EE582 Physical Design Automation of VLSI Circuits and Systems

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1 EE Prof. Dae Hyun Kim School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Washington State University Routing

2 Grid Routing

3 Grid Routing

4 Grid Routing

5 Grid Routing

6 Grid Routing Lee s algorithm (Maze routing) Grid routing If a path exists between two points, it is surely found. It is guaranteed to be the shortest available path. Filling (wave propagation) Retrace Label clearance

7 Grid Routing T S

8 Grid Routing Filling T S

9 Grid Routing Filling T S 9

10 Grid Routing Filling T S 0

11 Grid Routing Filling T S

12 Grid Routing Filling S T

13 Grid Routing Filling S T

14 Grid Routing Filling S T

15 Grid Routing Filling S T

16 Grid Routing Retrace S T

17 Grid Routing Complexity O(L ) L: the length of the path

18 Grid Routing How to reduce memory requirement (,,,,...) S T

19 9 Grid Routing How to reduce memory requirement (,,,,...) S T

20 0 Grid Routing How to reduce runtime S T

21 Grid Routing T S S T Starting point selection T T S S Double fan-out Framing

22 Grid Routing Speed-up l(p) = MD(S, T) + d(p) l: the length of a path P MD: Manhattan distance d(p): detour number of a path P S T MD(S,T)= d(p)= l(p)=+*=

23 Grid Routing Hadlock s algorithm T S 0 0

24 Grid Routing Hadlock s algorithm S 0 0 T

25 Grid Routing Hadlock s algorithm T S 0 0

26 Grid Routing Hadlock s algorithm T S 0 0

27 Grid Routing Soukup s algorithm T S 0 0

28 Grid Routing Soukup s algorithm S 0 0 T

29 9 Grid Routing Soukup s algorithm S T 0 0

30 0 Grid Routing Soukup s algorithm S T 0 0

31 Steiner Routing Routing topology generation for multi-fanout nets Steiner point

32 Steiner Routing Routing topology generation for multi-fanout nets

33 Steiner Routing

34 Steiner Routing

35 Steiner Routing FLUTE: Fast Lookup Table Based Rectilinear Steiner Minimal Tree Algorithm for VLSI Design, TCAD 0

36 FLUTE yy yy yy yy yy xx xx xx xx xx

37 FLUTE yy Horizontal edge yy yy vv vv yy yy vv h h h xx xx xx xx xx Vertical edge

38 FLUTE yy yy yy ss = ss = yy yy ss = ss = xx xx xx xx xx Characterization of the topology: ()

39 FLUTE () () () () () () () () 9

40 FLUTE WL=h + h + h + vv + vv + vv WL=h + h + h + vv + vv + vv WL=h + h + h + vv + vv + vv WL=aa h + aa h + aa h + bb vv + bb vv + bb vv 0

41 FLUTE Example WL=h + h + h + vv + vv + vv = (,,,,,) WL=h + h + h + vv + vv + vv = (,,,,,)

42 FLUTE POST Potentially Optimal Steiner Tree POWV Potentially Optimal Wirelength Vector

43 FLUTE POWV comparison (,,,,,) (,,,,,)

44 FLUTE How to obtain the minimum-length Steiner tree Create a look-up table. When a topology is given, get the best one. How can we generate all POSTs? For low-degree nets (# points =,,,...) Enumerate all POSTs. For high-degree nets Use compaction.

45 FLUTE Boundary compaction Left boundary compaction Steiner tree Expansion

46 FLUTE Left boundary compaction Top boundary compaction Bottom boundary compaction Right boundary compaction Steiner tree Expansion Expansion Expansion Expansion

47 FLUTE Left boundary compaction vs

48 ILP-Based Global Routing Problem formulation Layout Capacity of each edge:

49 ILP-Based Global Routing Routing topology generation Potential routing topologies for net Potential routing topologies for net Potential routing topologies for net 9

50 ILP-Based Global Routing ILP formulation For net i, prepare a few routing topologies. xx ii,jj tt ii, tt ii,, tt nn ii if net i is routed according to topology tt jj ii. 0 otherwise. xx ii,jj jj = Only one routing topology is used. 0

51 ILP-Based Global Routing ILP formulation Capacity constraints aa ii,pp xx ll,kk cc ii Objective function Minimize gg ii,jj xx ii,jj

52 ILP-Based Global Routing Example net Minimize xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, net xx, xx, xx, Subject to xx, + xx, + xx, = xx, + xx, + xx, = xx, + xx, = net xx, xx, xx, xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, xx, xx, xx ii,jj = 0,

53 Congestion Minimization Just satisfying the routing capacity of each edge does not guarantee 00% routability. Can we minimize routing congestion by ILP?

54 Congestion Minimization We minimize routing congestion by spreading wires out. net net net xx, xx, xx, xx, xx, xx, xx, xx, Minimize C Subject to xx, + xx, + xx, = xx, + xx, + xx, = xx, + xx, = xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, CC xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, CC xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, CC xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, + xx, CC xx ii,jj = 0,

55 Box Router

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