Karen D. Leask and Richard J. Beamish. Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, B.C. V9R 5K6

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1 Fisheries nd Ocens Cnd Pêches et Océns Cnd Cndin Stock Assessment Secretrit Reserch Document 99/205 Not to be cited without permission of the uthors 1 Secrétrit cndien pour l évlution des stocks Document de recherche 99/205 Ne ps citer sns utoristion des uteurs 1 Review of the fisheries nd biology of the Pcific Hgfish (Epttretus stoutii) in British Columbi, with recommendtions for biologicl smpling in developmentl fishery. Kren D. Lesk nd Richrd J. Bemish Fisheries nd Ocens Cnd Pcific Biologicl Sttion 3190 Hmmond By Rod Nnimo, B.C. V9R 5K6 1 This series documents the scientific bsis for the evlution of fisheries resources in Cnd. As such, it ddresses the issues of the dy in the time frmes required nd the documents it contins re not intended s definitive sttements on the subjects ddressed but rther s progress reports on ongoing investigtions. Reserch documents re produced in the officil lnguge in which they re provided to the Secretrit. 1 L présente série documente les bses scientifiques des évlutions des ressources hlieutiques du Cnd. Elle trite des problèmes cournts selon les échénciers dictés. Les documents qu elle contient ne doivent ps être considérés comme des énoncés définitifs sur les sujets trités, mis plutôt comme des rpports d étpe sur les études en cours. Les documents de recherche sont publiés dns l lngue officielle utilisée dns le mnuscrit envoyé u secrétrit. ISSN Ottw, 1999

2 ABSTRACT A review of the biology of hgfish in generl nd Epttretus stoutii in prticulr is presented. Hgfish re one of the most studied fishes in the lbortory, but one of the lest studied in its nturl environment. Food nd commercil fisheries in Asi nd North Americ re described nd historicl lndings presented. The fishery nd ssocited biologicl smpling progrm tht took plce in British Columbi from 1988 to 1992 is reviewed. Fishing hgfish t hrvest levels similr to those in the erlier fishery re considered to be possible, provided dequte monitoring nd ssessment re crried out. RÉSUMÉ L biologie de l myxine, en générl, et de Epttretus stoutii en prticulier, est pssée en revue. L myxine est l un des poissons les plus étudiés en lbortoire, mis les moins étudiés dns son milieu nturel. Les prtiques de l pêche pour l consommtion humine et de l pêche commercile en Asie et en Amérique du Nord sont décrites, et des données sur des débrquements historiques sont présentées. L pêche et le progrmme d échntillonnge biologique qui ont été effectués en Colombie-Britnnique entre 1988 et 1992 sont exminés. Avec un contrôle déqut et des évlutions ppropriées, il serit possible d obtenir des niveux de cpture similires à ceux obtenus durnt les débuts de l pêche de l myxine. 2

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION. 6 II. BIOLOGY.. 6 III. FISHERIES IV. BRITISH COLUMBIA EXPERIMENTAL FISHERY V. DISCUSSION VI. RECOMMENDATIONS VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VIII. REFERENCES. 20 IX. TABLES AND FIGURES. 24 X. APPENDIX. 43 3

4 LIST OF TABLES Tble 1. Lnding sttistics for hgfish, (Pcific, Blck, nd Atlntic) in North Americ. Lndings in metric tonnes. Vlues re tken from F&O nd NMFS sttistics). Tble 2. Summry of Atlntic hgfish lndings nd vlues in the Nov Scoti (Scoti Fundy DSAB) fishery. Tble 3. Pcific hgfish dt vilble for Pcific Fisheries Mngement Ares 23 nd 123 (L=logbook, B=biologicl smple). Tble 4. Lnding sttistics for Pcific hgfish in PFMA 23, Brkley Sound Inside Wters. Tble 5. Lnding sttistics for Pcific hgfish in PFMA 123, Brkley Sound Outside Wters. Tble 6. Lnding sttistics for Pcific hgfish in PFMA 25, Nootk Sound Inside Wters. Tble 7. Length frequency of Pcific hgfish from PFMA 23-7, Brkley Sound Inside Wters. Smple point, Kirby Point. Tble 8. Length frequency of Pcific hgfish from PFMA 123-5, Brkley Sound Outside Wters. Smple point, Amphitrite Point. Tble 9. Egg condition nd rtio of femle to mle Pcific hgfish in PFMA 23-7, Brkley Sound Inside Wters. Smple point, Kirby Point. Tble 10. Egg condition nd rtio of femle to mle Pcific hgfish in PFMA 23-7, Brkley Sound. Smple point, Amphitrite Point. Tble 11. Egg condition stge defined for Pcific Region biologicl smpling progrm for Pcific hgfish (Chrys Neville, pers. comm.) 4

5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Ctch nd effort in the hgfish fishery in British Columbi, PFMA 23, Brkley Sound Inside Wters. Figure 2. Monthly ctch per unit effort (CPUE) in the hgfish fishery in British Columbi, PFMA 23, Brkley Sound Inside Wters. With liner regression nlysis only of vlues reported fter Februry, 1989 Figure 3. Ctch nd effort in the hgfish fishery in British Columbi, PFMA 123, Brkley Sound Outside Wters. Figure 4. Monthly ctch per unit effort (CPUE) in the hgfish fishery in PFMA 123, Brkley Sound Outside Wters, with liner regression nlysis performed on CPUE only fter My Figure 5. Ctch nd effort in the hgfish fishery in British Columbi, PFMA 25, Nootk Sound Inside Wters. Figure 6. Monthly ctch per unit effort (CPUE) in the hgfish fishery in PFMA 25, Nootk Sound Inside Wters, with liner regression nlysis performed on CPUE fter My Figure 7. Length frequencies of Pcific hgfish in PFMA 23, Brkley Sound Inside Wters, with liner regression nlysis of the men length frequencies. Figure 8. Length frequencies of Pcific hgfish in PFMA 123, Brkley Sound Outside Wters, with liner regression nlysis of the men length frequencies. Figure 9. Rtio of femle to mle Pcific hgfish in PFMA 23, Brkley Sound Inside Wters nd PFMA 123, Brkley Sound Outside Wters, with liner regression nlysis. 5

6 I. INTRODUCTION Two species of hgfish, E. stoutii nd E. deni, were hrvested commercilly in British Columbi during The fishery ws considered experimentl throughout it s durtion since little of the biologicl informtion required for developing stock ssessment ws vilble (Bemish nd Neville, 1993). The fishery ws mnged by restricting effort through limiting the number of vessels, trps per vessel, res open to fishing, trp design, nd mrket driven minimum size limit. A biologicl smpling progrm ws conducted throughout the fishery tht provided informtion on length, sex, nd egg condition of smples tken in the commercil hrvest nd from designted smple sites. Interest in fishery hs recently developed in response for demnd to supply mrket for hgfish met to Asi. The policy outlined by the sefood diversifiction bord for new nd developing fisheries in the Pcific region recommends precutionry pproch tht proceeds through three phses of development (Perry et l., 1999). This report represent Phse 0 : review of the vilble biologicl nd fisheries informtion on the trget species, nd from similr species elsewhere, from vriety of sources. This informtion will provide bseline for ssessing lterntive mngement options nd to identify res where informtion is required. The objectives of this report re: 1) to provide review of the hgfish fishery tht took plce in British Columbi from 1988 through 1992, from hrvest logbook records; 2) to provide n nlysis of the biologicl smpling progrm tht proceeded with the fishery in British Columbi; 3) to present review of the fishery relted biology of hgfish in generl, nd Pcific hgfish, E. stoutii in prticulr, nd to review the history of hgfish fisheries in the world; 4) to mke recommendtions for mngement of future fisheries. II. BIOLOGY Pcific hgfish, Epttretus stoutii (Lockington, 1878 in Hrt, 1973) belong to wht mny consider the most primitive clss of extnt fishes, the Myxini (Nelson, 1994). Epttretus is one of 5 (Fernholm, 1998) or 6 (Nelson, 1994) gener in the gnthn fmily Myxinide. The unique txonomic position of hgfishes in evolutionry biology hs led to the genertion of considerble body of knowledge regrding their physiology nd biochemistry, however little is known bout their reproductive biology, ecology, nd the mechnisms tht regulte their bundnce (for review see: Jørgensen et l., 1998). Hgfishes nd their closest living reltives, the lmpreys, form group known s the 6

7 cyclostomes owing to the presence of round, suctoril mouth tht is unique to these fishes. They shre cylindricl eel-like body, with single nostril, nd lcking jws, ribs, nd pired fins nd girdles. The skeleton is crtilgenous, the teeth re kertinous cusps, nd the body does not contin ny clcreous structures. The body lso lcks scles nd cloc. Despite these similrities lmprey re thought to be more closely relted to the jwed fishes, Gnthostomes, thn to the hgfishes (Nelson, 1994). Unlike lmprey, ll species of hgfish re strictly mrine nd cn be found inhbiting the deep ocen benthic communities between few metres nd over 2400 m deep, in the semitropicl nd temperte ocens of the world. Also unlike lmprey, ll the life stges of hgfish re thought to be free living, scvenging on ded or moribund nimls or predting on invertebrtes. Hgfish re commonly known s slime eels becuse of the copious mounts of slime they secrete from mucous pores long their sides when gitted. E. stoutii re bottom dwelling fish occupying depths of 15 to 800 m nd re distributed from Bj, Cliforni to southern Alsk. Brss (1993) noted tht underwter observtions nd logbook dt from hgfish fishermn in Oregon found Pcific hgfish to be most common t 119 to 219 m. In their nturl environment hgfish re thought to occur predomintely on mud nd other soft substrtes into which they my form shllow, temporry burrows or depressions. Under lbortory conditions they hve been observed to prefer to rest mong piles of rocks (Worthington, 1905), nd some underwter observtions hve indicted tht up to 30% of the hgfish were found in res of mixed substrtes like snd nd grvel or snd nd boulders, while 15% occupied mssive grnite formtions (Cilliet, 1991, in Mrtini, 1998), nd sometimes prtilly under rocks nd sponges (Brss, 1993). Off the cost of Oregon, hgfish were found primrily on bottom of mud were lso found in lower numbers on rock nd cobble substrte (Percy et l., 1989). Hgfish were rnked the 14 th most bundnt non-schooling fish observed on the submrine bnk, Hecte Bnk (Percy et l., 1989). Burrowing behviour of E. stoutii occurs less often nd the burrows re more poorly defined thn hs been observed in the Atlntic species, Myxine glutinos. Studies performed in Brkley Sound, British Columbi, found E. stoutii primrily on silty bottoms, where the wter tempertures did not rise bove 10 o C, nd the slinity ws ppt, even though the surfce wters into which they occsionlly swm might rech 24 ppt (McInerney nd Evns, 1970). Another species, the Blck hgfish, E. deni, hs similr distribution to E. stoutii, but resides t greter depths of 156 to 1070 m (Hrt, 1973). The genus Epttretus ws known s Polistotrem (Clemens nd Wilby, 1961), nd Worthington (1905) used the scientific nme Bdellostom dombeyi Lc. to describe the hgfish she worked on tht were tken from Monterey By, Cliforni, nd it hs been presumed by subsequent uthors tht she referred to E. stoutii. Hgfish generlly hve n elongte, cylindricl body tht is lterlly compressed t the posterior end nd lcks fins. The body is grey to drk brown in colour, possibly with blue or purple tint, nd is generlly lighter ventrlly. E. stoutii my rech length of 63.5 cm ccording to Hrt (1973), but smples from British Columbi reched 73 cm (Bemish nd Neville, 1993). E. deni my grow to similr lengths s E. stoutii but the 7

8 colour is drk prune, often with light spots. E. stoutii hs reltively short hed with pointed snout nd brbels round the single nostril nd mouth. The mouth contins rsping orgn comprised of horny pltes, with cusps on the roof of the mouth nd the tongue. Gill pores form line long either side of the nterior third of the body posterior to the hed. The number of gill pores vries within species nd between species, nd the vribility within distinct rnge but number of gill pores is one of the chrcteristics used to distinguish the order Myxiniformes (ie., 10 to 14 long ech side) to which E. stoutii belongs, from the order Petromyzoniformes (ie., 7 on ech side), to which lmprey belong. The distnce from the snout to the first gill opening my be used to distinguish E. stoutii from E. deni. The drker skin colour of E. deni, nd consequently the greter contrsting tissue of the lighter eyespots, cn lso be used to discriminte between the two species (G. Gillespie, pers. comm.). The pir of rudimentry eyes is sensitive to light nd lie beneth thin lyer of the epidermis of the hed. Hgfish do not respond to sound (Worthington, 1905), but hve keen senses of smell nd touch (Jensen, 1966). The flexible nture of the crtilgenous skeleton of the hgfish llows it to tie itself into knot. This behviour is thought to hve severl purposes; the hgfish pulls itself through the knot in order to remove itself from body of slime tht would otherwise suffocte it, or the knot cn be used s leverge for tering met from crcss (Jensen, 1966). A hgfish swims in snke-like fshion usully slowing long the se bottom, but bursts of speed up to 1 m s -1 hve been recorded for M. glutinos (Foss, 1968). Along with the ssumption tht hgfish swm only slowly, lethrgiclly, nd without direction, ws the belief tht hgfish popultions were firly loclised. Some studies hve shown tht hgfish my migrte over wider rnge thn previously thought nd for vrious resons, rnging from food vilbility to spwning behviour (Mrtini, 1998). A study on tgged hgfish, M. glutinos, were found 2 km from their relese site (Wlvig, 1967). Bit prcels plced t 1310m, depth well below tht common for E. deni, ttrcted pek densities of over 100 E. deni m -2 fter hours (Smith, 1985). Hgfish hve been observed to fest on crcss for only bout n hour before moving off few metres to form burrows (Smith, 1985). Little is known bout the reproductive behviour of ny species of hgfish, beyond the recognition of low fecundity tht rnges from 1 to 30 eggs per femle. Although mture dults of the Jpnese hgfish, E. burgeri, hve been shown to migrte sesonlly to spwn in deeper wters (Kobyshi et l., 1972), no sesonlity hs been recognised in the gond mturtion of dults of ny other hgfish species (Wlvig, 1963; Ptzner, 1998). Therefore, since it hs not been shown tht most species of hgfish spwn nnully, the ccepted fecundity of 1 to 30 eggs my not be ttributed to single yer period. In study of 552 femle E. stoutii cught in the Oregon fishery in 1988 nd 1989, some femles were found to contin over 200 eggs longer thn 1 mm, but the gretest number of eggs over 5 mm in length ws 76, nd the verge number of eggs over 5 mm long ws 28 (Brss, 1993). The gretest egg length ws 32 mm, nd the verge length of eggs over 5 mm long ws 14.3 mm. Often up to 3 size rnges of eggs were 8

9 identified mcroscopiclly in the gond of single femle; ie., one group less thn 1 mm long, one group 1 to 4 mm long, nd third group 19 to 22 mm long (Brss, 1993). Although femles contining lrge or empty egg cpsules were found throughout the yer, femles contining eggs with hooks were noted only during July. In the Oregon study femles were considered to be mture if the ovry contined n egg clss with minimum size of 5 mm, nd mles were considered mture if the testis ws minimum of 1mm dimeter, the size t which obvious colour or physicl chnge ws likely to occur (Brss, 1993). In 1988, 26% of the Pcific hgfish smpled (both mle nd femle) were mture, nd ll of these were cught in October nd November. In 1989, 69% were mture nd only 19.5% were cught in October nd November, while 56% were cught in July nd August (Brss, 1993). This points to the lte summer months s being period with high potentil for spwning ctivity. Breeding behviour nd developing eggs hve never been observed in their nturl environment even though investigtions hve been conducted in submersible vessels down to 300 m in Monterey By, Cliforni nd Brkley Sound, British Columbi (Gorbmn, 1997). The only successful collections of fertilized E. stoutii eggs occurred in Monterey By, Cliforni t the turn of the century nd were obtined from mture femles being cught by line fishing with bited hooks from July through October nd lwys on mud bottom (see Gorbmn, 1997; Worthington, 1905). Some of the fertilized eggs collected by Worthington (1905) were found in the guts of mle hgfish, nd 3 recently htched hgfish were collected in September. The mode of fertiliztion is thought to be externl since no copultory orgn is found in mles nd femles lck ny pproprite sperm receiving orgn (Gorbmn, 1997). Gorbmn (1997) hs recently proposed tht the slime extruded by hgfish my ply role in reproduction by providing medium through which the reltively sprse sperm might contct the egg. Following fertiliztion, the mucous component of the slime would disintegrte leving behind nest of slime threds protecting the developing embryos. Juvenile hgfish hve been observed to htch directly from the lrge eggs, omitting lrvl period, ppering very much s smller versions (6 to 8 cm) of the dult (Worthington, 1905). Sexes re seprte nd sexul determintion is considered by Gorbmn (1990) to be juvenile progynous hermphroditism, since the single, long gondl fold of posthtching free-living individuls begins developing ovrin tissue in the nterior portion. In lrger nimls, the posterior region my begin differentiting testiculr tissue, t which time the ovrin nterior region begins to involute resulting in mle fish. Some erly stge hermphroditism ws found in specimens between 20 nd 25 cm nd rrely, fully developed hermphrodites were observed t 29 cm or greter (Gorbmn, 1990). Brss (1993) noted 0.2% incidence of hermphroditism in 788 E. stoutii smpled from the Oregon hgfish fishery. Sex Rtios Unequl dult sex rtios re generlly observed in hgfishes, lthough the rtios re smller in Pcific hgfish thn in Atlntic hgfish where mles my not hve been collected t ll from some popultions (Gorbmn, 1990). Typiclly femles re collected in greter numbers thn mles nd this hs been ttributed by some to loss of feeding behviour in dult mles during breeding. Gorbmn nd Dickhoff (1978) 9

10 found tht femles predominted even in juvenile E. stoutii nd proposed tht epigenetic fctors my ffect sex differentition in hgfishes. Johnson (1994) suggested tht unequl sex rtios nd ge or size prtitioning my be depth specific. Lrge mle E. stoutii were most common t shllower depths while lrge femles predominted t lower depths, nd smll hgfish were most common t intermedite depths of round 250 m (Mrtini, 1998). Johnson (1994) lso suggested tht the prtitioning of hbitt by sex nd ge my reduce intrspecific competition, nd depth migrtion by dults my precede spwning. Growth The only species of hgfish for which growth rte hs been suggested is the Jpnese hgfish, E. burgeri. Ptzner (1978) used the correltion between ovrin development nd nnul increse in body length, in this the only species of hgfish to exhibit regulr spwning period, to clculte n nnul growth rte of 4 to 5 cm. The men length of femles contining single genertion of postovultory follicles ws found by Tsuneki et l., (1983) to be 44 cm, nd femles with one genertion of postovultory follicles were on verge 3.4 cm longer thn femles lcking postovultory follicles. It would pper then tht if juvenile hgfish htch t pproximtely 6.5 cm length (Worthington, 1905) nd if the growth rte therefter is estimted t 4 cm per yer, then on verge it my tke bout 9 or 10 yers for femle hgfish to ber her first brood. Trophic Reltionships Pcific hgfish hve been observed to feed on the muscles nd viscer of lrge fishes such s cod, dogfish, blckcod, lingcod, perch, flounders, nd slmon (Hrt, 1973). Their preference for newly ded or moribund fish is wht hs mde them pest to commercil bottom fisheries. Although hgfish hve trditionlly be designted s scvengers, it hs been suggested tht scvenging t the depths in which they inhbit might be opportunistic with their diet primrily being derived from predtion on vrious invertebrtes (Mrtini, 1998). A study performed on both E stoutii nd E. deni from Monterey By, Cliforni, found tht their diets were predominntly mde up of mesopelgic orgnisms, such s sergestid shrimp, cephlopods, euphusiids nd smll fishes, s well s, lrge portion of benthic polychetes (Johnson, 1994). In res where considerble by-ctch is discrded by fishery ctivities, hgfish my ply significnt role in recycling nd mintining the se bottom by scvenging nd burrowing through the substrte (Mrtini, 1998). The effect tht these lrge single event feedings might hve on locl hgfish popultions is unknown but hs been speculted upon by Fernholm (1974) regrding the Jpnese hgfish in Kojiro By, Jpn, nd by Mrtini (1998) in reference to Atlntic hgfish nd the North Se trwling fleet. E. stoutii hve been reported to comprise portion of the diets of Hrbour sels (Hnson, 1993, nd Oxmn,1995, in Mrtini, 1998) nd other hgfish species hve been reported to be the prey of numerous mrine fish nd mmmls including cod, dogfish, sels, porpoises, se lions, dolphins, s well s, cormornts nd octopus (Mrtini, 1998). Mle hgfish re often found to hve unfertilized eggs in their guts, nd hve been one source of the eggs used in embryo studies (Worthington, 1905). 10

11 Abundnce nd Biomss Estimtes Some mesures of hgfish density nd biomss hve been estimted. Blck hgfish popultions on the continentl slope off of centrl Cliforni hve been estimted by underwter observtions to rnge from 0 to km -2, with n verge yer round density of km -2 t depths of 600 to 800 m (Wkefield, 1990 in Mrtini, 1998). In one prticulr re t depth of 600 m the density ws estimted from underwter observtion to be km -2 nd the biomss t kg km -2, while trwling in the sme re led to the clcultion of biomss estimte of 700 kg km -2 (Wkefield, 1990, in Mrtini, 1998). Both mesures of biomss were considered to be underestimtes due to the burrowing behviour of the hgfish, which my hve hd more pronounced effect on the trwling estimte. Pek densities of Atlntic hgfish in the Gulf of Mine were estimted from underwter observtions t bit sttions to be km -2 (Mrtini et l., 1997). The verge density t severl sites ws km -2 nd the biomss ws kg km -2. III. FISHERIES Historiclly, hgfish hve been of little economic importnce to North Americ or Europe except s pest in ground fisheries. They hve trditionlly been food item in Jpn nd Kore nd it ws due to shortges of mterils brought bout by the Second World Wr tht the skins begn being used s soft lether in Jpn (Honm, 1998). For more informtion on Asin fisheries see Appendix 1. The fishery for hgfish begn in North Americ on the west cost in 1987 with shipment from Cliforni to Kore (South). By 1989, fishers in Oregon, British Columbi, nd Nov Scoti were lnding hgfish for the Koren eel skin mrket. Interest ws lso generted by fishers in Wshington, Alsk nd New Brunswick but few commercil lndings were mde in these regions. The demnd for North Americn supply of hgfish to be shipped primrily to South Kore for tnning ws precipitted by decline in the supply of hgfish from the wters of Southest Asi (Gorbmn et l, 1990). Kore imposed trde restrictions on ll hgfish imported for processing in the eel skin industry such tht ll hgfish met required stmp indicting tht it ws not fit for humn consumption. This ws due to the use of nesthetics by some fishermn to relx the nimls while bord ship thereby reducing the incidence of bite mrks in the skins. Kore exported eel skin lether products worth bout $80 million per yer in the lte 1980 s but this hd dropped to bout $20 million by 1992 (Se Grnt Medi Center, Instbility in the Koren mrket nd vrible product qulity nd fishing effort my hve contributed to price fluctutions (Neville nd Bemish, 1992). A drop in demnd nd inbility of the fishers to meet mrket qulity requirements led to reduced effort nd ctch rtes nd finlly to close of the fisheries of British Columbi nd Wshington in Lndings continued but t lower rte in Cliforni nd Oregon thn in previous yers. The fishery in Nov Scoti hs continued to lnd Atlntic hgfish throughout the period nd the New Englnd sttes of Mine, New Hmpshire, nd Msschusetts begn fisheries on George s Bnk in

12 There is renewed interest in developing fishery for Pcific hgfish off the west cost of Vncouver Islnd. Until recently, the mrket for hgfish met, 5 million pounds nnully in Kore, hs been closed to North Americ due to trde restrictions. Now tht these restrictions hve been removed, nd with it the cost ssocited with re-exporting the hgfish met from Kore, the finncil return on hgfish for North Americn fishers is expected to increse. As ws the cse during the previous experimentl fishery for hgfish in British Columbi, there is lck of knowledge regrding bundnce, individul nd popultion growth rtes, fecundity, migrtion behviour, individul ges nd mortlity rtes. Even though fishing hs continued for some 10 yers on the est cost of Cnd nd 5 yers in the New Englnd sttes, biologicl informtion is just beginning to become vilble on Atlntic hgfish in the Gulf of Mine (Mrtini, 1998) but the fundmentl questions of bundnce nd growth nd mortlity rtes re still unnswered for ny of the commercilly fished species of hgfish. For more detiled informtion on North Americn fisheries see Appendix 1. IV. BRITISH COLUMBIA EXPERIMENTAL FISHERY, The fishery for hgfish in British Columbi ws considered experimentl throughout its durtion from 1988 through 1992 (Bemish nd Neville, 1993). This fishery nd the ssocited biologicl smpling progrm hve been described nd the results nlysed by Neville nd Bemish (1992) nd Bemish nd Neville (1993). Most of the following description hs been tken from this document. Although fishing occurred throughout Pcific Fisheries Mngement Ares, PFMA, 3-4, 23-27, nd , effort nd biologicl smpling were concentrted in Ares 23, Brkley Sound Inside Wters, nd Are 123, Brkley Sound Outside Wters. No quots were set, nd effort ws restricted by limiting the number of vessels, trps per vessel, res open to fishing, nd the number of bots fishing in prticulr re t given time. Fishermen were required to mintin logbooks nd to prticipte in biologicl smpling progrm. However, there ws only miniml reserch dedicted to understnding the biology nd the impcts of fishing. Permits were required for the fishing of hgfish from October 1988 through 1992 nd from 0 to 11 permits were issued nd ctive during ny month. No commercil quntities of hgfish were lnded in the North cost res 3 nd 4 during 1988 through Fishing occurred in Are 23 in totl of 7 months between My of 1990 nd June of 1992, lthough biologicl smpling occurred in 13 of those months (Tble 3). Only one vessel fished t ny one time in prticulr re from June 1990 to the end of the fishery in Cylindricl Koren style trps, with single entry tunnel t one end, were used in ll yers of the fishery except for tril in 1992 using 5-gllon trps. The cone ends of ll trps were fitted with biodegrdble escpe ports covered in cotton tpe or string to prevent continued fishing by lost trps. Escpe holes were required in the trps to decrese the ctch of unmrketble smll hgfish. In 1990, the required size of escpe holes ws chnged from 1.5 cm to 3.0 cm. There re no dt vilble tht shows whether this chnge ws more effective t reducing the by-ctch of smll hgfish. Trp 12

13 limits per vessel were set t 2000 when fishing inside wters nd 3500 in offshore wters. Sok times vried from 18 to 72 hours, but were generlly 24 hours. Trps were fished t depths rnging from 35 m to 200 m; but most fishing effort ws directed t 70 m to 120 m depths. No size limit ws imposed by fisheries mngers but mrket limit of not less thn 30 cm ws in plce throughout the fishery. Smll hgfish nd by-ctch were sorted onbord nd discrded overbord. By-ctch ws recorded s miniml, consisting of the occsionl snil or strfish. Hgfish ctches were primrily comprised of E. stoutii; with ctches of unwnted E. deni voided by selecting the shllower fishing depths inhbited predominntly by E. stoutii. Biologicl Smpling Progrm Permit holders were required to undertke nd fund biologicl smpling progrm employing qulified personnel from the Pcific Biologicl Sttion. Biologicl smples were collected monthly by vessels ctive in the fishery in PFMA 23 nd 123 (Tble 3) (Bemish nd Neville, 1993). The smple loctions were designted from PFM subre 23-7, Kirby Point nd PFM sub-re 123-5, Amphitrite Point. Length mesurements were to be tken from 1000 rndomly smpled fish. Approximtely 200 fish were sub-smpled rndomly from the lrger smple nd these were subsequently nlysed for sex nd egg condition. A strtified smple of up to 5 fish from ech 10 mm hgfish body length intervl ws sometimes tken to determine the totl length by sex of the smples. Weight of the totl ctch ws determined for estimtion of CPUE, nd the 1000 fish smple, nd the 200 fish smple were weighed to determine the verge weight per fish. Ctch nd Effort Ctch (kg) nd effort (number of trps) were obtined from the logbook records (Tbles 3, 4, nd 5, Figs. 1, 3, nd 5). Ctch nd effort declined in ll res from the initil effort in the fishing up period in 1988/89 (Figs. 1, 3, nd 5). Ctch per unit effort, CPUE, ws clculted s kg per trp. CPUE generlly begn high, decresed fter pek in effort nd ctch, nd incresed slowly fter period of no fishing (Figs 2,4, nd 6). The decline in ctch nd effort ws less noticeble in PFMA 25, Nootk Sound, where the CPUE remined firly consistent throughout the fishery, but effort ws spordic (Fig. 5 nd 6). Effort in the fishery for ny given re rnged from 0 to trps. Ctch for PFMA 23, Brkley Sound Inside Wters, reched totl of 211 tonnes in the first 5 months of the fishery, Oct 1988 through Februry This constituted 57.8 % of the totl for the entire fishery in this re (Tble 3, Figure 1). During this time, CPUE declined from high of 1.1 kg/trp in November of 1988 to low of 0.4 kg/trp in Mrch 1989 (Fig. 2). CPUE remined t n verge of 0.4 kg/trp for the remining yers of the fishery, with n unusul pek of 0.8 kg/trp in My of The gretest effort ws expended in Jnury of 1989 when 104,522 trps lnded the highest monthly lnding of 86,554 kg (CPUE 0.8 kg/trp). This represented 23.7% of the totl lndings for the fishery in this re tht took plce from October 1988 through My CPUE for PFMA 123, Brkley Sound Offshore Wters, dropped from high of 1.1 kg/trp in My of 1989 to low of 0.3 for Februry 1990 (Tble 4, Figure 3). CPUE 13

14 continued to drop, reching low of 0.1 in July of Following this decline in CPUE, nother pek of 0.9 kg/trp ws recorded for April of 1991 (Fig. 4). The gretest effort took plce in September of 1991 when 84,574 trps lnded 54 tonnes of hgfish. The highest lndings were recorded for the month of August 1991 when 58 tonnes of hgfish were lnded with 82,651 trps. In these 2 months, 112 tonnes of hgfish were lnded representing 24.4% of the lndings for the entire fishery which extended from Jnury of 1989 to My of Pek effort nd lndings in PFMA 25, Nootk Sound were recorded for the month of September 1989, when 88,302 trps lnded 34,343 kg of hgfish (Tble 5, Figure 5). Although the CPUE ws only 0.4kg/trp, the lndings represented 21% of the totl lndings of the fishery tht occurred April 1989 through My Monthly CPUE fluctuted from high of 0.7 kg/trp (August, 1989 nd Februry 1992) to low of 0.4 kg/trp tht ws recorded mny times through the fishery including My 1989 nd My 1992, the second nd lst months of the fishery, respectively (Fig. 6). A low of 0.2 kg/trp tht ws recorded for the first month of the fishery, in April 1989, ws explined by the fishermn to be due poor site selection for setting trps. We exmined the trend in CPUE by excluding the initil fishing up period of 5 months. The CPUE for PFMA 23 (Fig. 2) declined only slightly from 0.45 to 0.40 kg/trps over this 27 month period. Effort lso declined (Fig. 1) so it is difficult to determine precutionry level of effort. However, n effort equivlent to the erly months in 1990 my be n pproprite level for n experimentl fishery. In PFMA 123, the CPUE declined from 0.54 to 0.45 over the 25 month period (Fig. 4). Interpreting the chnge in CPUE is difficult s only few vessels were involved nd there ws no controlled fishing re. For exmple, in PFM25, CPUE ctully incresed (Fig. 6). Associted with chnges in CPUE were chnges in length. It could be expected tht length would decline s the lrger, nd presumbly older, hgfish were fished. The ctul trends (Figs. 7, 8, 9) pper to be less thn expected, however, in the bsence of ge nd growth dt, nd method of stndrdising fishing impcts (such s n experimentl fishing re), it is difficult to interpret fishing impcts ccurtely. Weight nd Length Frequencies The verge weight clculted for ll of the hgfish smpled ws 0.11 kg, nd this ws only slightly higher thn the verge Pcific hgfish (0.102 kg) cught in the Oregon fishery smples studied by Brss (1993). Length frequencies fluctuted monthly throughout the smple period. A grdul decline in men lengths ws observed for hgfish smpled from PFMA 23-7, while slight increse ws pprent for hgfish smpled from PFMA (Figs. 7 nd 8). Men lengths rnged from 30.4 cm to 48.3 cm in PFM sub-re The lrgest specimen ws 72 cm. This is greter thn the mximum length of 63.5 cm noted in Hrt (1973). The smllest hgfish reported ws 16 cm long. It ws collected in July of 1990, nd 2 other minimum lengths of less thn 20 cm were recorded in June of 1989 nd June of The men lengths of hgfish mesured from PFM sub-re rnged from 38.7 cm to 47.8 cm in totl length. The lrgest fish recorded ws 73 cm long, nd the smllest ws 17 cm in totl 14

15 length. Hgfish smller thn 20 cm in totl length were collected in Februry, April nd My of 1990 in PFM sub-re Sex rtios The number of femles exceeded the number of mles in smples of hgfish collected from PFMA 123 nd in PFMA 23 (Tbles 9 nd 10). For most smples, the rtio of femle to mle hgfish rnged between 1 nd 3. Very high rtios (4.4 nd 3.7) of femle to mle hgfish occurred when the percentge of unidentified individuls ws lso high nd my reflect inccurte recognition of sex. A smller proportion of femles to mles ws observed in August through October of 1989 nd gin in My nd June of 1990 in PFMA 23 only. The chnges in sex rtios did not show trends for the durtion of ech yer or the entire fishery (Fig. 9). Egg condition Egg condition dt exhibited high vribility between months nd no prticulr trends tht would indicte sesonlity of breeding (Tbles 9 nd 10). The verge length of femle to rech t lest stge 4 (Tble 11) egg condition ws 42.8 cm (min cm) in PFMA 23 nd 44.2 cm (min. 35.0) in PFMA 123. An egg condition index ws clculted s the percentge of the femles contining eggs in stge 4 or lter, divided by the percentge of the femles tht mesured 40 cm in totl length or greter. The vilble dt is scnty nd no sesonlity is pprent, but it ppers tht this index fluctutes similrly to CPUE. High vribility exists between collection sites within the sme re. For exmple, in October of 1989 the egg condition index for rndom smple from rndom site in Are 23-7 ws 0.23 while during the sme month rndom smple collected from Kirby Point in Are 23-7 hd n egg condition index of only Stges 6 nd 7 were introduced in the description of smples collected in Are 123 for August nd October of 1989 only. Whether this is reflection of inconsistent evlution of egg condition or rel sign tht lter stges of mturity occurred only rrely, is unknown. V. DISCUSSION The hgfish fishery in British Columbi strted in 1988 nd ws effectively finished by My of The spordic nture of the smpling progrm nd the very poor understnding of the biology mke it difficult to ssess the impcts of fishing. Ctch nd Effort Ctch nd effort dt must continue to be collected, but with greter consistency nd uniformity thn in the pst. This will llow comprison with ctch nd effort dt tht were recorded during the previous fishery nd will show how the stocks responded fter the fishery stopped in In the bsence of estimtes of bsolute bundnce, ctch per unit effort dt relted to true bundnce by ctchbility coefficient could be used to develop surplus production models (Wlters nd Hilborn, 1976). Furthermore, 15

16 Woodby et l. (1993) developed conservtive ppliction of surplus production model for popultions bout which informtion is lcking. Length nd Weight Totl body lengths should be mesured nd length frequencies collted for hgfish from popultions in the two of the PFM sub-res designted for biologicl smpling in the previous fishery. Men length frequencies cn provide some immedite informtion of the impct of fishery on popultion. Consistency in the smpling schedule (i.e., monthly, or bimonthly t the most) is required in order tht the lrge vribility in the dt cn be reduced or explined. Tking some other mesurements, such s circumference nd individul weight, would mke the dt more comprble to other recent studies on hgfish (Mrtini et l., 1998; Wisner nd McMilln, 1995). Sex Rtio nd Egg Condition A regulr schedule of smpling is required to determine if there is migrtion to spwn. Possible breeding grounds could be identified nd smpling progrm designed to determine how hgfish reproduce. The possibility of migrtory behviour hs been suggested by fishermen. The fct tht femles contining dvnced stges of egg development were so rrely found in smples tken in the previous fishery, nd the lck of collection of very lrge or fertilized eggs, suggests tht the method of hrvesting is bised ginst finding these smples. The very mture femles nd embryos collected t the turn of the century were cught by hook nd line. Considering tht femle hgfish my contin up to 30 mturing eggs t one time, nd when fully mture these eggs my ech mesure some 31 mm in length nd 8 mm in width (Den, 1900, in Wlvig, 1963), it is possible tht very ripe femles my not be ble to pss through the smll entrnce cones of the trps. Smpling methods designed to further studies of reproduction my need to be developed. Ageing E. stoutii does not possess ny of the bony structures typiclly used for ge determintion, but it does contin number of smll sttoliths. These structures my prove useful in determining ge, nd growth rte, by method similr to tht used in lmprey (Bemish nd Northcote, 1989). Tgs Mrk nd recpture progrms cn lso be used to determine the growth rtes nd cn provide evidence of migrtory behviour. Success with implnttion, retention nd recovery of coded-wire tgs, (CWT) in muscle tissue of Pcific hgfish ws reported in Cliforni by Nkmur (1994). The possibility of running some preliminry trils with CWT s in Pcific hgfish in order to prove their efficcy should be considered. Mrks my lso be pplied using coloured ltex injections. Trps 16

17 In 1992, t the end of the previous fishery, modified trp ws introduced to the fishery. More recently trp ws developed tht hs been further modified to prevent continued fishing of lost trps nd to reduce the by-ctch of smll hgfish. These different models of trps need to be fished, in controlled fshion, to clibrte new nd historicl dt. Hbitt Estimtes should be mde of the re of ocen bottom tht is the hbitt for hgfish. Designte s reserve section contining good hgfish hbitt in ech PFM Are proposed to be fished. The reserve re would be used to study the biology nd behviour of hgfish. In prticulr, informtion is needed on reproductive timing nd rtes, s well s, ge nd growth. Mngement Alterntives Direct limittion of effort by licence limittion nd ger limits s ws dvocted in mngement of the previous fishery could be implemented effectively in ny new fishery. Time nd re closures could lso be enforced in order to restrict the extent nd level of exploittion. Dictting size limits on fishery requires confident estimtes of size t mturity for evlution of the effectiveness of the limittions. Determining TAC, totl llowble ctch, estimtes requires knowledge of stock size, nd ongoing ssessment of the effectiveness of enforced exploittion rtes nd evlution of the response of the stock to these rtes. Mngement Considertions A limited nd monitored fishery for hgfish is n effective wy to cquire informtion needed to ssess impct of future fisheries. A smll fishery in the res fished in the pst will provide importnt dt needed to begin to understnd recruitment nd productivity chrcteristics. Science, however, cnnot be used to ssess sustinble removl levels or ssign quots to prticulr bottom hbitts. The biology nd life history ptterns of hgfish re simply too poorly understood to expect the survey results nd monitoring will provide this informtion. This mens tht mngement strtegies need to be dptive s well s relistic. There lso needs to be blnce in the effort nd resources used to monitor nd report on fishing ctivities nd those used to discover new informtion bout this species. Fisheries currently exist for species where understnding of the mechnisms tht ffect recruitment re poorly known (i.e. geoduck). Thus, we do not hve to wit until such spects of the dynmics hve been worked out. There is not method of geing hgfish other thn crude nlysis of length frequencies. It would be helpful to know the ge t first mturity nd the verge length of life. However, fisheries cn be llowed now so tht we cn observe chnges in size with time nd effort nd we cn look for wys of geing hgfish. The cost nd time involved to crry out these biologicl studies cn be estimted once some ttempts hve been mde to collect smples. In the interim we recommend tht fishery, not exceeding the nnul hrvests of the pst fishery (in this report, Tbles 4), be llowed nd tht it be monitored for (1) the 17

18 type of trp used, (2) the number of trps used, (3) the ctch per trp, (4) the totl length of 2 smples of 50 fish selected rndomly ech dy, (5) the length, sex nd mturity of one smple of 50 fish every three dys of fishing. (6) the re of Kirby Point, Brkley Sound PFM re 23-7, be designted smple grid of sttions, to be fished once ech month nd tht rndom smple of 100 fish be smpled for length, sex, nd mturity, nd (7) ll other res cn be fished ccording to the conditions in 1 through 5. After one yer of fishing, risk nlysis will be developed tht will be bsed on the rtion of effort to chnges in verge size of ctch. If size is stbilised, the level of effort would be ssumed to be cceptble for n dditionl yer. If the verge size of ctch is declining, the rte of decline would be used to determine the level of effort or to close the prticulr re. VI. RECOMMENDATIONS Informtion collected from the previous fishery nd the ssocited smpling progrm provide bseline from which n understnding of the popultion dynmics of Pcific hgfish cn be developed. In light of the current interest by industry in re-instituting hgfish fishery, the following recommendtions re mde: Allow n experimentl fishery s it is possible, even desirble since it will provide informtion on the response of the popultion to period of no fishing. This experimentl fishery should be structured such tht dt requirements for mnging the fishery re met with industry support. Effort nd totl ctch per unit re should be less thn pst levels until the impct of fishing is better understood. Monitor the fishery through logbooks nd sles slip receipts. Smple ctch, length, weight, sex nd mturity, by method comprble to tht used in the previous progrm but which incorportes structure tht will provide informtion for estimtes of stock ssessment. It is desirble to hve controlled fishing re tht cn be used to stndrdise fishing impcts. Prticipnts in the fishery would be required to crry out stndrdised fishing opertions in this re to collect biologicl informtion. Funding must be mde vilble for collection nd nlysis of informtion. After 1 yer, risk nlysis be developed tht will be bsed on the rtion of effort to chnges in verge size of ctch. 18

19 VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thnk Chrys Neville of the Pcific Biologicl Sttion, DFO, for guiding us through the historicl dt from the previous fishery for hgfish in British Columbi. Gordon Miller nd Shelley Mthews, of the PBS librry, were lso invluble t procuring references nd mintining ccess to informtion. Brin Asp of Ocen Bron Sefoods provided much pprecited prticipnt s viewpoint for clrifying detils of how the commercil fishery proceeded in British Columbi. We lso thnk Tom Hurlbut of DFO, Gulf Region, Science Brnch, nd Odette Murphy, DFO, Mritimes Region, for shring informtion on the Cndin Est Cost hgfish fisheries, science, nd mngement progrms, nd Kristine Brsky, of the Cliforni Deprtment of Fish nd Gme, for updting the sttistics on the Cliforni fishery. VIII. REFERENCES Anonymous DFO. Mritimes Region, Scoti Fundy Fisheries. 1998/1999 Hgfish (Myxine glutinos) Interim Conservtion Hrvesting Pln. Unpublished.* Brss, W.H Pcific Hgfish, Epttretus stoutii, nd Blck hgfish, E. deni: The Oregon fishery nd port smpling observtions, Mr. Fish. Rev. 55(4): Bemish, R.J. nd C.M. Neville. P In: B.M. Lemn nd M. Stocker [eds.]. Groundfish stock ssessments for the west cost of Cnd in 1992 nd recommended yield options for Cn. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aqut. Sci Bemish, R.J. nd T.G. Northcote Extinction of popultion of ndromous prsitic lmprey, Lmpetr tridentt, upstrem of n impssble dm. Cn. J. Fish. Aqut. Sci., 46(2): Clemens, W.A. nd G.V. Wilby Fishes of the Pcific cost of Cnd. Bull. Fish. Res. Bord of Cn., 68: Deprtment of Fisheries nd Ocens /1999 Hgfish (Myxine glutinos) Interim Conservtion Hrvesting Pln. Mritimes Region, Scoti Fundy Fisheries. Unpublished. Fernholm, B Diurnl vrition in the behviour of the hgfish Epttretus burgeri. Mr. Biol. 27: Fernholm, Hgfish systemtics, p In: J. M. Jørgensen, J.P. Lomholt, R. E. Weber, nd H.Mlte [eds]. The Biology of Hgfishes. Chpmn & Hll. London. Foss, G Behviour of Myxine glutinos L. in nturl hbitt; investigtion of the mud biotype by suction technique. Srsi, 31:

20 Gorbmn, A Sex differentition in the hgfish Epttretus stoutii. Gen. Comp. Endo. 77: Gorbmn, A Hgfish development. Zool. Sci. 14: Gorbmn, A., nd W.W. Dickhoff Endocrine control of reproduction in hgfish, p In: P.J. Gillrd, nd H.H. Boer [eds]. Comprtive Endocrinology. Elsevier/North-Hollnd Biomedicl Press, Amsterdm. Gorbmn, A., H. Kobyshi, Y. Honm, nd M. Msuym The hgfishery of Jpn. Fisheries, 15(4): Hrt, J.L Pcific Fishes of Cnd. Fisheries Reserch Bord of Cnd. Bulletin No pp. Honm, Y Asin hgfishes nd their fisheries biology, p In: J. M. Jørgensen, J.P. Lomholt, R. E. Weber, nd H.Mlte [eds]. The Biology of Hgfishes. Chpmn & Hll. London. Jensen, D The hgfish. Sci. Am. 214(2): Johnson, E.W Aspects of the biology of Pcific (Epttretus stoutii) nd Blck (Epttretus deni) hgfishes from Monterey By, Cliforni. Msters thesis, School of Nturl Sciences, Fresno, CA: Cliforni Stte University, 130 pp. Jørgensen, J.M., J.P. Lomholt, R.E. Weber, nd H. Mlte The Biology of Hgfishes. Chpmn & Hll, London. 578 pp. Kobyshi, H., T. Ichikw, H. Suzuki, nd M. Sekimoto Sesonl migrtion of the hgfish Epttretus burgeri.. Jp. J. Ichthyol. 19: Mrtini, F.H The ecology of hgfishes, p In: J. M. Jørgensen, J.P. Lomholt, R. E. Weber, nd H.Mlte [eds]. The Biology of Hgfishes. Chpmn & Hll. London. Mrtini, F.H., M.P. Lesser, nd J.B. Heiser Ecology of the hgfish, Myxine glutinos L., in the Gulf of Mine: II. Potentil impct on benthic communities nd commercil fisheries. J. Exp. Mr. Biol. Ecol., 214: Mrtini, F.H., M.P. Lesser, nd J.B. Heiser A popultion profile for hgfish, Myxine glutinos, in the Gulf of Mine, Prt 2: Morphologicl vrition in popultions of Myxine in the North Atlntic Ocen. Fish. Bull., 96(3): McInerny, J.E. nd D.O. Evns Hbitt chrcteristics of the Pcific hgfish, Polistotrem stouti. J. Fish. Res. Bord of Cn., 27(5):

21 Melvin, E.F. nd S.A. Osborn, Development of the west cost fishery for Pcific hgfish. U.S. Dept. Of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS. Finl Report. NA90AA-H- SK pp. Nkmur, R Tgging knotty hgfish. NMT Network News, 1(2): 3. Nelson, J.S Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 600 pp. Neville, C.M., nd R.J. Bemish Hgfish. P In: B. Lemn [ed.]. Groundfish stock ssessments for the West Cost of Cnd in 1991 nd recommended yield options for Cn. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aqut. Sci Ptzner, R.A Cyclicl chnges in the ovry of the hgfish Epttretus burgeri (Cyclostomt). Act Zool. (Stockholm) 59(1): Ptzner, R.A Gonds nd reproduction in hgfishes, p In: J. M. Jørgensen, J.P. Lomholt, R. E. Weber, nd H.Mlte [eds]. The Biology of Hgfishes. Chpmn & Hll. London. Percy, W.G., D.L. Stein, M.A. Hixon, E.K. Pikitch, W.H. Brss, nd R.M. Strr Submersible observtions of deep-reef fishes of Hecet Bnk, Oregon. Fish. Bull., 87(4): Perry, I. R., C.J. Wlters, nd J.A. Boutillier A frmework for providing scientific dvice for the mngement of new nd developing invertebrte fisheries. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries, 9: Smith, C.R Food for the deep se: utiliztion, dispersl, nd flux of nekton flls t the Snt Ctlin Bsin floor. Deep Se Reserch, 32: Strhn, R The behvior of the Myxine nd other myxinoids, pp In: A. Brodl nd R. Fnge [eds.]. The Biology of Myxine. Universitetsforlget, Oslo. Tsuneki, K., M. Ouji, nd H. Sito Sesonl migrtion nd gondl chnges in the hgfish Epttretus burgeri. Jp. J. Ichthyol. 29(4): Wlters, C.J. nd R. Hilborn Adptive control of fishing systems. J. Fish. Res. Bord Cn., 33: Wlvig, F The gonds nd the formtion of the sexul cells, pp In: A. Brodl nd R. Fnge [eds]. The Biology of Myxine. Universitetsforlget, Oslo. Wlvig, F Experimentl mrking of hgfish (Myxine glutinos L.). Norvegin J. Zool. (Nytt. Mg. Zool.), 15:

22 Wisner, R.L. nd C.B. McMilln Review of the new world hgfishes of the genus Myxine (Agnth, Myxinide) with descriptions of nine new species. Fish. Bull. 93: Woodby, D.A., G.H. Kruse, nd R.C. Lrson A conservtive ppliction of surplus production model to the se cucumber fishery in southest Alsk, pp In: G. Kruse, D.M. Eggers, R.J. Mrsco, C. Putzke, nd T.J. Quinn II [eds.]. Proceedings of the Interntionl Symposium on Mngement Strtegies for Exploited Fish Popultions, Alsk Se Grnt College Progrm Report No , University of Alsk, Firbinks. Worthington, J Contribution to our knowledge of Myxinoids. Am. Nt. 39: Online References Ntionl Mrine Fisheries Service Monthly Commercil Lnding Sttistics [dtbse online]. Avilble from: Accessed 1999, Aug. 21. Nov Scoti Deprtment of Fisheries nd Aquculture Lnded vlues for Nov Scoti [dtbse online]. Avilble from: Accessed 1999, July 07. Se Grnt Medi Center. No dte. Current news-mine/new Hmpshire Se Grnt. Trde brriers lifted on hgfish exports to Kore [rticle online]. Avilble from: Accessed 1999, October

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