8 th grade. Name Date Block
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1 Name Date Block The Plot & the Pendulum Lab A pendulum is any mass that swings back and forth on a rope, string, or chain. Pendulums can be found in old clocks and other machinery. A playground swing is a pendulum. Many amusement park rides are pendulums. If you pull the mass away from its rest position, so that the string is at an angle, and then let go, the mass will begin to swing back and forth. One trip back and forth is called a period. How fast the pendulum swings back and forth can change. Problem: What variables affect how fast a pendulum swings? For this lab you will investigate two possible factors that affect the speed of a pendulum. There are two separate experiments, graphs, data charts, & hypothesis. Your conclusion will need to include both hypotheses. Materials: String 60 cm long Paperclip Ruler 3 washers Pencil Masking Tape Variable #1: Does the length of string determine how fast a pendulum swings? Hypothesis: If the of the string affects how fast the pendulum swings, then Procedure: 1. Cut a piece of string 12cm, 22 cm, 32 cm and 52 cm. 2. Tie a paperclip to one end of the 52 cm string 3. Tape a pencil to the end of the table. 4. Tie the other end of the string to the pencil. 5. Tape the string in place with a small piece of masking tape. 6. Hang three metal washers on the paperclip. 7. Raise the washers to a medium height and let go. 8. Start the stopwatch 9. Count the number of times the pendulum makes a complete trip (a period) in 10 seconds. 10. Record your results in your data table. 11. Repeat this experiment for 5 more trials. 12. Cut the string away from the ring stand and paper clip and throw away. 13. Repeat steps 2-10 with the 32 cm, 22 cm and 12 cm string
2 Data How many periods in 10 seconds? Trial 1 Length of string 50 cm 30cm 20cm 10cm What is the independent variable? Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Average What is the dependent variable? Name two constants. Graph: Construct a line graph showing the length of string vs. the average number of swings.
3 Variable #2: How does changing the mass of the pendulum weight affect the speed of the pendulum? (Number of swings in 15 seconds) Hypothesis: If the of the weight affects the speed of the pendulum then Procedure: 1. Cut a piece of string 27 cm in length. 2. Tie a paperclip to one end of the string. 3. Tape a pencil to the end of the table. 4. Tie the other end of the string to the pencil. 5. Tape the string in place with a small piece of masking tape. 6. Hang 1 washer on the paperclip. 7. Raise the washers to a medium height and let go. 8. Start the stopwatch 9. Count the number of times the pendulum makes a complete trip (a period) in 15 seconds. 10. Record your results in your data table. 11. Repeat this experiment for 5 more trials. 12. Hang 2 washers on the paperclip and Repeat steps Hang 3 washers on the paperclip and Repeat steps Data: How many periods in 15 sec? Trial 1 Number of Washers What is the independent variable? Trial 2 What is the dependent variable? Trial 3 Trial 4 Name two constants. Trial 5 Average
4 Graph: Construct a bar graph showing the number of washers and the average number of swings for your data. Analysis: 1. Restate the problem in your own words 2. Restate your hypothesis: 3. How did you test your hypothesis? 4. Does the data support your hypothesis? 5. Use the data to explain your answer to the question above.
5 6. Identify Relationships a) What is the relationship between speed and length? Describe the relationship shown in graph 1: (circle the words so that it describes your graph.) As length (increased / deceased), speed (increased / decreased). This is a (positive / negative / neutral) relationship. b) What is the relationship between speed and mass? Describe the relationship shown in graph 2: (circle the words so that it describes your graph.) As mass (increased / deceased), the average number of periods (increased / decreased). This is a (positive / negative / neutral) relationship. 7. Did you or you partner notice any variables that could have affected the outcome of your experiment? (Sources of error.) 8. Explain why we used a line graph for the speed, but a bar graph for the mass?
6 Follow the conclusion outline, and write a conclusion for this experiment.
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