Coastal & Marine Environment. Chapter. Coral Reef. Environment. Mazen Abualtayef Assistant Prof., IUG, Palestine
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1 Coastal & Marine Coral Reef Mazen Abualtayef Assistant Prof., IUG, Palestine
2 Contents What is coral reef? Its Importance Threats Artificial reef
3 الالفقاريات Invertebrate: االنفرادي Solitary: شقائق النعمان Anemones: الكائنات المجوفة Cnidarians: What is coral? It s a living organism! It is an invertebrate, Coral reefs are the largest structures built by a living organism, The organisms that build coral reefs are adapted to intertidal conditions as well as life on the continental shelf, The reefs themselves are created by the calcium carbonate that is deposited by polyps living in large colonies, The main structure of the reef is actually fossils of polyps that lived in the past (hermatypic), There are polyps in the reef that do not contribute to the structure these are called ahermatypic corals, Coral is cousins to jellyfish and anemones (Cnidarians). Sun Coral Polyps
4 Coral Builds Reefs? The animal portion of the reef is called a polyp The polyp absorbs calcium carbonate out of the water The calcium carbonate is used to build the reef
5 corals/media/coral04a_240.jpg Reefs Corals Build Corals can build three types of reefs: Fringing: grows close to shore Barrier: also grows close to shore but has a lagoon separating it from the shore Atoll: a ring of coral that surrounds a lagoon, often grows on a submerged mountain or volcano 'lagoon-island' Coral Reef Atoll
6 Ahermatypic Corals Precious Coral Soft Coral Black Coral Sea Whips Sea Fans Gorgonians
7 Sea Fan This is a sea fan growing on a coral boulder. A sea fan is a type of soft coral. By watching the movement of the fan, you can tell the direction of the sea currents.
8 Fungia Star Coral Colony Physical characteristics of coral Size One of the largest corals, Fungia (mushroom coral), is a solitary coral that can extend 25cm in diameter. Colonial coral polyps are much smaller and average 1-mm in diameter. Coral colonies also vary in size. Some corals form only small colonies. Others may form colonies few meters high. Star coral (Montastrea annularis) colonies reach an average height of -4m.
9 أصباغ Pigments: Physical characteristics of coral Color Natural pigments in coral tissue produce a range of colors including white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple. Algae that live within the tissues of some corals may make the coral appear brown, green, or orange.
10 Where can you find coral reefs? Coral is found all over the world: Tropical Temperate Polar Only tropical corals build reefs Coral reefs around the world
11 Importance of Coral Reefs 0.2% of world s oceans Habitat for 1/ of marine fishes Habitat for tens of thousands of other animals The rainforests of the oceans Protection to coastlines Economic resources Biodiversity Natural beauty
12 Importance of Coral Reefs Protection to coastlines: absorb energy of ocean waves reduce erosion of shoreline storm damage flooding
13 Importance of Coral Reefs Economic resources: Fisheries for food Fisheries for jobs Tourism Building materials Aquarium trade
14 Importance of Coral Reefs Biodiversity: The rainforests of the sea Genetic diversity Pharmaceuticals
15 Importance of Coral Reefs Natural beauty: florida2/background/coralspawning.html
16 Importance of Coral Reefs $75 billion in environmental goods and services Reefs at Risk 1998 (
17 Coral Reefs Support, Nurture, Protect, Provide
18 Threats to coral and coral reefs 1) Natural 2) Anthropogenic of human origin bleaching invasive species and starfish outbreaks deforestation, soil erosion, sediment & nutrient loading destructive fishing practices overfishing
19 الخانق Smothering: 1. Natural disturbances that affect corals and coral reefs? Hurricanes: Physical damage, smothering, destruction of other ecosystems upon which coral reefs depend Tsunamis: Physical damage, erosion, possible disruption of reproduction and recruitment Volcanoes: Depends upon where volcano occurs, Heat, smothering and sedimentation Earthquakes: Little direct impact, Indirect impacts (triggers tsunamis, coastal landslides) Predators & competitors: see next slide Bleaching: see next slide Pathogens: see next slide t_volcs/montserrat/montserrat.html
20 Predators crown of thorns starfish القواقع snails الببغاء parrotfish butterfly fish Crown of Thorns Sea Star Parrotfish Damsel Fish
21 Cyanide fishing kills coral Healthy After cyanide exposure
22 algae Competitors Reefs are often covered with algae Algae growth is often followed by Yellow-band disease
23 Competitors algae Algae comes in green, brown and red Bay Islands, Honduras, 2000 It smothers and kills healthy coral
24 تبيض Bleaching: ad/coral_bleaching_ind ex.html Bleaching Color in coral comes from the photosynthetic symbiotic algae that live within the tissue of the coral Loss of zooxanthellae Causes: higher than usual ocean temperature, algae die and are expelled and coral dies soon after. The optimal temperature for corals is a small range (24-29 C) and each coral species has a specific bleaching threshold sharp changes in salinity heavy UV light exposure Zooxanthellae are golden-brown intracellular of various marine animals and protozoa, especially corals. Zooxanthellae provide the host with energy in the form of translocated reduced carbon compounds, such as glucose, glycerol, and amino acids, which are the products of photosynthesis. Zooxanthellae can provide up to 90% of a coral s energy requirements. mccarty_and_peters/coral/bleach.htm
25 Pathogens Diseases on the rise: new pathogens land pathogens (Aspergillus) occurring at all depths More susceptible when stressed rs/coral/bbd.htm
26 الصنعية: Anthropogenic 2. Anthropogenic threats to coral reefs Overfishing Development Mining and dredging Recreation
27 Overfishing Ecological imbalance eef/reef2570.htm
28 Overfishing Destructive fishing practice
29 Development Sediment smothering Freshwater input Pollutants & nutrients (sewage, pesticides, fertilizer, heavy metals, pathogens) nfluences.html tml ccarty_and_peters/coral/c-intro.htm
30 Mining for construction materials and dredging Destruction of reef structure Stirs up sediment Recreation Anchors, boats, flippers, hands, feet Kill animal tissue Skeleton breakage e/habitat/influences.html
31 Synergistic effects Interaction of natural changes & human activity Multiple insults أذى Insult:
32 Global climate change Reduced reef building Increase in frequency and intensity of hurricanes Increases in bleaching Increased in disease
33 Synergistic effects CORAL DOMINATED ALGAL DOMINATED
34 Reefs worldwide are Threatened 11% of reefs have been lost 16% of reefs severely damaged أصلي Pristine: ~60% of studied reefs threatened by human activities No pristine reefs left
35 Reefs are dying all over the world
36 Today, 65% of the worlds reefs are dying (US Coral Reef Task Force, NOAA)
37 Consider Cancun Only 12 families lived on this forested island until the 1970s Then the tourist industry arrived Today, 2.6 million people visit Cancun each year The island is bare, its forests long gone Sewage facilities process only onequarter of the daily flow The rest goes straight into the sea
38 Sick Coral This is a lot of coral that died from disease. It is being overgrown by colorful sponges and algae.
39 Sponges increase while Corals decrease Sponges have increased in numbers recently because of pollution and nutrient runoff coming from the surrounding islands. Corals are very sensitive to environmental changes and will die from pollution, too many nutrients and sea surface temperature changes.
40 This little fish is hiding amongst the finger and soft coral
41
42 When reefs die Fish populations disappear Fishermen lose their livelihood Beaches and shorelines wash away Land areas erode from waves Tourists find somewhere else to dive Local economies can be devastated
43 Artificial Reefs An artificial reef is one or more objects of natural or human origin deployed purposefully on the seafloor to influence physical, biological, or socioeconomic processes related to living marine resources. Artificial reefs are defined physically by the design and arrangement of materials used in construction and functionally according to their purpose. Items used in reef construction add vertical profile to the benthic environment. They may be either assembled expressly as a reef or acquired after being used for another, usually unrelated, purpose. The definition of artificial reef has been changing in the modern era of reef-building, which is only 50 years old. Accidental shipwrecks have been classified at times as artificial reefs. Recent proposals have suggested the incorporation, secondarily, of various objectives sought with artificial reefs to structures already deployed for other purposes. A notable example is the recognition that harbor breakwaters can be designed to achieve ecofriendliness.
44 يحاكي Mimic: Why constructing artificial reefs and possible impacts The construction of artificial reefs is carried out due to various factors. These, in order of significance, are: 1- Provide environmental enhancement (for example: to get rid of solid waste, non-hazardous waste, in order to increase the operation period of landfill sites). 2- Mitigate for damages to reefs due to unsustainable man-made activities (ship groundings, dredging, burial, pollution). - Restore damaged reefs (natural events: storms, tsunamis, etc.) - To mimic a reef habitat for tourism purposes to attract tourists. 4- To mimic reef habitats to aggregate fish communities and increase fish stocks. 5- Assist with shoreline stabilization.
45 Shoreline stabilization
46 تربية األحياء المائية Aquaculture: One of the newest purposes for artificial reefs is to provide sites for submarine viewing and nature based tourism, especially in clear tropical waters. (Photograph courtesy of R. Brock.)
47 Items used in reef construction add vertical profile to the benthic environment. Artificial reefs are influenced by, and influence, natural and human forces in the aquatic environment. Evaluation depends on the objectives for the reef as defined by user interests and may address physical, chemical, biological, and economic factors.
48 A diverse group of interests have need to evaluate the performance of artificial reefs for various economic, social, and ecological purposes.
49 Possible burial mechanism for small structures subject to scouring (adapted from Tian 1994).
50 A New Home Corals now have a choice of where to live Corals are very sensitive and are rapidly dying People are trying to help by creating artificial reefs
51 Artificial reefs materials
52 Easy deployment
53 Rebar can be welded in any shape When the materials are fully assembled
54 Floating reef into position
55 Calcium carbonate quickly forms on the structure the frame ready for coral
56 Coral fragments soon cover the frame
57 Monitoring of coral growth
58 Barnacle Reef, Maldives, 1997
59 Barnacle Reef. A year later, 1998
60 Barnacle Reef, years growth
61 Corals are robust and healthy
62 Fish populations move in
63 The new marine ecosystem is both balanced and healthy
64 Reefs attract divers
65
66 Arguments for artificial reefs It can help build or rebuild a reef It will increase fish populations by making new habitats
67 Arguments for artificial reefs Moveable Chemical leaking and leaching into the ocean It does not increase fish populations but rather moves them to one location away from their natural habitat which makes them easier to catch
68 References Artificial reef evaluation: with application to natural marine habitats / edited by William Seaman, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000 An introduction to coral reef presentation. Global Coral Reef Alliance presentation Coral Reefs presentation. Juliann Krupa. Coral bleaching and the affect of temperature change on coral reef predator-prey interactions presentation.
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