Preliminary survey of the coral reefs
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1 Preliminary survey of the coral reefs from Beloi (Atauro Island, Timor-Leste): alternatives for sustainable use Centre for Ecological Economics and Water Policy Research University of New England, Armidale, NSW Australia Leo X.C. Dutra - ldutra@gmail.com Manuela B. Taboada - mtaboada@une.edu.au 1. Introduction Coral reefs are important biological and geological structures that sustain coastal villages in tropica parts of the world. Organisms such as corals and hydrocorals provide the building blocks of the reef framework that supports a variety of invertebrates and fish. Most of the corals are colonial organisms, massifs with a very slow growth, varying from a few millimetres (brain coral group) to a few centimetres (corals of the genus Acropora) per year. Reef growth is unequal, creating small caves and crevices as hiding places for fish. This uneven kind of development also facilitates the settlement of a number of different organisms, such as algae, molluscs and other invertebrates, which attract fish to the reefs. Traditional coastal communities living close to reef areas, such as Beloi, benefit from the ecological services provided by the coral reefs, such as provision of seafood and protection of the coastline. Therefore, the health of the reefs is essential to support coastal villagers. In Beloi, fishermen have their own environmental indicators for the reefs. Fish sizes, abundance and seasonality of some species are used to monitor the reefs. Scientific surveys can complement traditional knowledge in assisting both local and government managers to maintain or improve the health of these ecosystems. Integrating scientific and traditional understanding could bring more sustainable practices through mutual understandings of the issues involved in the management of the social and ecological system (Beloi and its coral reefs). 2. Aim This report aims to provide an account of the condition of the coral reefs in Beloi through scientific surveys and local knowledge. 3. Methods This work was conducted in Beloi, a village located in Ataúro Island, Timor-Leste, between 25/12/2005 and 02/01/2006. The reefs were surveyed through SCUBA dives at depths varying from 3 to 5m. The line-transect method was used in this research. In this method a 25m line is extended over the reef top and the live cover under the line is measured (Table 1). In each of the stations three line-transects were deployed (exception for station Ponte, where only one transect was deployed).
2 Table 1: Parameters measured in the transects extended on the reefs around the village of Beloi, Atauro. Analysed parameters Millepora spp. Acropora spp. Other coral Live coral cover Octocoral Sponge Algae Popular name Fire coral Staghorn coral Any other coral species different from the two above The sum of the three coral categories Gorgonians and soft corals Any sponge species Any algae species The stations selected for this research are located within the limits of Beloi (Figure 1). The following local names are used to identify the stations: Ponte, Haruina, Haru and Pulu. Table 2 and Figure 1 show the surveyed stations with geographic coordinates, using the datum WGS84. They are organised according to their distances from the jetty (station Ponte): Table 2. Analysed stations and their geographic coordinates (datum WGS84). Station names Geographic coordinates Ponte - Haruina Haru Pulu S / E S / E S / E
3 Figure 1. Beloi village and stations sampled during the fieldwork. 4. Results Station: Ponte Date: 25/12/2005 Depth: 3-5m The station is located on the inner part of the reef (Figure 1). The reef grows at about 15m from the limit of the low tide, after a sandy bottom covered by sea grass. From this sea grass section there is a relatively poor reef, when compared to the other reefs analysed in this study. A total of 40 percent of sediment cover was measured in this site. The results of live reef cover for this station are depicted on Table 3. Station: Haruina Date: 26/12/2005 Depth: 5-7m Figure 1 shows the location of this station in the inner part of the outer reef. Transects were extended on the reef slope, between 5 and 7m deep. The sandy bottom is located at a depth of around 8m (it is possible to visualize the sandy bottom in Figure 1). The reef top is 1.5m above the sandy bottom (6.5m depth) and is relatively flat, with a significant number of staghorn corals colonies (Acropora spp.), some of them reaching 5m in diameter. In this station some coral bleaching was registered (Table 3), however, it does not seem to be a widespread event. One Crown of Thorns Starfish (COTS) was observed outside the transects during the survey (Figure 2). According to local fishermen this reef is widely used by the community for fishing purposes. Fishing methods used are line and hook and spear fishing. Table 3 shows the results of the live reef cover at this station.
4 Figure 2. A Crown of Thorns Starfish (COTS) observed in the station Haruina. STATION: HARU DATE: 27 AND 28/12/2005 DEPTH: 3-5M This station is located close to the reef wall in the outer reef (Figure 1). The maximum depth in this reef while diving in the wall was 22m, however only the reef top was quantified. The transects were deployed at a depth varying from 3 to 5m. There are two distinct levels in this reef. The first level, situated at around 1.5m deep, apparently contains a higher live coral cover percentage than the second level assessed in this survey. The area studied in this station showed a significant live cover mainly consisting of gorgonians and soft corals. Large colonies of the coral Porites sp. were registered in this station (Figure 3). A high number of small fish was noticed, however, as a common feature (noted in all stations), larger fish (>40cm) were not registered during the SCUBA dive. Table 3 shows the results of the live cover for this station. Figure 3. A large colony of the coral Porites sp. at the station Haru.
5 STATION: PULU DATE: 28/12/2005 DEPTH: 3-5M This station is located between the villages of Beloi and Biquele (Figure 1). It consists of a relatively small reef (less than 100m in diameter), which has a connection both with the inner and the outer channels. The reef top is 5m deep and some colonies of staghorn coral measuring more than 3m in diameter were registered in this station. Some coral bleaching was recorded (Figure 4) and, in some areas of the reef there are large sections of coral rubble. Local fishermen mentioned that a destructive fishing technique, which breaks the reef framework, is commonly used in Ataúro Island and this may have originated the observed coral rubble areas. In this type of fishing, the fishermen surround a shoal of fish with boats and spear fishermen. They continuously reduce the encirclement, catching as many fish as they can until the last fish of the shoal hide in the reef. Then, in order to capture these last hiding fish, fishermen use their harpoons and other instruments to break the corals. The total live cover percentage in this station is the smallest among the investigated stations, just a little higher than 50 percent. This was caused because a large section of transect 2 passed over a large coral rubble area. Table 3 shows transects results. Figure 4. A bleached colony of the staghorn coral (Acropora sp.).
6 Table 3. Survey results for the investigated stations showing the live cover and recent dead corals percentages. Ponte (%) Haruina (%) Haru (%) Pulu (%) Millepora spp Acropora spp Acropora spp. bleached Other corals Live coral cover Octocoral Sponge Algae Dead coral (recent) Total live cover Discussion The live coral cover registered in Beloi reefs are in accordance to what is usually found in other regions of the Great Barrier Reef and Indonesia, with an average live coral cover varying between 28 and 44.7 percent (Connell, 1997). However, the stations Ponte and Pulu show signs of reef degradation that could be associated to sedimentation and destructive fishing. Another issue noticed during this investigation is the low numbers of large predators, such as groupers (Serranidae) and snappers (Lutjanidae) (>40cm) The station Ponte This site showed the lowest percentage of live coral cover (28.1 percent) (Table 3). This was the only station with fire coral dominance (Millepora spp.) (16.7 percent). Ponte also shows the lowest percentage of staghorn corals (Acropora spp.) (4.8 percent). There is a significant difference on the width of the beaches in both sides of the jetty (Figure 5). It is likely that the jetty is working as a barrier, blocking the natural sediment flux and favouring sand deposition at the North beach (the reef surveyed in this work). A qualitative assessment on the South beach reef indicated that this area is probably richer in species diversity and live coral cover than the North beach. It is likely that the construction of the jetty is causing an increase in sediment
7 Figure 5. The village of Beloi, the station Ponte and the difference between the width of the North and South beaches in both sides of the jetty. accumulation rates at this station and, as a consequence, corals are being buried and dying. As a result, only the more resistant groups, adapted to the effects of sedimentation, such as the fire corals (Millepora spp.) thrive in this area. McClanahan and Obura (1997) and Diaz et al. (2000) suggest that the genus Millepora in Kenya (Africa) and in the Colombian Caribbean are more tolerant to sedimentation. This may explain the lower live coral cover and higher abundance of fire corals in this station The results of this survey and the community of Beloi As a general pattern, the reef benthos in the investigated region is in a relatively good conservation state (see section 5). However, it was noted that groupers (Family SERRANIDAE) and snappers (Family LUTJANIDAE), of larger sizes (>40cm) were rarely observed although a quantitative assessment of the fishery resources was not conducted. The village of Beloi has around 350 inhabitants. Almost everyone depends on the seafood from the coral reefs. It is likely that the high pressure in the reef stocks is a factor that contributes to the small number of commercial fishes observed during this study. This issue, associated to destructive fishing practices, may also contribute to reduce the amount of fish in the reefs close to Beloi. This problem can be aggravated in the future with population growth. According to the report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2005), subsistence fishing is a very important element for food security at a local level and it can be maintained if correctly managed. The reefs in Beloi are the only present resource both for revenue and for foodstuff, therefore, alternatives on fishing and income generation should be investigated in order to sustain a continuous fishing catch for the villagers. The fishermen from Beloi also have the habit of drying fish, octopus as well as other fishing products for subsistence or for selling at the local market and/or in Dili.
8 One alternative to reduce the fishing pressure in the coral reefs could rest on the utilization of different fishing techniques to capture pelagic fishes. Techniques such as the use of line and hook at depths more than 20m and trawling lines to catch pelagic fishes could reduce fishing pressure over the reefs. Moreover, there is enough fish in the open sea (Ministério da Agricultura Florestas e Pescas, 2005) to support pelagic fishing. However, the difficulty to store large size fish due to the lack of electricity to maintain frigorific chambers or to produce ice make the fishing effort extremely expensive and not feasible to the artisanal fishermen. Furthermore, the prices paid by middlemen in Dili for larger fish are very low comparing to the prices paid for the small ones. Fishermen from Beloi can sell three small fish, measuring between 10 and 20cm each (Families ACANTHURIDAE and CHAETODONTIDAE), to middlemen in Dili for US$ A large fish, such as a Trevally (Family CARANGIDAE) or a Tuna (Family SCOMBRIDAE) weighting 2-5Kg (>40cm) is sold for approximately US$ 1.00, depending on the mood of the buyer. Therefore, it is more lucrative, practical and involves less risk (loss of lines, petrol consumption) to capture small fish in the reefs than to risk loosing expensive fishing gear in deeper areas. The incapacity to store fish, due to the lack of frigorific chambers and to the unavailability of ice, also contributes to increase fishing pressure over the reefs. A petrol generator to generate power for ice production could be an option. However, due to high prices of petrol and maintenance and low prices paid for the fish, this is unfeasible at the moment. The fishermen from Beloi mentioned a petition made to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the construction of a fish market in Dili (or a room where they can sell their fish) for the Atauro fishermen. Fishermen could have freezers to store the fishing products. In principle this is an appealing idea as fishermen could sell their products straight to the consumers. However, this should be carefully analyzed as other issues should be considered, such as management of expenses related to maintenance (electricity, purchase of freezers, etc.). 6. Conclusions The report presented an account on the current condition of the coral reefs in Beloi, based on scientific surveys and information gathered from locals. The isues pertaining to the interaction between the village and the reefs were discussed during informal conversations where the authors of the report exchanged information with locals. The result was a mutual understanding of the interactions between the village and its coral reefs. The benthic communities of the coral reefs are in a relatively good condition. The stations Ponte and Pulu show some evidences of impacts of sedimentation and destructive fishing. These are likely to be further impacting fish stocks which seem to be over-exploited. The community is negatively influenced as seafood is their main source of food and income. Only health coral reefs can sustain the community, but poverty and malnourishment undermine any attempt to implement sustainable practices as the situtation is as simple as that: no fishing means no food for the locals.
9 7. Suggestions for future work This section has the objective of showing different works that could be developed through partnerships between the government and the local community in relation to fisheries and tourism. The activities suggested here were identified as short-term alternatives to increase revenue and conserve the coral reef resources, maintaining the local culture. We discuss three alternatives that should be investigated Construction of the Atauro Island fishermen house in Dili. As discussed previously in this report, the fishermen from Beloi suggested that a facility in Dili, where they could sell their products, could assist in increasing their income. However, a facility to store fish could increase fishing pressure over reefs that are already under high fishing pressure. The consequences of constructing a facility such as this needs to be further investigated. An alternative could be in changing fishing targets, from reef to pelagic fishing. The establishment of a market in Dili associated to changes in fish targets to capture pelagic species may positively impact the coral reefs through the reduction of reef fishing pressure. 7.2.Introduction of new techniques to cook fish The introduction of new manners to cook fish using filets and cutlets is another factor that may contribute to increase the search for larger fish, as storing thawed products is easier and can increase the aggregated value of the product. At the moment fish is not consumed in fillets and cutlets. Instead, the whole fish is preferred. 7.3.Preparation of the population to receive tourists There is a low influx of tourists in Beloi, mainly through Nema s Eco-Lodge. Thus, there is potential for tourism to be further developed with income opportunities to locals. Some of these opportunities are listed below Land guides One of the many interesting touristic activities in Atauro is to go trekking in the mountains. Training local people to undertake such activity is extremely important as the tracks, sometimes, are not well defined and may offer some risk to the tourists. The guides could be prepared to showcase the region, emphasize historical and geological aspects, fauna and flora as well as being trained in first-aid, guaranteeing a safe and secure experience to the visitors. This activity may also help with the distribution of tourists in the Island Marine guides The great number of diving points in Atauro, particularly in Beloi, makes this place ideal for SCUBA diving and/or snorkelling. Local fishermen are extremely important in identifying the best diving sites for tourist visitation, as they have the knowledge of the ideal or potential dangerous tides and currents for the divers. It is necessary,
10 however, that the fishermen wishing to participate in this activity have an adequate training to safely guide the tourists to and through the diving sites. Furthermore, areas used for recreational diving may also contribute for the conservation of the coral reefs. This may be achieved by establishing different usage areas, some for recreational diving, others for fishing. As a consequence, larvae and adult fishes from protected areas are exported to the fishing areas. In order to allow maintenance and renovation of fish stocks, a rotation schedule between recreational use areas, fishing areas and non-take areas can also be organised. There are already three fishermen interested to work as dive guides Handcraft Handcraft is another very significant part of the culture and tradition of Beloi. Straw baskets are made to carry firewood and other products from the mountains to the coast and vice versa. Handcraft is mainly made by women, thus it may contribute to higher female participation. At the moment the handcrafters are not adequately prepared to receive visitors and there is no direct offer from the locals to sell arts and crafts to the tourists. The establishment of a local handcraft co-operative may be a good initiative to help showcasing and commercializing local products, offering, at the same time, support and capacity building to local artists.
11 8. Bibliography Connell, J.H., Disturbance and recovery of coral assemblages. Coral Reefs, 16(Supplement): S101-S113. Díaz, J.M., Díaz-Pulido, G. and Sánchez, J.A., Distribution and structure of the southernmost Caribbean coral reefs: Golfo de Uraba, Colombia. Scientia Marina, 64(3): McClanahan, T.R. and Obura, D., Sedimentation effects on shallow coral communities in Kenya. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 209(1-2): Ministério da Agricultura Florestas e Pescas, Agricultura, Florestas e Pescas: prioridades e proposta de programa de investimento sectorial, Ministério da Agricultura, Florestas e Pescas, Dilli.
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