Combining Resource management and livelihood development in the Implementation of EAFM: Some reflections from East Flores and Lombok

Transcription

1 Dedi S. Adhuri Indonesian Institute of Sc Combining Resource management and livelihood development in the Implementation of EAFM: Some reflections from East Flores and Lombok

2 Outline A. Introduction: The Nature of Indonesian Fisheries B. The EAFM Movement in Indonesia C. Cases 1. EAFM Implementation in East Flores 2. EAFM Implementation in East Lombok D. Discussion and Closing Remarks

3 Introduction: The Nature of Indonesian Fisheries

4 The Paradox 9.93 million tones (National Commission for Fish Resource Assessment and Research and Development Center of MMF 2015).

5 The Status of Fish Exploitation Level in Indonesian Fisheries Management Areas (2015) WPP-RI 571 Fish type Status Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pelagic Shrimp Lobster Mud Crab Swimming crab WPP-RI 572 Status Fish type Stok Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pelagic Shrimp Lobster Mud Crab Swimming crab WPP-RI 711 Statu Fish type s Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pelagic Shirmp Lobster Mud crab Swimming crab WPP-RI 573 Statu Fish type s Stok Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pelagic Shrimp Lobster Mud Crab Swimming crab WPP-RI 712 Fish type Status Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pelagic Shrimp Lobster Mud Crab Swimming crab WPP-RI 713 Statu Fish type s Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pleagis Shrimp Lobster Mud crab Swimming crab WPP-RI 716 Statu Fish type s Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pelagic Shrimp Lobster Mud Crab Swimming crab WPP-RI 714 Statu Fish type s Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pelagic Shrimp Lobster Mud crab Swimming crab WPP-RI 715 Fish type Status Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pelagic Shrimp Lobster Mud Crab Swimming crab WPP-RI 718 Statu Fish type s Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pelagic Shrimp Lobster Mud cab Swimming crab WPP-RI 717 Fish type Status Demersal Reef fish Small pelagic Squid Big pelagis Shrimp Lobster Mud Crab Swimming crab

6 Coral Reefs 51,000 Km2, 18% of the global coral reef cover about 60 % of world coral reef species But Between 1950th and 2000th, the proportion of coral reefs that was in bad conditions increased from 10 % to 50%. In 2007: 34% was in bad or very bad condition; 42% in moderate condition; 21 % in healthy conditions and; only 3% in excellent condition (Burke et. al. 2012).

7 Mangroves 3 million Ha mangrove forest located along Km of the Indonesian coastal line (Giri et. Al. 2011). 23% of the global mangrove forest But between 1975 and 2005 alone, Indonesia had lost 40% of mangrove forest : conversion to fish pond, salt production, pollution. Recently for coastal palm oil plantation

8 Fishers Economy BPS-Indonesia Statistic ( 2008): 63,47 % of poor population are coastal communities MMAF (2011) : Poor fishers were 7,87 million people % of Indonesian poor population, distributed in 10,600 fishing communities

9 The EAFM Movement in Indonesia EAFM is a holistic approach to fisheries management that involves the entire socio-biotic system. The FAO definition is...an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) strives to balance diverse societal objectives, by taking account of the knowledge and uncertainties of biotic, abiotic and human components of ecosystems and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecologically meaningful boundaries. An ecosystem approach is different from the way fisheries have been management historically where the focus is usually on a single species.

10 Some Arguments on What Difference of EA and CA

11 International Policy on EAFM Working Group 1 on Seascape Working Group 2 on Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management Working Group 3 on Marine Protected Area Working Group 4 Climate Change Adaptation National Working Group 2 on Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management Initiating EAFM in Indonesia Working Group 5 on Threatened Species Working Group 6 on Capacity Development

12 NWG EAFM Platform NGOs Support Central Government Support International Support Local Government Support National Working Group on EAFM (led by Directorat Fish Resc.) Industries and Fisheries Stakeholders National Expert Group on EAFM EAFM Learning Centers In every WPP

13 Policy Road Map of EAFM in Indonesia Workshop on the Needs of EAFM and Development Its Indicator Further development of EAFM Indicators and Testing for FMAs Capacity Development in EAFM and Pilot Testing Pilot Testing and Preparation for Legal backbone for EAFM implementation in Indonesia 2014 Adoption of EAFM Source : National Working Group 2 on EAFM

14 EAFM Indicators Habitat and ecosystem Social issues Fish resources EAFM Assessment Economy Fishing technology Management institutions Ecological Tier Social Tier

15 Testing Implemented Fishery Unit Flying Fish Fisheries Wakatobi MPA Fisheries East Flores Fisheries Lembata Fisheries Alor Fisheries Maluku Fisheries (Kei) Berau Fisheries Pilot Testing Pilot Tester Universitas Hasanuddin and WWF Indonesia Universitas Haluleo and WWF Indonesia WWF Indonesia Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana and WWF Indonesia WWF Indonesia Universitas Pattimura and WWF Indonesia Universitas Mulawarman Testing Would be Implemented Fishery Unit Lombok Small Scale Fisheries Blue Swimming Crab Lampung Timur Pilot Tester WorldFish Center, BBPSEKP-KKP and IPB KKP and IPB

16 CASE I. EAST FLORES Flores Island East Flores District

17 Practical Steps for the development of EAFM in East Flores 2012 Habitat Fish resources Technology Economy Social Institutions Diagnosis Focus Group discussions Key Informant interview Survey The district government policies on EAFM: 1. PerBup No.4/2013 on Allocation of Conservation area 2. PerBud No / /2013 on The formation of a Team for the Study and Allocation of Conservation Area 3. PerBup No.6/2014 on Sustainable Fisheries Management 4. PerBup No. 9/2015 on Fisheries Subsidies Implementation Conservation Education Research and development Capture fisheries Aquaculture Marine Tourism The formation of management organization

18 Issues Community roles in fisheries management supply data to management organization Fishing (fisheries business) Care taker of marine habitat and ecosystem Release by catch Report on pollution or environment damage Community responses - Resistance toward the moratorium of purse seine; Different theory on overexploitation (the operation of big scale purse seine and destructive fishing) Lack of consideration on alternative gear Fisheries subsidy failed to address the issues of destructive fishing and alternative gear Livelihood issues

19 CASE II JOR BAY, LOMBOK Lombok Island Jor Bay Lombok Island and the sites Settlement Settlement Settlement

20 Practical Steps for the development of EAFM Habitat Fish resources Stakeholder Consultations: Workshop Year 1 Technology Economy Social Institutions Diagnosis Focus Group discussions Key Informant interview Fisheries Management Plan (based on EAFM) Years 2 and 3 Testing & adoption of Development plan Output (sustainable livelihoods, food, income, education)

21 Challenges and Opportunities Settlement Possible over-exploitation and pollution Coastal abrasion that threatens settlement Settlemet Settlem Settlement ent Economic issues: poverty, fisheries and AQ problems, post-harvest and marketing limitation User conflicts: Fishers AQ farmers), Local vs outside fishers (with more advance or destructive gears/techniques) Resource exploitation vs conservation District regulation on participatory fisheries management but it did not work on the ground; lack of government support for its implementation

22 Management plan/options 1. Revitalization of Traditional Awik-awik Management (in Jor Bay) 2. Mangrove Planting (in collaboration with LPSDN) 3. Squid Collectors and Shallow Water FAD Introduction (combination of rebuilding squid population and livelihood support) 4. Additional Livelihoods supports (training on improvement of AQ, mechanic, post harvest women group, marketing and household financial management)

23 Revitalization of Traditional (Awik-awik) Objectives : 1. Re-establish traditional regulation for EAFM 2. Establish co-management organization (committee) for implementing EAFM Approach: 1. Development from the bottom (Community discussions/workshops from settlement levels (12 workshops), village (2 workshops) up to sub-distric levels (2 workshops) 2. Problems identification and regulation formulation

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26 The Awik-awik Main elements: 1. defines management area (Kawasan Teluk Jor); 2. regulates the use of the area (i.e: fishing, floating cage, fish farming and fish pond farming) 3. regulates habitat and coastal resources conservation ( i.e mangrove, fish resources, coral reef and sea grass conservation, sand and rock mining prohibitions) 4. sets fines for any wrong doing against the regulations. 5. appoints the Pemangku Awik-awik Teluk Jor (PATJ) as the implementing agency for the bay management

27 The Management Area

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29 Mangrove Planting Objectives : 1. Rehabilate mangrove forest 2. Increase coastal productivity 3. Increase posibilities for the development of mangrove related livelihoods 4. Stimulate the development of EAFM Approach : Community-based mangrove planting, maintenance and managgement

30 6. Squid Attractor and Shallow Water FAD Introduction The Training

31 Additional livelihood supports Training on post harvest processing and marketing development. Training on aquaculture improvement, focusing on grouper floating cage culture. Training on mechanic for fisheries related machineries/engines/motors Training on household financial management

32 Discussion and Closing Remarks In East Flores EAFM implementation was driven and crafted by NGO supporting district government (the approach was conventional in focusing more on the environment and resources) Community participation was limited Community responses raised after the policy was passed resistance Clashed of knowledge and interest in EAFM implementation, thus the management options are subject to conflict/resistance District wide fisheries managemet area East Lombok EAFM implementation was facilitated by external agencies, took the form of collaborative- community based Community was engaged in all steps of the EAFM implementation The management options were combination on environmental rehabilitation/nurture and livelihoods development Negotiation of different knowledge and interests took place in all steps of EAFM implementation. The EAFM has become mutual agreement of involved stakeholders and executable The EAFM cover smaller management area

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34 Supporting Institutions