themselves? Engage Create urchin spines individually. Did You Know? Small crabs and shrimp often live on sea urchins. They use the sea urchin spines for their own defense! Roll a ball of play dough. Flatten bottom. Stick pretzel sticks (or pipe cleaner pieces) into dough to make spines. Interesting Fact Some sea urchins use their spines to lock themselves in tight crevices so predators cannot pull them out. NOAA Link The Slate Pencil Sea Urchin has 3 different spines. gov >>Photos & Videos >> Original Sanctuary Photo Gallery >> Hawaiian Islands...The Living Sanctuary >> Slate Pencil Sea Urchin Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A9 * 61

62 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Painfully Prickly Explore Think about it... What structures allow sea stars to defend themselves? Create Spiny Sea Stars individually. Lay paper over a textured item. Examples: sandpaper, sidewalk. Transfer texture onto paper by coloring with side of unwrappen crayon. Cover most of paper with various textures. Set Sea Star Template (see appendix) over reverse side of paper. Trace template with pencil. Cut along line. 62 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A9 *

63 Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A9 Explain Sea urchins and sea stars do not move very quickly across the ocean floor. They need other defenses to keep from being eaten. What structures allow sea urchins to defend themselves? Sea urchins have long, needle-sharp spines. They prick any predator that tries to eat them. Imagine trying to pick up a pin cushion with your teeth. Ouch! Some sea urchin spines are even toxic. They inject poison if any predator touches them. What structures allow sea stars to defend themselves? Sea stars use spines to defend themselves too! The tops of sea stars are covered with hard spines. They feel kind of rough like the different textures you experienced while doing your rubbings. Most predators would rather find an easier target. What s in a Word? Spine comes from the Latin word spina, meaning backbone or thorn. Did You Know? Collector urchins collect pieces of algae, rocks, and other materials and put them on their spines. This helps camouflage the urchin! Interesting Fact Sea stars also have small pinchers among their spines to help get rid of dirt and other sediments. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A9 * 63

64 Alive! ~ Alive and DEFENDING Painfully Prickly Think about it... What is a brittle star s defense structure? Elaborate Play the Eject Race! in small groups. Break into groups of five and sit behind the start line. Brittle star: Sit in a circle facing outward. Your backs should be touching. Stretch legs out in front of you as brittle star arms. Make a star shape. Keep your legs together! Move as a group across the finish line. Stay in your star shape with legs out. Choose a predator (crab) or to crawl around room. Crab: Crawl on all fours toward brittle star group. Face stomach up and hands behind you. Try to tap all the brittle star arms (person s leg) before they escape. Brittle star: Eject an arm. Before the crab can grab all the legs, one person can eject themself from the body (roll away) and distract the crab. Crab: Pretend to eat the ejected arm and let the rest of the brittle star crawl away. 64 How it works Autotomy! Brittle stars can eject and leave behind one arm to distract a predator. While the crab or triggerfish is eating the arm, the rest of the body crawls away. It will even grow a new arm. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A9 *