Atlantic Spanish and King mackerel

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1 Atlantic Spanish and King mackerel Scomberomorus maculatus, Scomberomorus cavalla Duane Raver United States of America/Western Central Atlantic, United States of America/Gulf of Mexico Cast nets, Drift gillnets, Handlines and hand-operated poleand-lines, Troll/Pole May 31, 2015 Seafood Watch Consulting Researcher Disclaimer Seafood Watch strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external scientists with expertise in ecology, fisheries science and aquaculture. Scientific review, however, does not constitute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch program or its recommendations on the part of the reviewing scientists. Seafood Watch is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. Seafood Watch Standard used in this assessment: Standard for Fisheries vf2

2 Table of Contents About Seafood Watch Guiding Principles Summary Final Seafood Recommendations Introduction Assessment Criterion 1: Impacts on the species under assessment Criterion 2: Impacts on other species Criterion 3: Management ness Criterion 4: Impacts on the habitat and ecosystem Acknowledgements References Appendix A: Extra By Catch Species

3 About Seafood Watch Monterey Bay Aquarium s Seafood Watch program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild-caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch makes its science-based recommendations available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from The program s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conservation issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommendation on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this information against the program s conservation ethic to arrive at a recommendation of Best Choices, Good Alternatives or Avoid. The detailed evaluation methodology is available upon request. In producing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible. Other sources of information include government technical publications, fishery management plans and supporting documents, and other scientific reviews of ecological sustainability. Seafood Watch Research Analysts also communicate regularly with ecologists, fisheries and aquaculture scientists, and members of industry and conservation organizations when evaluating fisheries and aquaculture practices. Capture fisheries and aquaculture practices are highly dynamic; as the scientific information on each species changes, Seafood Watch s sustainability recommendations and the underlying Seafood Reports will be updated to reflect these changes. Parties interested in capture fisheries, aquaculture practices and the sustainability of ocean ecosystems are welcome to use Seafood Reports in any way they find useful. For more information about Seafood Watch and Seafood Reports, please contact the Seafood Watch program at Monterey Bay Aquarium by calling

4 Guiding Principles Seafood Watch defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether fished 1 or farmed, that can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Based on this principle, Seafood Watch had developed four sustainability criteria for evaluating wildcatch fisheries for consumers and businesses. These criteria are: How does fishing affect the species under assessment? How does the fishing affect other, target and non-target species? How effective is the fishery s management? How does the fishing affect habitats and the stability of the ecosystem? Each criterion includes: Factors to evaluate and score Guidelines for integrating these factors to produce a numerical score and rating Once a rating has been assigned to each criterion, we develop an overall recommendation. Criteria ratings and the overall recommendation are color-coded to correspond to the categories on the Seafood Watch pocket guide and online guide: Best Choice/Green: Are well managed and caught in ways that cause little harm to habitats or other wildlife. Good Alternative/Yellow: Buy, but be aware there are concerns with how they re caught. Avoid/Red Take a pass on these for now. These items are overfished or caught in ways that harm other marine life or the environment. 1 Fish is used throughout this document to refer to finfish, shellfish and other invertebrates

5 Summary This report focuses on the king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) and Spanish mackerel (S. maculatus) fisheries in the US Southeastern Atlantic region and the US Gulf of Mexico. Both species are targeted by recreational and commercial operators fishing in coastal pelagic areas. In the Atlantic king mackerel are landed primarily with hook and line gears (handline and troll), whereas Spanish mackerel are landed with cast nets, handline and runaround gillnet gears. In the Gulf of Mexico both species are captured with handline and runaround gillnet gears. King and Spanish mackerel are confined to warm tropical and subtropical waters and are distributed along the east of the United States, through the Gulf of Mexico, with the range of king mackerel extending south in the coastal zone of Central and South America, to Brazil. During their first few years these species grow quickly. King mackerel reach sexual maturity at approximately 4 years of age; they breed prolifically, spawning repeatedly during the breeding season. Spanish mackerel typically reach sexual maturity in their first (male) or second (female) year and also exhibit high levels of fecundity. King mackerel are considered to be of high inherent vulnerability to fishing pressure whereas Spanish mackerel is only moderately vulnerable. A full assessment of each of US king and Spanish mackerel stocks were recently conducted by the Southeast Data Assessment and Review (SEDAR) process. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico king mackerel were assessed in 2014 and the stocks were deemed to be not currently overfished or experiencing overfishing. Spanish mackerel were assessed in 2012 (S. Atlantic) and 2013 (Gulf of Mexico). The Atlantic Spanish mackerel were determined to be neither in an overfished state, nor experiencing overfishing. Some concerns about the population model parameters were raised in the review stage of the Gulf of Mexico Spanish mackerel assessment process. As a result no population or fishing mortality estimates were endorsed in the SEDAR report. Although, the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council (GMFMC) revisited these critiques via their Statistical and Science Committee and affirmed the SEDAR findings, Gulf Spanish mackerel stocks are neither in an overfished state, or experiencing overfishing. Overall, king and Spanish mackerel stocks are robust and are being exploited at appropriate levels. King and Spanish mackerel are targeted by both recreational and commercial fisherman in the coastal pelagic zone. In the Gulf of Mexico both species are captured primarily by handline gear and runaround gillnets. Both gear types have relatively low rates of bycatch of protected resources and low discard rates. However, the Gulf handline fishery is responsible for a significant portion of greater amberjack landings, a species that is considered imperiled. Despite recent efforts to rebuild the stock, greater amberjacks continue to be both overfished and experiencing overfishing. In addition to handlines, Spanish mackerel in the US Atlantic are landed with cast nets and runaround gillnets. These nets are deployed on schools of Spanish mackerel and traditionally have very low rates of bycatch and discards. Due to bycatch stock status and/or fishing mortality concerns, the Gulf of Mexico handline fisheries (targeting both Spanish and king mackerel) received red scores for this criterion. In the United States king and Spanish mackerels are managed under the Fishery Management Plan (FMP) for Coastal and Migratory Pelagic Resources (Mackerels) (1983), managed jointly by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC) and the GMFMC. The strategy and goals set forth by the original FMP and subsequent amendments are appropriate to the fisheries and the most recent stock assessments suggest that the current restrictions in place are adequate to maintain the integrity of both Atlantic and Gulf king and Spanish mackerel stocks. All US stocks of both species have been assessed via SEDAR, which provides rigorous and independent assessment that takes in to consideration both scientific advice and stakeholder concerns. Enforcement of fishery regulations is carried out jointly by a number of state and federal agencies, including state departments of wildlife and/or fisheries resources, the US Coast Guard and NOAA. SAFMC and GMFMC each also have law enforcement panels to make recommendations on enforcement strategies. Bycatch management for all fisheries is appropriate and while US gillnet fisheries do have some observer coverage, runaround gillnets fisheries generally retain all of their catch, hence bycatch is of little concern. Overall, king and Spanish mackerel stocks are well managed, although recovery of associated species such as amberjack

6 contributed to a yellow, rather than a green score for Gulf of Mexico handline fisheries (targeting both king and Spanish mackerel). All the gear types assessed in this report generally have no impacts on the sea floor and the directed king and Spanish mackerel fisheries infrequently capture species of exceptional ecosystem importance, although there appears to be minimal attempt to use an ecosystem approach to managing the overall fishery catch. All fisheries considered here earned green scores for this criterion. Overall, fisheries for both king mackerel and Spanish mackerel in the U.S Atlantic are considered a Best Choice. Gulf of Mexico gillnet fisheries (runaround gillnet) for mackerels are also considered a Best Choice. Handline fisheries from the Gulf of Mexico are considered a Good Alternative due to the associated catch of greater amberjack.

7 Final Seafood Recommendations SPECIES/FISHERY CRITERION 1: IMPACTS ON THE SPECIES CRITERION 2: IMPACTS ON OTHER SPECIES CRITERION 3: MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS CRITERION 4: HABITAT AND ECOSYSTEM OVERALL RECOMMENDATION Atlantic Spanish mackerel United States of America Western Central Atlantic, Cast nets, United States of America Atlantic Spanish mackerel United States of America Western Central Atlantic, Drift gillnets, United States of America Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Green (3.87) Best Choice (4.69) Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Green (3.87) Best Choice (4.69) Atlantic Spanish mackerel United States of America Western Central Atlantic, Handlines and handoperated pole-and-lines, United States of America Green (5.00) Yellow (2.64) Green (5.00) Green (3.87) Best Choice (4.00) King mackerel United States of America Western Central Atlantic, Handlines and handoperated pole-and-lines, United States of America Green (5.00) Yellow (2.64) Green (5.00) Green (3.87) Best Choice (4.00) Atlantic Spanish mackerel United States of America Gulf of Mexico, Drift gillnets, United States of America Atlantic Spanish mackerel United States of America Gulf of Mexico, Handlines and hand-operated poleand-lines, United States of America King mackerel United States of America Gulf of Mexico, Drift gillnets, United States of America Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Green (4.28) Green (4.28) Green (5.00) Green (3.87) Best Choice (4.51) Red (1.41) Yellow (3.00) Green (3.87) Good Alternative (3.01) Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Green (3.87) Best Choice (4.51)

8 King mackerel United States of America Gulf of Mexico, Handlines and hand-operated poleand-lines, United States of America Green (4.28) Red (1.41) Yellow (3.00) Green (3.87) Good Alternative (2.90) King mackerel United States of America Western Central Atlantic, Hand-operated pole and lines, United States of America Green (5.00) Yellow (2.64) Green (5.00) Green (3.87) Best Choice (4.00) King mackerel United States of America Western Central Atlantic, Trolling lines, United States of America Green (5.00) Yellow (2.64) Green (5.00) Green (3.87) Best Choice (4.00) Summary This report focuses on king mackerel (Scoberomorus cavalla) and Spanish mackerel (S. maculatus) fisheries in the US Southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico regions. Fisheries for both king mackerel and Spanish mackerel in the U.S Atlantic are considered a Best Choice. Gulf of Mexico gillnet fisheries (runaround gillnet) for mackerels are also considered a Best Choice. Handline fisheries from the Gulf of Mexico are considered a Good Alternative due to the associated catch of greater amberjack. Scoring Guide Scores range from zero to five where zero indicates very poor performance and five indicates the fishing operations have no significant impact. Final Score = geometric mean of the four Scores (Criterion 1, Criterion 2, Criterion 3, Criterion 4). Best Choice/Green = Final Score >3.2, and no Red Criteria, and no Critical scores Good Alternative/Yellow = Final score > , and neither Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) nor Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) are Very High 2, and no more than one Red Criterion, and no Critical scores Avoid/Red = Final Score 2.2, or either Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) or Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) is Very High or two or more Red Criteria, or one or more Critical scores. 2 Because effective management is an essential component of sustainable fisheries, Seafood Watch issues an Avoid recommendation for any fishery scored as a Very High for either factor under Management (Criterion 3).

9 Introduction Scope of the analysis and ensuing recommendation This report focuses on the commerical king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) and Spanish mackerel (S. maculatus) fisheries in the US Southeastern Atlantic region and the US Gulf of Mexico. Both species are targeted by recreational and commercial operators fishing in coastal pelagic areas. In the US Southeast Atlantic region king mackerel and landed primarily with hook and line gears (handline and troll), whereas Spanish mackerel are landed with cast nets, handline and runaround gillnet gears. In the Gulf of Mexico both species are captured with handline and runaround gillnet gears. Species Overview Spanish (Scomberomorus maculatus) and king mackerel (S. cavalla) are coastal migratory pelagic species, found in the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Both species are members of the family Scombridae, which includes the tunas, bonitos, the true mackerels (Scombrini; Genera: Scomber and Rastrelliger) and the Spanish (Scomberomorini; Genera: Acanthocybium, Scomberomorus and Grammatorcynus) mackerels. King mackerel is found in the Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, from Massachusetts south to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Figure 1). This is an important commercial and recreational fish along the east coast of the United States (DeVries et al. 2002). King mackerel prefer warm waters and are rarely found in areas with sea surface temperatures less than 68 F (20 C ) (SAFMC 2013a). They form large schools and feed aggressively on smaller fishes, squid and shrimp. King mackerel are sexually dimorphic, with females exhibiting faster growth rates, and attaining larger sizes than males (DeVries and Grimes 1997). Growth rates also vary by region, with Atlantic fish growing at a faster rate than Gulf of Mexico fish (DeVries and Grimes 1997). Females reach maturity during the first year of life, upon reaching approximately 14 cm FL and males mature by 4 years, or 72 cm FL. King mackerels are highly fecund, with females releasing multiple batches of eggs throughout the spawning season. Finucane et al. (Finucane et al. 1986) sampled king mackerel, from both the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico and found mature females contained 69,000-12,207,000 eggs.

10 Figure 1. Geographic distribution of king mackerel ( Spanish mackerel are distributed along the eastern coast of the US and through the Gulf of Mexico and they are targeted by commercial and recreational fishers throughout their range (NMFS 2009) (Figure 2). Commercial operators are allocated only 32% of Spanish mackerel catch in the Gulf of Mexico. Accordingly, recreational landings exceed commercial landings in the Gulf. In the Atlantic, the commercial catch exceeds recreational landings (NMFS 2009). This species is confined to seas with water temperatures between 21 C and 27 C, and migrates northward during the spring and southward in the fall (Godcharles and Murphy 1986). In spring, summer and fall months they are abundant in the northern Gulf of Mexico and along the US Atlantic coast (Godcharles and Murphy 1986). Female Spanish mackerel reach sexual maturity later, and at larger sizes than males. Males become reproductively viable in their first year, with 50% of males mature at 23.9 cm (9.4 ) FL (Schmidt et al. 1993). Females become mature in their second year, with 50% of females mature at 35.8 cm (14.1 ) FL (Schmidt et al. 1993). Spawning occurs from approximately May to August in the Atlantic (Schmidt et al. 1993) and May to September in the Gulf of Mexico (Finucane and Collins 1986). Maximum ages of 6 years and 11 years have been recorded for males and females, respectively (Schmidt et al. 1993). Spanish mackerel are highly fecund, with females containing 100,000-2,000,000 eggs (Finucane and Collins 1986). Figure 2. Geographical distribution of Spanish mackerel ( In the US Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Spanish and king mackerel fisheries are managed under the Fishery Management Plan (FMP) for Coastal and Migratory Pelagic Resources (Mackerels) (1983). This FMP includes provisions for both Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico fish stocks and is jointly managed by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC) and the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council (GMFMC). This document establishes catch limits, identifies allowable gear (Table 2) and seasonal fishery closures for commercial and recreational fishers, and establishes a framework for modifying the FMP, as dictated by changes in stock parameters and fishery exploitation. The FMP has been amended 20 times between 1985 and 2014.

11 Table 2. Gears permitted in directed coastal pelagic fisheries in the US South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico EEZs (Wildlife and Fisheries 2013). Production Statistics King and Spanish mackerel are landed by commercial fishers throughout their respective ranges. In 2009, a total of 15,308 mt of king mackerel were landed worldwide. Major fishing nations include Brazil (4683 mt), the US (3512 mt), Mexico (3473 mt) and Venezuela (2200 mt) (FAO 2011) (Figure 3). In 2011, US commercial fishers landed mt of king mackerel in the Atlantic and mt in the Gulf of Mexico. The bulk of these captures occurred in Florida (73%, both coasts), Louisiana (17.4%) and North Carolina (7.1%). Alabama (1.9%), South Carolina (<1%), Texas (<1%) and Virginia (<1%) also reported nominal landings (NMFS 2013). The primary means of king mackerel capture in the Atlantic are handlines (86%) or troll/pole gears (11.7%), whereas handlines (66.7%) and runaround (strike) gillnets (20.4%) account for the majority of king mackerel landings in the Gulf of Mexico (Figure 4).

12 Figure 3. Worldwide king mackerel landings, (FAO 2011). Figure 4. King mackerel landings by gear type in the US Atlantic (a) and Gulf of Mexico (b) EEZs. The 'other' designation includes combined, longline and unspecified gear types. Most recently, commercial fishery captures of Spanish mackerel were reported by Mexico and the United States, with total worldwide landings of 8211 mt (FAO 2011) (Figure 5). In 2011, US fishers landed mt of Spanish mackerel in the Atlantic and mt in the Gulf of Mexico. Florida was responsible for 61.9% (both coasts) of total US Spanish mackerel landings, while North Carolina and Alabama landed 15.3% and 14.7%, respectively. Connecticut, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Virginia also reported some capture (<1%). Spanish mackerel in the US Atlantic are landed primarily via cast net (39.6%), handlines (28.5%) and gillnet gears (27.3%). In the US Gulf of Mexico the majority of Spanish mackerel landings are attributable to gillnet (82.9%) and handline gears (28.5%) (NMFS 2013) (Figure 6).Gillnet operators oftentimes do not disclose the particular type of gillnet array being fished but it is generally accepted that the majority of these gillnet gears are runaround (strike) nets (SEDAR 2012)(SEDAR 2013b).

13 Figure 5. Worldwide Spanish mackerel catch, (FAO 2011). Figure 6. Spanish mackerel landings by gear type for the US Atlantic (a) and Gulf of Mexico (b) EEZs. For the Atlantic 'other' gears include seine nets, otter trawls, weirs, pound nets, dredge, diving outfits, combined and unspecified gears. For the Gulf 'other' gears include seine nets, cast nets and combination gears. Historically, both Spanish and king mackerel have been incidentally captured, in high numbers, and discarded dead (SEDAR 2008)(SEDAR 2009a) in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic shrimp trawl fisheries. There is some evidence to suggest that recent mitigation measures have been successful (SEDAR 2013b), however there is still much uncertainty regarding the magnitude of finfish bycatch by shrimp trawlers. King mackerel discards, particularly from the Gulf shrimp fishery, have varied over time, and appear to have decreased sharply in the last several years (SEDAR 2009a)). Similarly, the most recent Spanish Mackerel stock assessments (SEDAR 2012)(SEDAR 2013b) concluded that Spanish mackerel bycatch in both in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico the shrimp trawl fisheries has decreased significantly in recent years. During shrimp trawl bycatch reduction studies in the 1990's, Spanish mackerel occurred in less than than 10 percent of the trawl samples, unless sampling was in very shallow water, where occurrence increased to approximately 50% of the trawl samples (Branstetter 1997). Even when Spanish mackerel occurred in the nets, the abundance was low, with usually less than five fish per hour being documented (Nance 1998). Importance to the US/North American market. In recent years the US has imported and exported fresh, frozen and preserved mackerel. Categories for imported and exported fishery products are set forth in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule, as maintained by the US International Trade Commission. While this body does recognize trade in mackerels, specifically, jack and horse mackerel (Trachurus spp.), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius), as well as blue, chub and Atlantic mackerels (Scomber scombrus, S. australasicus and S. japonicas; collectively grouped as mackerel ), there is no specific designation for either king or Spanish mackerel. Accordingly, these species are included in

14 an other marine fish category, thus it is difficult to state with any certainty whether these species are imported to or exported from the US (M. Liddel, pers comm.). Common and market names. King mackerel is also known as king, kingfish, cavalla, smoker, sierra and cero (NMFS 2013a,b). Spanish mackerel is also known Spaniard, spotted mackerel, bay mackerel and spotted cybium (NMFS 2013b). Primary product forms Both species are commonly available fresh, frozen and smoked.

15 Assessment This section assesses the sustainability of the fishery(s) relative to the Seafood Watch Criteria for Fisheries, available at Criterion 1: Impacts on the species under assessment This criterion evaluates the impact of fishing mortality on the species, given its current abundance. The inherent vulnerability to fishing rating influences how abundance is scored, when abundance is unknown. The final Criterion 1 score is determined by taking the geometric mean of the abundance and fishing mortality scores. The Criterion 1 rating is determined as follows: Score >3.2=Green or Low Score >2.2 and 3.2=Yellow or Moderate Score 2.2=Red or High Rating is Critical if Factor 1.3 (Fishing Mortality) is Critical Criterion 1 Summary ATLANTIC SPANISH MACKEREL Region Method United States of America/Western Central Atlantic Cast nets United States of America Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Score 2.00: Medium 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low Green (5.00) United States of America/Western Central Atlantic Drift gillnets United States of America 2.00: Medium 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low Green (5.00) United States of America/Western Central Atlantic Handlines and hand-operated pole-andlines United States of America 2.00: Medium 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low Green (5.00) United States of America/Gulf of Mexico Drift gillnets United States of America 2.00: Medium 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low Green (5.00) United States of America/Gulf of Mexico Handlines and handoperated pole-and-lines United States of America 2.00: Medium 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low Green (5.00)

16 KING MACKEREL Region Method United States of America/Western Central Atlantic Handlines and hand-operated pole-andlines United States of America United States of America/Gulf of Mexico Drift gillnets United States of America United States of America/Gulf of Mexico Handlines and handoperated pole-and-lines United States of America United States of America/Western Central Atlantic Hand-operated pole and lines United States of America United States of America/Western Central Atlantic Trolling lines United States of America Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Score 1.00: High 5.00: Very Low 1.00: High 5.00: Very Low 1.00: High 5.00: Very Low 1.00: High 5.00: Very Low 1.00: High 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low Green (5.00) 3.67: Low Green (4.28) 3.67: Low Green (4.28) 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Criterion 1 Assessment SCORING GUIDELINES Factor Inherent Vulnerability Low The FishBase vulnerability score for species is 0-35, OR species exhibits life history characteristics that make it resilient to fishing, (e.g., early maturing). Medium The FishBase vulnerability score for species is 36-55, OR species exhibits life history characteristics that make it neither particularly vulnerable nor resilient to fishing, (e.g., moderate age at sexual maturity (5-15 years), moderate maximum age (10-25 years), moderate maximum size, and middle of food chain). High The FishBase vulnerability score for species is , OR species exhibits life history characteristics that make is particularly vulnerable to fishing, (e.g., long-lived (>25 years), late maturing (>15 years), low reproduction rate, large body size, and top-predator). Note: The FishBase vulnerability scores is an index of

17 the inherent vulnerability of marine fishes to fishing based on life history parameters: maximum length, age at first maturity, longevity, growth rate, natural mortality rate, fecundity, spatial behaviors (e.g., schooling, aggregating for breeding, or consistently returning to the same sites for feeding or reproduction) and geographic range. Factor Abundance 5 (Very Low ) Strong evidence exists that the population is above target abundance level (e.g., biomass at maximum sustainable yield, BMSY) or near virgin biomass. 4 (Low ) Population may be below target abundance level, but it is considered not overfished 3 (Moderate ) Abundance level is unknown and the species has a low or medium inherent vulnerability to fishing. 2 (High ) Population is overfished, depleted, or a species of concern, OR abundance is unknown and the species has a high inherent vulnerability to fishing. 1 (Very High ) Population is listed as threatened or endangered. Factor Fishing Mortality 5 (Very Low ) likely that fishing mortality is below a sustainable level (e.g., below fishing mortality at maximum sustainable yield, FMSY), OR fishery does not target species and its contribution to the mortality of species is negligible ( 5% of a sustainable level of fishing mortality) (Low ) Probable (>50%) chance that fishing mortality is at or below a sustainable level, but some uncertainty exists, OR fishery does not target species and does not adversely affect species, but its contribution to mortality is not negligible, OR fishing mortality is unknown, but the population is healthy and the species has a low susceptibility to the fishery (low chance of being caught) (Moderate ) Fishing mortality is fluctuating around sustainable levels, OR fishing mortality is unknown and species has a moderate-high susceptibility to the fishery and, if species is depleted, reasonable management is in place. 1 (High ) Overfishing is occurring, but management is in place to curtail overfishing, OR fishing mortality is unknown, species is depleted, and no management is in place. 0 (Critical) Overfishing is known to be occurring and no reasonable management is in place to curtail overfishing. ATLANTIC SPANISH MACKEREL Factor Inherent Vulnerability UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, CAST NETS, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED Medium Spanish mackerel live only 6-11 years (Schmidt et al. 1993) with females maturing in their second year, accordingly this species has a Fishbase score of 39 of 100 and is deteremined to be of moderate inherent vulnerability (Froese and Pauly 2011). Fishbase scores are based on a number of intrinstic parameters including length, age at maturity, von bertalanffy growth function, natural mortality rate (M), maximum age, geographic range, fecundity and spatial behavior (see (Cheung et al. 2005)) that influence the

18 vulnerablity of fish species to extinction. Factor Abundance UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, CAST NETS, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED Very Low A stock assessment was conducted in 2012 (SEDAR 2012) and concluded that SSB 2011/SSB MSY=1.49, with biomass exceeding both, MSST and B MSY (Figure 9). The South Atlantic Spanish mackerel stock is not currently in an overfished state and is considered a very low conservation concern. Justification: Figure 9. Estimated total biomass of southern Atlantic Spanish mackerel; the dashed line indicates B MSY (SEDAR 2012). UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED Very Low Gulf of Mexico Spanish mackerel were recently assessed by SEDAR (SEDAR 2013b). This report concluded that SSB 2011/SSB MSY=1.83. This stock is not in an overfished state (Figure 7). However, there was some disagreement amongst the independent reviewers as to the appropriateness of the assessment model, accordingly there were no population or fishing mortality estimates endorsed in the final SEDAR assessment report. The Gulf of Mexico Fishery Managment Council assembled a Scientific and Statistical

19 Committee (SSC) Review Panel to address the independent reviewer critiques in August The panel concluded that the data used in the assessment were sound and robust and affirmed that biomass exceeds management targets. The Gulf Spanish mackerel stock is above managemetn targets, not in an overfished state and is considered to be a very low conservation concern. Justification: Figure 7. Estimated total Gulf of Mexico Spanish mackerel biomass (SEDAR 2013). Factor Fishing Mortality

20 UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, CAST NETS, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED Very Low Spanish mackerel in the U.S. Atlantic are landed primarily via cast net (39.6%), handlines (28.5%) and gillnet gears (27.3%). In the most recent stock assessment report (SEDAR 2012) fishing mortality for the Atlantic Spanish mackerel stock was determined to be F 2011/F MSY=0.521, overfishing is not occurring. Mortality estimates are not differentiated according to gear type, but overall this fishery is determined to be of very low concern. Justification: UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED Very Low In the Gulf of Mexico the majority of Spanish mackerel landings are attributable to gillnet (82.9%) and handline gears (28.5%) (NMFS 2013). Trip tickets often do not specify which type of gillnets gears are used, however, runaround gillnets are considered to be the primary gear used to land Spanish mackerel in the Gulf (GMFMC et al. 2004). The Gulf of Mexico Spanish mackerel stock was asssessed in 2012 (SEDAR 2013b). This assessment concluded F /MFMT = 0.40, thus this stock is not undergoing overfishing (Figure 8). However, there was some disagreement amongst the independent reviewers as to the appropriateness of the assessment model, accordingly there were no population or fishing mortality estimates endorsed in the final SEDAR assessment report. The GMFMC assembled a SSC Review Panel to address the independent reviewer critiques in August The panel concluded that the data used in the assessment were sound and robust and affirmed that fishery mortality for this stock is below MFMT. The SSC panel produced a fishing mortality estimate that was slightly lower (F current/mfmt=0.38) than that in the SEDAR report, although it remains in line with the overall conclusions (GMFMC 2013c). The Gulf Spanish mackerel stock is not undergoing overfishing and is therefore considered a very low conservation concern. Justification:

21 Figure 8. Fleet specific fishing mortality estimates for Gulf of Mexico Spanish Mackerel (SEDAR 2013a). Fishing fleets include commerical gillnet (Com_GN), commerical rod and reel (Com_RR), recreational (REC) fishers, as well as bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl (Shrimp_Bycatch). These bycatch estimates are highly uncertain and should be interpreted with caution (Branstetter pers comm.) Historically there has been some concern over Spanish mackerel bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery (SEDAR 2013b). However, Branstetter (Branstetter 1997) and Nance (Nance 1998) found that Spanish mackerel were rarely captured in sampled trawls. On those occassions where Spanish mackerel were caught in trawls (typically only in shallow water), the CPUE was very low (Nance 1998). KING MACKEREL Factor Inherent Vulnerability UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED High King mackerel are long lived and males mature relatively late (females <1 yr; males: 4 years) (DeVries and Grimes 1987). This species has a Fishbase score of 69 of 100 and is deteremined to be of high inherent vulnerability (Froese and Pauly 2011). Fishbase scores are based on a number of intrinstic parameters including length, age at maturity, von bertalanffy growth function, natural mortality rate (M), maximum age, geographic range, fecundity and spatial behavior (see (Cheung et al. 2005)) that influence the vulnerablity of fish species to extinction.

22 Factor Abundance UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED Very Low SEDAR (2014b) carried out an assessment of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico king mackerel stocks in This assessment found the biomass for the Atlantic stock to exceed spawning stock biomass (SSB) at maximum sustainable yeild (MSY). It was estimated that SSB 2012/SSBMSY=1.24, hence this stock is not currently in an overfished state (SEDAR 2014b). Atlantic king mackerel stocks are determined to be of very low concern. UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED Very Low The Gulf of Mexico king mackerel stock was most recently assessed in 2014 (SEDAR 2014a). This assessment found the spawning stock biomass (SSB) to exceed the benchmark value with SSB 2012/SSB MSY=2.1, hence this stock is not currently in an overfished state. The Gulf of Mexico king mackerel stock is determined to be of very low concern as biomass is above the target at maiximum sustainable yield. Factor Fishing Mortality UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED Very Low In the U.S. Atlantic handline and other hook and line gears (troll) are responsible for over 98% of king mackerel landings. Fishing mortality for Atlantic King Mackerel was most recently assesed in 2014 (SEDAR 2014b). Mortality estimates are not differentiated according to gear type, but overall, the South Atlantic mackerel stocks are exploited at a level far below the fishing mortality at maximum sustainable yeild (F MSY), (F /F =0.37) (SEDAR 2014b). This stock is deemed to be of very low conservation concern MSY UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED

23 Low In the U.S. Gulf of Mexico hook and line gears and strike (runaround) gillnets accounts for 78% and 20% of king mackerel landings, respectively. Fishing mortality for king mackerel in the Gulf of Mexico was most recently assessed in 2014 (SEDAR 2014a). This is assessment however does not include fishing mortality attributable to Mexican fishing fleets targeting this population of king mackerel, accordingly there is some uncertainty as to the actual level of fishery exploitation experienced in the Gulf. Mortality estimates are not differentiated according to gear type, but overall, the Gulf fishery mortality (F) is below the maximum sustainable yield (MSY); F 2012/F MSY=0.507 (SEDAR 2014a). Due to the uncertainty of the impacts of the Mexican fishery this stock is scored as low, rather than very low conservation concern.

24 Criterion 2: Impacts on other species All main retained and bycatch species in the fishery are evaluated in the same way as the species under assessment were evaluated in Criterion 1. Seafood Watch defines bycatch as all fisheries-related mortality or injury to species other than the retained catch. Examples include discards, endangered or threatened species catch, and ghost fishing. To determine the final Criterion 2 score, the score for the lowest scoring retained/bycatch species is multiplied by the discard rate score (ranges from 0-1), which evaluates the amount of non-retained catch (discards) and bait use relative to the retained catch. The Criterion 2 rating is determined as follows: Score >3.2=Green or Low Score >2.2 and 3.2=Yellow or Moderate Score 2.2=Red or High Rating is Critical if Factor 2.3 (Fishing Mortality) is Crtitical Criterion 2 Summary Only the lowest scoring main species is/are listed in the table and text in this Criterion 2 section; a full list and assessment of the main species can be found in Appendix A. ATLANTIC SPANISH MACKEREL - UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO - DRIFT GILLNETS - UNITED Subscore: 4.28 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 4.28 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore King mackerel 1.00:High 5.00:Very Low 3.67:Low Green (4.28) ATLANTIC SPANISH MACKEREL - UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO - HANDLINES AND HAND- OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES - UNITED Subscore: 1.41 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 1.41 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Greater amberjack 2.00:Medium 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.41) King mackerel 1.00:High 5.00:Very Low 3.67:Low Green (4.28) ATLANTIC SPANISH MACKEREL - UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC - CAST NETS - UNITED Subscore: 5.00 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 5.00 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore

25 No other main species caught ATLANTIC SPANISH MACKEREL - UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC - DRIFT GILLNETS - UNITED Subscore: 5.00 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 5.00 Species No other main species caught Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore ATLANTIC SPANISH MACKEREL - UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC - HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES - UNITED Subscore: 2.64 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 2.64 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Blue runner 3.00:Low 3.00:Moderate Crevalle jack 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Spotted tunny 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 2.33:Moderate Bluefish 1.00:High 4.00:Low 5.00:Very Low King mackerel 1.00:High 5.00:Very Low 5.00:Very Low Yellow (2.64) Yellow (2.64) Yellow (2.64) Green (4.47) Green (5.00) KING MACKEREL - UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO - DRIFT GILLNETS - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Subscore: 5.00 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 5.00 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Atlantic Spanish mackerel 2.00:Medium 5.00:Very Low 5.00:Very Low Green (5.00) KING MACKEREL - UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO - HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE- AND-LINES - UNITED Subscore: 1.41 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 1.41 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Greater amberjack 2.00:Medium 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.41)

26 Atlantic Spanish mackerel 2.00:Medium 5.00:Very Low 5.00:Very Low Green (5.00) KING MACKEREL - UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC - HANDLINES AND HAND- OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES - UNITED Subscore: 2.64 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 2.64 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Blue runner 3.00:Low 3.00:Moderate Crevalle jack 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Spotted tunny 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 2.33:Moderate Bluefish 1.00:High 4.00:Low 5.00:Very Low Atlantic Spanish mackerel 2.00:Medium 5.00:Very Low 5.00:Very Low Yellow (2.64) Yellow (2.64) Yellow (2.64) Green (4.47) Green (5.00) KING MACKEREL - UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC - HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES - UNITED Subscore: 2.64 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 2.64 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Spotted tunny 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Blue runner 3.00:Low 3.00:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 2.33:Moderate Yellow (2.64) Yellow (2.64) KING MACKEREL - UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC - TROLLING LINES - UNITED Subscore: 2.64 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 2.64 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Spotted tunny 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Blue runner 3.00:Low 3.00:Moderate 2.33:Moderate 2.33:Moderate Yellow (2.64) Yellow (2.64)

27 In general, fisheries targeting Spanish and king mackerel capture few incidental species. Both mackerel species examined here are typically found in schools and many of the predominant gears used to catch these species are designed to circle and entrap the whole school. Accordingly, it is those fisheries that use hook and line gears that are responible for the majority of incidental landings. Data on landings of non-target speices were collected from a number of sources. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission furnished landings summaries for trips using hook and line gear targetting Spanish or king mackerels from (S. Brown pers comm.). Additional sources included a NOAA report on catch and bycatch in US gillnet fisheries (Passerotti et al. 2009) and a report on commerical fishery discards from the US Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic regions (Poffenberger 2004). The species assessed here are mostly retained in the fishery of interest with minimal levels of discarding. Criterion 2 Assessment SCORING GUIDELINES Factor Inherent Vulnerability (same as Factor 1.1 above) Factor Abundance (same as Factor 1.2 above) Factor Fishing Mortality (same as Factor 1.3 above) BLUE RUNNER Factor Inherent Vulnerability UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED Low Blue runner is a schooling, predatory fish that grows quickly and has a protracted spawning period, from January to August, in the Atlantic (Froese and Pauly 2011). Accordingly, blue runner has a Fishbase score of 34 of 100 and is deteremined to be of low inherent vulnerability (Froese and Pauly 2011). Factor Abundance UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED Moderate There is no information available on the current stock status of blue runner in the western central Atlantic region. Due to low vulnerability to fishing pressure and this lack of information on local abundance, blue

28 runner is determined to be of moderate concern. Factor Fishing Mortality UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED Moderate There are no estimates available for blue runner fishing mortality. However, the majority of blue runner landed in the Atlantic EEZ in 2011 was landed using handline and rod and reel gears (NMFS 2013b) so the contribution of the handline fishery to overall blue runner mortality is potentially signficant. Accordingly, this fishery is determined to be of moderate concern. Factor Discard Rate UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED < 20% There are no fishery specific discard data available for handline fisheries targeting Spanish and king mackerel. However, handline gear has low rates of bycatch. Kelleher (Kelleher 2005) found that, in general, handline fisheries have a discard rate ranging from 0-7%. UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED < 20% There are no fishery specific discard data available for troll fisheries targeting king mackerel. However, troll gear has exceedingly low rates of bycatch. Kelleher (Kelleher 2005) found that, in general, troll fisheries have a discard rate ranging from 0-7%. CREVALLE JACK Factor Inherent Vulnerability UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED Medium This species has a FishBase score of 58 of 100 (Froese and Pauly 2011) which typically results in a scoring of high inherent vulnerability. However, this conclusion has been disputed, and a productivity-susceptibility analysis of the life-history characterisitcs (table 1) suggest that a score of medium inherent vulnberability would be more appropriate. A score of medium vulnerability was corroborated by expert opinion (Smith-Vaniz 2015) and has been applied here.

29 Factor Abundance UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED Moderate There is no stock assessment for crevalle jack in the South Atlantic region. Landings in Florida have decreased moderately over the last several years (Figure 10, (FWC 2010)), although there is no biomass estimate available. Due to this uncertainty, together with this species' medium vulnerability to fishing pressure, this stock is determined to be of moderate concern. Justification: Figure 10. Annual standardized landings rates for crevalle jack in Florida. Atlantic commercial landings rates (pounds/trip), (FWC 2010). Factor Fishing Mortality UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED Moderate There are no estimates available for crevalle jack fishing mortality. Accordingly, this fishery is determined to be of moderate concern. Factor Discard Rate UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED < 20% There are no fishery specific discard data available for handline fisheries targeting Spanish and king mackerel. However, handline gear has low rates of bycatch. Kelleher (Kelleher 2005) found that, in general, handline fisheries have a discard rate ranging from 0-7%. SPOTTED TUNNY

30 Factor Inherent Vulnerability UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED Medium Spotted tunny has a FishBase score of 57 of 100 (Froese and Pauly 2011) and would typically be scored as having high inherent vulnerability. However, this conclusion has been quesitoned and a productivitysusceptibility analysis of the life-history characteristics (table 2) suggests that a score of medium inherent vulnerability would be more appropriate. This was corroborated by expert opinion (Ahrabi-Nejad 2015) and is therefore the score asigned here. Justification: Factor Abundance UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED Moderate There are no data available on spotted tunny biomass in the western Atlantic (ICCAT 2013). Due to this uncertainty and this species' medium inherent vulnerability, stock status is considered to be of moderate concern. Factor Fishing Mortality UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED Moderate There are no estimates available for spotted tunny fishing mortality (ICCAT 2013). Accordingly, this fishery is determined to be of moderate concern. Factor Discard Rate UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED < 20%

31 There are no fishery specific discard data available for handline fisheries targeting Spanish and king mackerel. However, handline gear has low rates of bycatch. Kelleher (Kelleher 2005) found that, in general, handline fisheries have a discard rate ranging from 0-7%. UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED UNITED /WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED < 20% There are no fishery specific discard data available for troll fisheries targeting king mackerel. However, troll gear has exceedingly low rates of bycatch. Kelleher (Kelleher 2005) found that, in general, troll fisheries have a discard rate ranging from 0-7%. GREATER AMBERJACK Factor Inherent Vulnerability UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED Medium Greater amberjack has a Fishbase score of 54/100 and is therefore deteremined to be of moderate inherent vulnerability (Froese and Pauly 2011). Factor Abundance UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED High The most recent assessment of the Gulf of Mexico greater amberjack biomass was conducted in 2011 (SEDAR 2011) and the stock was determined to be depleted, with B 2009/B MSY=0.31. This stock is considered overfished (GMFMC 2012c). SEDAR is currently conducting an updated assessment which will likely be published in Factor Fishing Mortality UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED High Fishing mortality of greater amberjack in the Gulf of Mexico is currently exceeding threshold values, with F 2009/F MSY=1.830; overfishing is occuring (NMFS 2012b)(SEDAR 2011). There are no data available for handline-specific fishery mortality, although handlines account for the bulk of greater amberjack landings (NMFS 2013) and this gear type is therefore likely a significant contributor to overall fishery mortality. Factor Discard Rate

32 UNITED /GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED < 20% There are no fishery specific discard data available for handline fisheries targeting Spanish and king mackerel. However, handline gear has exceedingly low rates of bycatch. Kelleher (Kelleher 2005) found that, in general, handline fisheries have a discard rate ranging from 0-7%.

33 Criterion 3: Management ness Management is separated into management of retained species (harvest strategy) and management of nonretained species (bycatch strategy). The final score for this criterion is the geometric mean of the two scores. The Criterion 3 rating is determined as follows: Score >3.2=Green or Low Score >2.2 and 3.2=Yellow or Moderate Score 2.2 or either the Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) or Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) is Very High = Red or High Rating is Critical if either or both of Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) and Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) ratings are Critical. Criterion 3 Summary Region / Method United States of America / Gulf of Mexico / Drift gillnets / United States of America United States of America / Gulf of Mexico / Handlines and hand-operated pole-and-lines / United States of America United States of America / Western Central Atlantic / Drift gillnets / United States of America United States of America / Western Central Atlantic / Cast nets / United States of America United States of America / Western Central Atlantic / Handlines and handoperated pole-and-lines / United States of America United States of America / Western Central Atlantic / Trolling lines / United States of America United States of America / Western Central Atlantic / Hand-operated pole and lines / United States of America Harvest Strategy Bycatch Strategy Score Green (5.00) Yellow (3.00) Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Green (5.00) Criterion 3 Assessment SCORING GUIDELINES Factor Harvest Strategy Seven subfactors are evaluated: Management Strategy, Recovery of Species of, Scientific Research/Monitoring, Following of Scientific Advice, Enforcement of Regulations, Management Track Record, and Inclusion of Stakeholders. Each is rated as ineffective, moderately effective, or highly effective. 5 (Very Low ) Rated as highly effective for all seven subfactors considered 4 (Low ) Management Strategy and Recovery of Species of rated highly effective and all

34 other subfactors rated at least moderately effective. 3 (Moderate ) All subfactors rated at least moderately effective. 2 (High ) At minimum, meets standards for moderately effective for Management Strategy and Recovery of Species of, but at least one other subfactor rated ineffective. 1 (Very High ) Management exists, but Management Strategy and/or Recovery of Species of rated ineffective. 0 (Critical) No management exists when there is a clear need for management (i.e., fishery catches threatened, endangered, or high concern species), OR there is a high level of Illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing occurring. Factor 3.1 Summary FACTOR MANAGEMENT OF FISHING IMPACTS ON RETAINED SPECIES Region / Method Strategy Recovery Research Advice Enforce Track Inclusion United States of America / Gulf of Mexico / Drift gillnets / United States of America N/A United States of America / Gulf of Mexico / Handlines and handoperated pole-and-lines / United States of America Moderately United States of America / Western Central Atlantic / Drift gillnets / United States of America N/A United States of America / Western Central Atlantic / Cast nets / United States of America N/A United States of America / Western Central Atlantic / Handlines and hand-operated pole-and-lines / United States of America N/A United States of America / Western Central Atlantic / Trolling lines / United States of America N/A United States of America / Western Central Atlantic / Handoperated pole and lines / United States of America N/A Subfactor Management Strategy and Implementation Considerations: What type of management measures are in place? Are there appropriate management goals, and is there evidence that management goals are being met? To achieve a highly effective rating, there must be

35 appropriate management goals, and evidence that the measures in place have been successful at maintaining/rebuilding species. UNITED / GULF OF MEXICO, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED UNITED / GULF OF MEXICO, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND-LINES, UNITED UNITED / WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, DRIFT GILLNETS, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNITED / WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, CAST NETS, UNITED UNITED / WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HANDLINES AND HAND-OPERATED POLE-AND- LINES, UNITED UNITED / WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, TROLLING LINES, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNITED / WESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, HAND-OPERATED POLE AND LINES, UNITED King and Spanish mackerel in the Atlantic are managed by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC), whereas in the Gulf of Mexico both species are managed by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council (GMFMC). The SAFMC/GMFMC management boundary is Highway 1 through the Florida Keys, with SAFMC managing king and Spanish mackerel off the east coast of the US, south to Highway 1 and GMFMC managing these species north of Highway 1 to the US-Mexico border (Figure 11, Figure 12; (SEDAR 2009a)). Spanish mackerel in the southeast Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico region is managed as two separate fish stocks, according to management council boundaries (Figure 11 (SEDAR 2012)). However, there is some disagreement as to whether there are multiple distinct stocks (SEDAR 2012). There appear to be no genetic differences between Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico stocks, although morphometric differences do exist (SEDAR 2008). It is unclear whether Atlantic and Gulf Spanish mackerel mix directly, or if the homogeneity between these populations is instead a result of genetic exchange during spawning (SEDAR 2008). The Atlantic stock (SAFMC) and includes all fish caught south of US Highway 1, through the Florida Keys, and northward along the east coast of Florida to Maine. Spanish mackerel caught north of US Highway 1, along the west coast of Florida to Texas are considered to belong to the Gulf of Mexico stock (GMFMC). All Spanish mackerel landed in Monroe County (the Florida Keys) are considered to be part of the Gulf of Mexico stock. Spanish mackerel landed in federal waters must be a least 12 (30.5 cm) FL and must be landed with heads and fins intact (SAFMC 2013c). It should be noted that Schmidt et al. (1993) found L50 = 36cm for females, thus a significant portion of females caught in adherence with the federal size guideline may not yet have reached reproductive age. In the Atlantic, Spanish mackerel can be caught from March until the end of February, or until the quota (3.87 million pounds; 1755 mt) is reached, with a 3,500 pound (1.6 mt) trip limit applying from March 1-December 1. After December 1 there are no trip limits. Purse seine and drift gillnet gear are prohibited. King mackerel in the Atlantic and Gulf are currently considered to be a single stock, comprised of two separate migratory units (Atlantic Migratory Group and Gulf Migratory Group; (SEDAR 2009a)), although there is evidence of two separate migratory groups in the Gulf of Mexico (DeVries and Grimes 1997, SEDAR 2009). The king mackerel Atlantic Migratory Group ranges from New York, south to Florida and the Gulf Migratory Group ranges from Florida to Texas. The boundary of these two groups sifts seasonally with king mackerel migratory patterns (Figure 12; (SEDAR 2009a)). Regulatory boundaries are not influenced by the range of stocks or migratory groups.

36 For king mackerel total allowable catch (TAC) limits have been designated for each migratory group, for each commercial and recreational operators, regardless of management jurisdiction. For both migratory groups the minimum king mackerel size is 24 (61cm) FL, with no more than 5% total catch, by weight, undersized. When landed, fins and heads must be attached (SAFMC 2013a). The Atlantic Migratory Group fishery is open from March until the end of February, or until the quota of 3.88 million pounds (1760 mt) is reached (NMFS 2012a). The Gulf Migratory Group king mackerel season varies for each of the five Gulf of Mexico management zones (see (GMFCM 2012)(NMFS 2012a)). Quotas also vary by management zone (NMFS 2012a). Bag limits and allowable gear vary by region. Notably, drift gillnets are forbidden in the Atlantic, although are permitted to capture king mackerel during an abbreviated season in south Florida west coast subzone (GMFCM 2012). The US king and Spanish mackerel stocks are each assessed regularly by the Southeast Data, Assessment and Review (SEDAR) process. SEDAR is a joint effort by the Caribbean, SAFMC, GMFMC, NOAA and the Atlantic and Gulf States Marine Fishery Commissions. These species is included in the Coastal Migratory Pelagic Fishery Management Plan (1983), which is amended regularly to adjust for changes in stock parameters, fishing effort and management goals. The goals for king and Spanish mackerel management set forth in the FMP are appropriate to the species and ongoing monitoring suggests that these management guidelines are being implemented successfully (Figure 9) (SEDAR 2012). Therefore, the management of each of fisheries listed here are considered to be highly effective. Justification: Figure 9. Estimated total biomass of southern Atlantic Spanish mackerel; the dashed line indicates B MSY (SEDAR 2012).

37 Figure 11. Fishery management council boundaries in the southeast US (SEDAR 2009). Figure 12. King mackerel migratory group seasonal boundaries ( sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/sf/makingsenseofmakerel.htm [sic.]). Subfactor Recovery of Species of Considerations: When needed, are recovery strategies/management measures in place to rebuild overfished/threatened/ endangered species or to limit fishery s impact on these species and what is their

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