Community based management & Co-management in India. Workshop 1 Group Discussion Report

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1 Community based management & Co-management in India Workshop 1 Group Discussion Report

2 1. Current Status of CBCM in India

3 Coastal Community Organisations India abounds with community organisations that manage various aspects of the fisheries Perhaps there is no fisherman or fishing family or fishing village that is not subject to control of a local community organisation CBOs undertaking some coastal management functions also exist in other coastal (non fishing) communities though much more limited in numbers and scope

4 Why is this not recognised? Why is this not reflected in the review or Govt of India presentations? Very limited documentation or literature Whatever documentation exists part of anthropological literature and rarely part of fisheries literature Though local levels of Government in India are aware of the fishing community CBOs, Govt is officially blind to these organisations

5 Fishing Community Organisations types Village (hamlet) level self governing organisations Village or landing centre based organisations that mainly govern fishing related matters Supra village level organisations that govern fishing and other community matters

6 Mechanised boat associations mostly harbour based Gear based associations mostly harbour based (exception Ring seine association in Kerala) Govt coops in Maharashtra and SIFFS societies in Tamil Nadu & Kerala that control marketing, credit and input supply

7 Women self help group (SHGs) that provide financial services and (less often) livelihood support mostly NGO organised, but also self organised in recent times Federations of women SHGs (mostly Govt or NGO supported); some take up women s issues livelihood and rights

8 Modern associations to lobby and fight for fishermen rights at cluster level, state level and national level (self organised as well as organised/supported by NGOs) Some are registered as trade unions, notably NFF and its member units Political party organised trade unions and associations Some conservation oriented groups that have come up in recent times to protect turtles, etc. New attempts to create fisheries management councils using traditional organisations as building blocks FAO tsunami project in Tamil Nadu and Kerala

9 Organisations masquerading as CBOs Government Coops across the entire coast (excepting Maharashtra) that are only conduits for Govt welfare measures and to provide basis of registering fishermen Kerala coops, a half-way house as there is some ownership of local community Gulf of Mannar GEF project formed ecodevelopment societies Many NGO formed organisations that have limited or no ownership of community

10 Other Coastal organisations Some non-fishing communities also have their own organisations much less and not as strong as fisher organisation Gram Panchayats (official local self governing mechanism set up by State) take some action related to coastal issues (protection of beach, habitats; provision of fishing facilities) Some others varying from state to state

11 2. Factors that hinder CBCM

12 Community level factors While village institutions are strong, the supra level organisations essential for resource management to be effective across a coast line are weak or withered away Serious internal divisions within community that have cropped up due to state interventions; deeply divided between mechanised and traditional fishing or between major gear groups; caste and religious differences in certain areas

13 Govt level Stigma attached to traditional organisations perceived to be caste organisations Lack of formal recognition of organic and self organised CBOs; preference for artificial entities created by state No idea about fisheries management lack of clarity on models for managing small scale fisheries in the tropics Development hangover, lack of application on management aspects

14 Examples/cases Traditional village organisations play multiple functions Fisheries management related function Social and religious functions Internal law & order, conflict management Village development Dealing with outside world Perhaps 2500 of India s 3400 fishing villages have this type of organisation!

15 Fisheries Management by traditional organisations Wide range of management tools used across the coast Access rights Landing rights Use of beach space Gear control Reservation of jobs for vulnerable groups Market related controls Allocation of sea space including sea bottom spaces (rare but exist) Fishing holidays

16 Pulicat lake retains traditional management system for prawn fishing similarities with Negombo lake system; Govt neither recognises or hinder it Serious limitations of Community based management with respect to open sea fishing but greater degree of control/success in closed or semienclosed water bodies

17 Examples of management by new generation organisations Chennai trawl boat association has cap on number of boats that can operate Mechanised boat associations provide compensation for loss of nets of small boats

18 Co-management examples 3 day-4 day rule in the Palk bay Regulation on mechanised boats in Kanyakumari district Agreement on fishing ban between Maharashtra Govt and fishermen coops Backwater fishing in Vembanad (Kerala) Indo-Sri Lanka fishermen attempt to regulate trans-border fishing (on-going)

19 Major management measures in India are result of fishermen struggles Marine Fisheries Regulation Acts in all states of India result of nationwide struggle of small fishermen under banner of NFF in 1979 Six week uniform fishing ban during breeding season is result of Kerala small fishermen s 7 year struggle demanding a monsoon ban on trawling Policy restricting foreign vessels is result of nationwide fishermen struggle against Joint Ventures in

20 Coastal management examples Mangrove protection in many areas Protection of coastal spaces direct action, litigation, etc. Fight against pollution first factory to be closed down in India due to pollution was in Goa in1973 due to fishermen struggle Fishermen have stopped sand mining in many areas; Kerala fishermen stopped proposal for deep sea mining for sand Aquaculture Authority set up as a result of fishermen struggle and civil society litigation on the issue of shrimp farms

21 3. Changes needed for successful CBCM

22 State recognition of traditional and self formed organisations of fishing communities Willingness of Govt to work with fishing communities in a equal partnership and acceptance of co-management concept Changes in laws that will facilitate transfer of power to community organisations

23 Creation of higher level platforms of fisher organisations that can address issues across longer stretches of the coast and get into comanagement arrangements with Govt Better documentation of role of community organisations, their strengths and weaknesses. Providing a new direction and content to existing organisations through suitable capacity building activities Stronger linkages with scientific world; role for civil society and fishing communities in setting agenda of scientific/academic institutions

24 No good examples for integrated coastal zone management where multiple livelihood groups and various Govt agencies have to cooperate More work is needed in this as fisher community based organisations cannot handle this through CBCM Need to recognise rights of fishing communities to coastal space for their cooperation in ICM

25 4. How to effect changes, who will do it?

26 Need for three parties to work together Govt, civil society and fishing communities Govt relationship with communities not suitable for transition to co-management, needs civil society mediation FAO, BOBLME can contribute by highlighting opportunities for comanagement

27 Fishing Communities in India have great capacity for management but without integrating them in a system of co-management, no effective management is possible Co-management is the only hope for India

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