Post-emergent Goosegrass Control in a Mixed Stand of Fairway Turf with Sulfentrazone (Dismiss) and Fenoxaprop (Acclaim Extra), 2006
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1 Post-emergent Goosegrass Control in a Mixed Stand of Fairway Turf with Sulfentrazone (Dismiss) and Fenoxaprop (Acclaim Extra), 2006 Steven McDonald, M.S. 1 and Peter Dernoeden, Ph.D 2 1 Turfgrass Disease Solutions, LLC located in Pottstown, PA (turfgrassdiseasesolutions@yahoo.com) and 2 University of Maryland, located College Park, MD Introduction: Goosegrass (Eleucine indica), also called wiregrass or silver crabgrass can be an extremely difficult summer annual weed to post emergently control in coolseason fairway height turf. Generally in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera, CBG) fairways in the Mid-Atlantic, this weed it targeted using spring applied pre-emergent herbicides such as Dithiopyr (Dimension). However, post-emergent control of goosegrass can be extremely difficult because many of the herbicides applied to CBG can cause significant phytotoxicity. For example, research at the University of Maryland has shown that applications of Acclaim Extra can cause un-acceptable levels of injury to CBG at rates needed to post-emergently control goosegrass. MSMA (monosodiummethanearsonate) is also labeled for the post-emergent control of goosegrass, however, this active ingredient can also cause unacceptable injury to desirable turfgrass species. Both of the aforementioned herbicides may take multiple applications to be marginally successful. Sulfentrazone (Dimiss) was released in the spring of 2007 for use on turfgrass. This herbicide has relatively quick activity on susceptible weed species including sedges, Kyllinga, and various broadleaves. During the 2007 season, however, field observations indicated that this herbicide also had post-emergent activity on mature goosegrass. Therefore, the purpose of this trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of sulfentrazone applied at three rates and two timings for is post-emergent goosegrass control as well as fairway turfgrass (mixed stand) safety. Abstract:
2 Sulfentrazone (0.125, 0.250, and lb ai/a) was applied either once or twice to a golf course fairway in Pottstown, PA beginning on 17 August and sequential treatments were applied 31 August The fairway consisted of approximately 45% creeping bentgrass, 30% perennial ryegrass, 5% annual bluegrass (Poa annua) and 20% goosegrass (Eleucine indica). The multi-tillered (6 to 8), seedhead bearing goosegrass was severely injured, but even at the highest rate ( lb ai/a) only 42% control was achieved. Sulfentrazone elicited unacceptable injury to the perennial ryegrass following the sequential application at the two highest rates. Injury to creeping bentgrass was slightly objectionable following the sequential application of the high rate. While the level of goosegrass control was poor, data and observations suggest that an earlier sulfentrazone application to less mature goosegrass may be effective. More research also is needed to elucidate the impact of mowing height on sulfentrazone performance and the influence of air temperature on the sensitivity of mid-atlantic turfgrasses to this herbicide. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on the beginning of the ninth fairway at Brookside Country Club located in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. At the initiation of the study, the turf consisted of 45% creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), 30% perennial ryegrass (Lolium perrene), 5% annual bluegrass (Poa annua) and 20% goosegrass (Eleucine indica). The fairway had not been treated with herbicides targeting annual grassy weeds during the 2006 growing season (i.e.crabgrass; Digitaria sp. and goosegrass). The soil was a native clay-loam with a ph of 6.4 with 5.4% organic matter. The study area was maintained as a typical golf course fairway and received regular fungicide and irrigation applications. Turf was mowed three times per week at 0.5 inches with a reel mower and clippings were removed. All treatments were initially applied on 17 August 2006 and sequential treatments were applied on 31 August Treatments were applied in 1.1 gallons of water per 1000 ft 2 with a CO 2 powered back pack sprayer using a single flat fan 8004 TeeJet nozzle. Plots were 4 ft x 5 ft and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with four replications. Goosegrass and desirable turf (perennial ryegrass and creeping bentgrass) injury was assessed on a 0 to 5 scale where 0 = green, healthy turf; 2.5 = objectionable discoloration; and 5.0 = entire plot area brown or dead. Percent goosegrass cover was assessed visually on a 0 to 100% scale where 0 = no goosegrass and 100 = entire plot area covered with goosegrass. Turfgrass quality was assessed on a 0 to 10 scale with 7.5= minimal acceptable level for a golf course fairway and 10= optimal greenness, density and health. It is important to note that this fairway was severely infested with goosegrass and probably considered unacceptable at the beginning of the study (Photo 1). Data were subjected to ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Fischer s protected least significant difference test at P 0.05.
3 Results: Goosegrass Injury Goosegrass injury appeared as chlorotic brown to black tissue especially, seed heads, crown tissue and the oldest portion of leaves. On 19 August (2 days after treatment, 2DAT) all plots treated with all of the evaluated rates of Dismiss induced significant visual injury ( ), which was significantly higher than the injury observed in the Acclaim Extra treat plots and the untreated control (Table 1). On 24 August (7DAT), plots treated with Dismiss at rates higher than lb a.i./a (or 8 fl pr. oz/a) exhibited significantly injury ( on 0 to 5.0 scale), which was higher than plots treated with the lb a.i./a rate, Acclaim Extra treated plots. By 31 August, the level of goosegrass injury remained similar in all Dismiss treated plots. At this point, much of the herbicide injured tissue had been mowed off, however, injury was still evident in the crown regions of the goosegrass plants. On that date, the highest and equal level of injury was observed in plots treated with the 0.25 and lb a.i./a rates. Significant injury (2.4 and 2.9) was observed in plots treated with the lb a.i./a rate and it was significantly higher than the plots treated with Acclaim Extra. The sequential applications were made on 31 August. On 11 September, following the sequential applications, the level of goosegrass injury in all Dismiss treated plots (single and sequentially treated plots) was greater than 2.3, which was higher than the Acclaim Extra treated plots. The highest goosegrass injury was observed in the sequentially treated plots at lb a.i./a (4.5). A similar trend was observed on 18 and 26 September in which the sequential treatments provided the highest level of injury when compared to the single applications and plots treated with the higher rates induced the most goosegrass injury. A significant and stunting frost occurred on 13 October 2006, hence, goosegrass vigor slowed and no further ratings were obtained since it was difficult to determine if the injury was herbicide induced. Perennial Ryegrass Injury Injury to the perennial ryegrass (PRG) appeared as stunting, yellow to brown tipburn. On 19 August, only plots treated with the lb a.i./a rate of Dismiss had PRG injury rating different and higher than the untreated control (Table 2). By 24 and 31 August, however, plots treated with either 0.25 or lb a.i./a of Dismiss had injury ratings above the untreated control. Plots treated with the lowest rate (0.125 lb a.i./a), however, had no injury and it was equal to the untreated control on both 24 and 31 August. Following the sequential applications of the Dismiss treatments, the injury to the PRG worsened and became unacceptable (>2.0) in plots treated with rates higher than 0.25 lb a.i./a. Plots treated with the single application of Dismiss (all rates) had injury ratings that remained in the acceptable range for the duration of this trial. Creeping Bentgrass Injury Injury to the CBG appeared as yellowing to leaf tip and no loss in density was observed in any treated plot. The highest level of CBG injury was observed in plots treated with 0.25 and lb a.i./a rates, however, it is important to note that the highest level observed was in the sequentially treated plots on 18 September and it was 1.2 and
4 probably remained on the acceptable end of the spectrum (Table 3). Overall, the rates evaluated appeared to relatively safe when applied to CBG fairway height turf that was not under stress in late summer. Reduction in Goosegrass Plots were rated for their percent plot area covered by goosegrass on 11 September. There was 24.7% assessed in the untreated control plots and equal levels were observed in the Acclaim Extra treated plots. All Dismiss rates and treatments significantly reduced the goosegrass, when compared to the Acclaim Extra and untreated plots. Plots treated with the sequential treatment of Dismiss at lb a.i./a provided at 42% reduction in goosegrass, while the sequential treatment at lb a.i./a provided a 51% reduction in goosegrass coverage Discussion: All of these herbicides were applied to mature, seed head bearing goosegrass plants late in the summer of The high level of Dismiss induced injury may have been significantly worse if applied to younger goosegrass plants. However, it is important to note that the desirable turf injury may also have been worse if applied in July or earlier in August when the turfgrass was under more environmental stress. Sulfentrazone does appear to be a tool for the reduction of mature goosegrass plants from fairway height turf as well as even higher cut turf, although there may be other options. Many superintendent have reported difficulty controlling mature goosegrass with Acclaim Extra at the rates labeled for bentgrass fairway height turf. Data from this trial indicate that two sequential applications of this product at a low rate do not provide significant injury or reduction in mature goosegrass plants. Another important note from this trial was that the lb a.i./a (12 fl oz pro/a) rate is not labeled for cool-season turfgrass species. The labeled rates for most coolseason turfgrass species is 4-8 fl oz pro/a. For safety reasons, it may be best to use this product in split applications and to turf that is not under any environmental stresses. Future research should evaluate sulfentrazone for early post-emergent control of goosegrass in July at lower rates. Turfgrass safety should also be evaluated.
5 Table 1. Goosegrass injury as influenced by various rates of Dismiss and Acclaim Extra in a creeping bentgrass and perennial ryegrass fairway in southeastern Pennsylvania, 2006 Treatment Rate (lb a.i./a) 19 August 24 August 31 August 11 Sept 18 Sept 26 Sept Goosegrass Injury (0-5) z Dismiss 4F w a y 2.4 b 2.3 b 2.3 c 2.0 d 1.6 d Dismiss 4F w a 3.8 a 3.6 a 3.4 b 3.2 c 2.4 c Dismiss 4F w a 3.9 a 3.9 a 3.7 b 3.4 c 2.5 c Dismiss 4F x a 2.9 b 2.4 b 3.1 b 4.1 b 4.0 b Dismiss 4F x a 4.0 a 3.7 a 3.5 b 4.4 ab 4.3 ab Dismiss 4F x a 3.9 a 4.0 a 4.5 a 4.6 a 4.5 a Acclaim Extra x b 0.2 c 0.4 c 0.6 d 0.5 e 0.2 e Untreated b 0.1 c 0.1 c 0.0 d 0.3 e 0.1 e P<F <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 w Treatments were applied on 17 August x Treatments were applied on 17 and 31August y Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fischer s LSD test (P 0.05). z Goosegrass injury was rated on a 0 to 5 scale with 0 = green, healthy turf; 2.5 = objectionable discoloration; and 5.0 = entire area brown or dead.
6 Table 2. Perennial ryegrass injury as influenced by various rates of Dismiss and Acclaim Extra in a creeping bentgrass and perennial ryegrass fairway in southeastern Pennsylvania, 2006 Treatment Rate (lb a.i./a) 19 August 24 August 31 August 11 Sept 18 Sept 26 Sept Perennial Ryegrass Injury (0-5) z Dismiss 4F w b y 0.0 c 0.0 c 0.0 c 0.0 e 0.0 e Dismiss 4F w b 0.5 b 0.7 b 0.6 c 0.3 de 0.3 d Dismiss 4F w a 0.8 ab 0.8 b 0.7 c 0.4 d 0.3 d Dismiss 4F x b 0.0 c 0.7 b 0.7 c 1.1 c 1.5 c Dismiss 4F x b 0.6 ab 0.0 c 1.6 b 1.9 b 2.7 b Dismiss 4F x a 0.9 a 1.0 a 2.4 a 2.9 a 3.6 a Acclaim Extra x b 0.0 c 0.0 c 0.0 c 0.0 e 0.0 e Untreated b 0.0 c 0.0 c 0.0 c 0.0 e 0.0 e P<F w Treatments were applied on 17 August x Treatments were applied on 17 and 31August y Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fischer s LSD test (P 0.05). z Perennial ryegrass injury was rated on a 0 to 5 scale with 0 = green, healthy turf; 2.5 = objectionable discoloration; and 5.0 = entire area brown or dead.
7 Table 3. Creeping bentgrass injury as influenced by various rates of Dismiss and Acclaim Extra in a creeping bentgrass and perennial ryegrass fairway in southeastern Pennsylvania, 2006 Treatment Rate (lb a.i./a) 24 August 11 Sept 18 Sept 26 Sept Creeping Bentgrass Injury (0-5) z Dismiss 4F w b y 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.0 c Dismiss 4F w ab 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.0 c Dismiss 4F w a 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.0 c Dismiss 4F x b 0.5 a 0.6 b 0.3 b Dismiss 4F x a 0.5 a 0.6 b 0.4 b Dismiss 4F x ab 0.5 a 1.2 a 0.9 a Acclaim Extra x b 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.0 c Untreated b 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.0 c P<F w Treatments were applied on 17 August x Treatments were applied on 17 and 31August y Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fischer s LSD test (P 0.05). z Creeping bentgrass injury was rated on a 0 to 5 scale with 0 = green, healthy turf; 2.5 = objectionable discoloration; and 5.0 = entire area brown or dead. On all dates not shown, no injury to bentgrass was observed.
8 Table 4. Overall turfgrass quality and percent of plot area covered by goosegrass as influenced by various rates of Dismiss and Acclaim Extra in a creeping bentgrass and perennial ryegrass fairway in southeastern Pennsylvania, 2006 Treatment Rate (lb a.i./a) 31 August 26 Sept 11 September Turf Quality (0-10) z Percent of Plot Area Goosegrass (0-100) * Dismiss 4F w bc y 7.9 b 16.3 b Dismiss 4F w c 7.8 bc 13.8 bc Dismiss 4F w d 7.4 cd 14.3 bc Dismiss 4F x c 7.0 d 12.0 bc Dismiss 4F x cd 6.9 d 11.5 c Dismiss 4F x cd 5.8 e 14.5 bc Acclaim Extra x a 8.4 a 21.5 a Untreated ab 8.1 ab 24.7 a P<F w Treatments were applied on 17 August x Treatments were applied on 17 and 31August y Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fischer s LSD test (P 0.05). z Turfgrass quality was assessed on a 0 to 10 scale with 7.5= minimal acceptable level for a golf course fairway and 10= optimal greenness, density and health. * Percent of plot area covered by goosegrass was visually assessed on a 0 to 100 scale with 0= no goosegrass per plot and 100= entire plot area infested with goosegrass. It is important to note that the damaged goosegrass was not dead, rather it appeared that the differences were due to some treatments burning back leaf growth and the dead tissue was being mowed off. The majority of the damage to the goosegrass appeared as excessive tip burn (Photo 2) which over time slightly recovered. Some minor blackening and damage to the crown tissue was noted.
9 Photo 1. Study area before treatments. Photo 2. Typical injury observed from sulfentrazone to goosegrass
10 Acclaim Dismiss lb a.i.a Untreated
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