The Uptake of Mercury and Relationship to Food Habits of Fish in the South River and South Fork Shenandoah River

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1 The Uptake of Mercury and Relationship to Food Habits of Fish in the South River and South Fork Shenandoah River G. W. Murphy, T. J. Newcomb, and D. J. Orth Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences Virginia Tech February Update

2 Study Justification Documented increase of mercury levels in fish Diet is potentially the greatest factor affecting the bioaccumulation of mercury by fish Food habits of most fish are generally well known, however no documentation exists from South River and South Fork Study will provide a better understanding of the processes and pathways affecting mercury uptake by fish

3 Today s Focus 1. Update on food habits 2. Outline of Phase II plans Lynwood, VA Dooms, VA

4 Objective Determine diet composition of target fish species in study and reference reaches Electrofishing White sucker

5 Target Fish Species White sucker Smallmouth bass Channel catfish Redbreast sunfish Jenkins and Burkhead 1993

6 Study & Reference Reaches Shenandoah R. North Fork North R. South Fork N Middle R. South R. Contamination Point miles

7 Sampling Methods Seasonal collections Electrofishers & hoopnets Goal = 30/species/reach Maximized size range Recorded measurements Removed stomach & otoliths

8 Laboratory Methods Food identification: - inverts (order) - fish (species) Weighed to g Preserved in EtOH Trichoptera Calculated diet composition using % by weight Ictaluridae Jenkins and Burkhead 1993

9 Results Waynesboro, VA

10 Achieved collection goal 31 of 40 attempts Collected total of 1,276 fish Winter Fall Summer Spring Species South River South Fork North River channel catfish. 1. redbreast sunfish smallmouth bass white sucker channel catfish. 38. redbreast sunfish smallmouth bass white sucker channel catfish. 26. redbreast sunfish smallmouth bass white sucker channel catfish. 2. redbreast sunfish smallmouth bass white sucker

11 Percent empty stomachs increased by season 100% Percent Empty Stomachs 80% 60% 40% 20% Redbreast sunfish Smallmouth bass White sucker Channel catfish 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

12 South River Grottoes, VA

13 South River redbreast sunfish mainly consuming aquatic insects 100% Percent Diet by Weight 80% 60% 40% 20% Fish Misc. Vegetation Detritus Crustacea Mollusca Annelida Terrestrial Aquatic Insect 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

14 South River smallmouth bass mainly consuming aquatic insects, crayfish, and fish 100% Percent Diet by Weight 80% 60% 40% 20% Fish Misc. Vegetation Detritus Crustacea Mollusca Annelida Terrestrial Aquatic Insect 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

15 South River white sucker mainly consuming detritus and aquatic insects 100% Percent Diet by Weight 80% 60% 40% 20% Fish Misc. Vegetation Detritus Crustacea Mollusca Annelida Terrestrial Aquatic Insect 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

16 South Fork Shenandoah River Bentonville, VA

17 South Fork redbreast sunfish mainly consuming aquatic insects 100% Percent Diet by Weight 80% 60% 40% 20% Fish Misc. Vegetation Detritus Crustacea Mollusca Annelida Terrestrial Aquatic Insect 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

18 South Fork smallmouth bass mainly consuming aquatic insects, crayfish, and fish 100% Percent Diet by Weight 80% 60% 40% 20% Fish Misc. Vegetation Detritus Crustacea Mollusca Annelida Terrestrial Aquatic Insect 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

19 South Fork white sucker mainly eating detritus and aquatic insects 100% Percent Diet by Weight 80% 60% 40% 20% Fish Misc. Vegetation Detritus Crustacea Mollusca Annelida Terrestrial Aquatic Insect 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

20 South Fork channel catfish mainly consuming algae and fish 100% Percent Diet by Weight 80% 60% 40% 20% Fish Misc. Vegetation Detritus Crustacea Mollusca Annelida Terrestrial Aquatic Insect 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

21 North River Grottoes, VA

22 North River redbreast sunfish mainly consuming aquatic insects 100% Percent Diet by Weight 80% 60% 40% 20% Fish Misc. Vegetation Detritus Crustacea Mollusca Annelida Terrestrial Aquatic Insect 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

23 North River smallmouth bass mainly consuming insects, crayfish, and fish 100% Percent Diet by Weight 80% 60% 40% 20% Fish Misc. Vegetation Detritus Crustacea Mollusca Annelida Terrestrial Aquatic Insect 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

24 North River white sucker mainly eating detritus and aquatic insects 100% Percent Diet by Weight 80% 60% 40% 20% Fish Miscellaneous Vegetation Detritus Crustacea Mollusca Annelida Terrestrial Aquatic Insect 0% Spring Summer Fall Winter Season

25 Food Habits Summary Redbreast sunfish diet consists mainly of aquatic insects and appears similar in all reaches Smallmouth bass diet consists mainly of aquatic insects, crayfish, and fish and appears similar in all reaches White sucker diet consists mainly of detritus and aquatic insects and appears similar in all reaches Channel catfish diet consists mainly of algae and fish

26 Grand Summary Completed Phase I fish sampling Completed laboratory identification of stomach contents Preliminary diet data analysis

27 Next Steps Group size classes Statistical analysis: - seasons - size classes - reaches Draft Phase I final report

28 Phase II Dooms, VA

29 Objective Evaluate total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in common food items utilized by target fish species in study and reference reaches Centrarchidae Ephemeroptera

30 Tentative Food Sampling Sites Shenandoah R. North Fork Fosters Landing Burketown North R. South Fork Waynesboro Constitution Park Middle R. South R. Crimora Waynesboro North Park Contamination Point miles N

31 Food Collection Methods Electrofishers, nets, traps, and invertebrate samplers Clean methods Composite samples -fish(n=5) - inverts (>2g) Water samples

32 Laboratory Analysis Frontier Geosciences, Inc. THg = HNO 3 /H 2 SO 4, CVAFS ng/g - $ MeHg = KOH/Methanol, CVAFS ng/g - $ TAT = 28 days

33 Tentative Collection List Insects: Ephemeroptera Trichoptera Plecoptera Diptera Odonata Lepidoptera Coleoptera Hemiptera Megaloptera Terr. Coleoptera Fish: Ictaluridae Centrarchidae Cyprinidae Percidae Other: Crayfish Detritus Annelida Asian clam Gastropoda Algae

34 Acknowledgements South River Science Team Committee Members Volunteers

35 Questions?

36 Cost Analysis Sites Samples Seasons THg (80%) $ MeHg (20%) $ Dry Ice ~$2.00/lbs. Shipping ~$35.00/lot Estimated Total Costs $9, $3, $ $ $13, $12, $4, $ $ $17, $15, $6, $ $ $21, $12, $4, $ $ $17, $16, $6, $ $ $23, $20, $8, $ $ $29, $15, $6, $ $ $22, $20, $8, $ $ $29, $25, $10, $ $ $36,380.00

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