Construyendo capacidades para la implementación de CITES para el comercio de aletas de tiburones en países de Latinoamérica

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1 Sebastián Hernández Construyendo capacidades para la implementación de CITES para el comercio de aletas de tiburones en países de Latinoamérica

2 Manire and Gruber 1990

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6 Decline by over 75% hammerhead white thresher

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10 Importation (FAO) 100 million of sharks are landed in 2000 Exportation (FAO) 63 to 273 million sharks are landed each year Importation (Hong Kong)

11 Life history of sharks slow growth late maturity limited reproduction low fecundity + Lack of habitat or spatial refuge Industrialization of fishing Intrinsically vulnerable to explotaition Anual explotaition rate range from % of total biomass fished per year (average 4.9% rebound rates)

12 There are 113 shark fishing nations 20 nations collectively account for ~ 80& of global shark catch

13 23 27 N Spain, France, and United States are important shark catch Spain is leading supplier of shark fins to Hong Kong

14 Pop up date Tagging date Return date = Many sharks stocks are shared by several countries, due to their highly mobility

15 Global shark fisheries represent a complex management problem 1) Many shark stocks are shared by several countries Tagging programs are direct methods to determine stock movements

16 Global shark fisheries represent a complex management problem 2) Few stock assessments are available Population Genetic estimate indirectly the relative contribution of migration and/or dispersal among sharks stocks

17 Global shark fisheries represent a complex management problem 2) Few stock assessments are available We do not know about the genetic structure from Pacific distributed oceanic white tips (Carcharhinus longimanus)

18 Global shark fisheries represent a complex management problem 2) Few stock assessments are available We do not know about the genetic structure from Indian thresher sharks (Alopias spp.)

19 Global shark fisheries represent a complex management problem 3) Accurate catch and trade statistics are lacking from many countries Total mortality of sharks is much larger than what is accounted for by official statistics Shark biomass in the fin trade is 3 to 4 times higher than shark catch statistics from FAO 1.44 millions metric tons of shark global catch for 2000 (similar estimation for 2010). Based on shark weight conversion, the annual mortality estimate about 100 million shark are killed each year

20 Global shark fisheries represent a complex management problem 4) Discrepancy between domestic shark fin exportation data according to importation of shark fin in Hong Kong Chilean exportation of shark fin 120 Hong Kong importation of shark fin from Chile N Year 120 Year

21 Global shark fisheries represent a complex management problem ) Discrepancy between domestic shark fin exportation data according to importation of shark fin in Hong Kong El Salvador Guatemala Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama

22 Global shark fisheries represent a complex management problem ) Discrepancy between domestic shark fin exportation data according to importation of shark fin in Hong Kong El Salvador El Salvador Guatemala Guatemala Nicaragua NicaraguaCosta Rica Panama Panama

23 Guide global fishing nations in the sustainable management of sharks, an other elasmobranch fisheries

24 CHALLENGE FOR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE International Governance arrangements for sharks RFMOs IPOA Sharks (FAO)

25 IPOA - sharks framework Guiding global fishing nations in the sustainable management of sharks, an other elasmobranch fisheries Data collection Research Population monitoring Management measurements Ensure fisheries sustainability

26 International measures Regulate and monitoring the trade of some of the most threatened sharks CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendix II (CoP ; India, Madagascar, Philippines) Rhincodon typus Cetorhinus maximus Carcharodon carcharias Appendix III (13 Sept. 2000; UK & Northern Island) Appendix II (CoP ; UK on behalf of EU) Appendix III (29 Oct. 2001; Australia) Appendix II (CoP ; Australia and Madagascar)

27 International measures Regulate and monitoring the trade of some of the most threatened sharks CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendix I (CoP ; Kenya and United States of America; all species in the family Pristidae) Amendment to Pristis microdon would be included in Appendix II

28 International measures Regulate and monitoring the trade of some of the most threatened sharks CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Sphyrna lewini Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna zygaena Carcharhinus plumbeus Carcharhinus obscurus Carcharhinus longimanus Squalus acanthias Lamna nasus CoP : Four proposal to include 8 shark species in Appendix II was rejected

29 International measures Regulate and monitoring the trade of some of the most threatened sharks CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendix III (CoP ; Costa Rica) Sphyrna lewini Lamna nasus Appendix III (CoP ; Denmark on behalf of EU)

30 International measures Regulate and monitoring the trade of some of the most threatened sharks CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Sphyrna lewini Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna zygaena Lamna nasus Carcharhinus longimanus CoP : Inclusion in Appendix II Manta spp.

31 International measures Regulate and monitoring the trade of some of the most threatened sharks CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Sphyrna lewini Alopias pelagicus Alopias vulpinus Alopias superciliosus Potamotrygon motoro Carcharhinus falciformis Mobula spp. CoP : Four proposal for inclusion in Appendix II, only three were accepted. CoP Prop. 45 for Potamotrygon motoro.