Nephrops Forum Trawl Selectivity

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1 Nephrops Forum Nephrops Forum Trawl Selectivity Mike Montgomerie Gear Technologist Seafish

2 Trawl Selectivity All small mesh fisheries are prone to selectivity problems. Prawn trawls designed to maintain good seabed contact. Traditional prawn trawls been developed to target fish as well.

3 Trawl Selectivity In 70s - 80s era traditional nephrops vessel had engines in region of hp Trawls had to be of lightweight twine with some large meshes in top. Minimum mesh size only in codend and extension

4 Traditional nephrops trawl Large mesh top Minimum mesh in codend Short wing lines Smaller mesh lower panels

5 Trawl Selectivity Bigger more efficient vessels able to tow heavier trawls. Traditional prawn trawls have been developed to target fish as well. Many with minimum mesh sizes throughout Recently some of these trends are being reversed

6 Nephrops trawl 2008 NE Scotland Minimum mesh sizes throughout Wings redesigned to allow greater headline height Heavy footrope to maintain ground contact

7 Discards Traditional discards were small undersized fish. Particularly haddock and whiting Development of square mesh panels reduced discards in trawls Allowed smaller fish to escape upwards before entering the codend

8 Discards Square Mesh Panels

9 Discards Initially square mesh panels were of similar mesh size to the minimum mesh size. Recently fishermen have been fitting extra panels and larger mesh panels to further reduce discards

10 Discards Square mesh panels How and why do square mesh panels work?

11 Fish behaviour in the mouth of a trawl Haddock generally enter the mouth of the trawl off the bottom and up to several fathom off the seabed. The stimulus of passing over the footrope encourages them to rise up and fall back into the trawl. Some, particularly the larger fish will be strong enough to swim forward ahead of the headline and escape upwards.

12 Fish behaviour in the mouth of a trawl Whiting, follow a similar track to haddock but probably fewer escape over the headline.

13 Fish behaviour in the mouth of a trawl Cod tend to spend a long time ahead of the groundgear as if searching for escape gaps beneath the groundgear. They will eventually fall back into the trawl staying close to the lower panel of netting but above the sand cloud entering the net.

14 Fish behaviour in the mouth of a trawl Flats -They tend to stay low in the trawl with some species trying to escape capture by diving down into the sand cloud and becoming meshed in the belly netting. Monks follow a similar track without trying to escape

15 Fish behaviour in the mouth of a trawl Small fish will be herded into the mouth of the trawl and almost immediately start to drop back into the trawl. They tend to stay low in the trawl, probably partly because they do not have the strength and power to swim up and partly because their natural escape mechanism is to stay close to the seabed for protection from predators

16 Alterations to Trawl Design Separator Panels

17 Alterations to Trawl Design Separator Panels Panel set about 750mm above footrope white fish above prawns etc below then into 2 codends

18 Alterations to Trawl Design Prawn Trawl without any cover Headline cut back to be above footrope

19 Full size grid tested in 1999

20 Recent Selectivity Topics In the early years of this century cod stocks in UK waters were on the decline. Measures were being looked at to reduce cod discards EU Cod Recovery Project initiated.

21 Cod Recovery Limited knowledge of how cod behave in trawls. Involved participants from Denmark, Norway, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Holland.

22 Large Diamond Mesh Panels Large mesh top panels (400mm) as tested in cod recovery project. Released 40 50% of haddocks and whiting but had very little effect on cod catches

23 Baltic Panels Baltic Panels- stiffened square or diamond mesh in sides of cod end and /or extension to allow release of fish sideways

24 Alterations to Trawl Design Separator panel Inclined separator into 2 codends designed to work in similar manner to full separator panel but set further back in the trawl.

25 Alterations to Trawl Design Separator panel Inclined separator directed to escape hole in top panel

26 Rigid Grids Grid designed for Cosmos prawn trawl as part of Cod recovery

27 Swedish Grid in a Nephrops Trawl

28 Cod Recovery 2010 Discarding of cod due to lack of available quota is highlighted by media. EU claim the Aluminium Swedish grid will reduce cod catches to less than 1.5% of the total catch. This was stimulus for industry to develop alternative devices and alterations to trawls to reduce discarding of cod

29 Cod Recovery 2010 Industry came up with many good ideas Projects were initiated to trial various devices in Scotland, Northern Ireland and England The objectives being to release cod from trawls and retain all nephrops.

30 Swedish Grid The grid used was made from aluminium, 28mm on the circumference with 15mm vertical bars. 35mm spacing in accordance with regulation. 1.2m by 0.750mm hinged in the middle. To be fitted in between the tapered section and the codend

31 Swedish Grid

32 Swedish Grid

33 Swedish Grid

34 Swedish Grid Handling was a problem. The grid comes aboard in a rigid form. This is extremely cumbersome and dangerous to take on board.

35 Plastic Flexible Grids

36 Low headline Coverless trawl. Standard trawl Coverless trawl

37 Boxed Codend Extension Or Seltra Trawl 4 panels for the extension instead of the normal 2. 80mm Diamond mesh side and bottom panels 200mm square mesh top panel Standard two panel extension and codend 4 panel (boxed) extension section Main body of the trawl

38 Cod Recovery 2010 All net makers in Scotland worked with skippers to develop cod release devices Gamrie Bay Trawls developed the Flip flap Faithlie Trawls developed an inclined excluder design

39 Faithlie Trawls cod excluder Gamrie Bay flip flap Inclined panels to direct cod to escape hole in top panel

40

41 Cod Recovery 2010 Many other Scottish net makers and skippers have devices in the development stage. CEFAS trialled an inclined panel with a Scottish skipper with good results. Seafish in conjunction with Pisces Nets trialled a flexible plastic grid.

42 Cod Recovery 2010 Initial results from Seafish Plastic grid trials 8 hauls with small flexible plastic grid Reduced cod catches to 1.2% of total catch Reduced all fish catch by 81% Increased prawn catches by up to 21%

43 Cod Recovery 2010 Changes in catches by value Cod % reduction Haddock 67% reduction Whiting - 68% reduction Monks 66% reduction Prawn tails - 7% reduction Provisional figures from initial 8 hauls using a small plastic grid. Not to be quoted as actual scientific results Whole prawns 45% increase

44 Cod Recovery 2010 Loss of revenue due to release of valuable fish. Problems achieving the 1.5% cod if the selective device is efficient at reducing the overall discards. Incentive in regulation is to reduce cod discards not to reduce all discards. General discards in nephrops fishery are being forgotten about due to emphasis on cod. It has encouraged net makers and fishermen to develop discard reduction devices

45 Nephrops Forum Nephrops Forum Trawl Selectivity Mike Montgomerie Gear Technologist Seafish

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