AnSc 310 Final Exam ( = 134 points)

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1 1 May 3, 2013 Name: AnSc 310 Final Exam ( = 134 points) True/False (1 point each) Circle most correct answer. T / F John Rarey recommended flourishing your arms and yelling halloo when trying to get a colt out of a pasture. T / F According to Kilgour, stress (or stimuli) can decrease to the point that it is as harmful as an over-load of stressors. T / F 3. Research indicates that a stallion experienced with breeding mares, if blindfolded, can detect a mare in estrus and bred her as readily as he would without a blindfold. T / F 4. The mare has a stronger attachment to the foal in its first hour of life than the foal has to the mare. T / F 5. The foal starts playing a majority of the time with other foals and a minority of the time with his mother at one week of age. T / F 6. Teeth clapping is a sign of estrus in mares (horses). T / F 7. In feral horse herds, the fillies (young female horses) are driven out of the herd by the dominant mare. T / F 8. Once a stalled horse has developed cribbing it can almost always be cured by putting the horse in a large pasture. T / F 9. Once a stalled horse has developed head swinging or weaving, it can almost always be cured by putting the horse in a large pasture. T / F 10. Kilgour thinks having a radio playing during the milking of dairy cows is most likely useful because it relaxes the person doing the milking, which in turn is seen in the improved behavior of the cows. T / F 1 Kilgour described newly born foals as being hiders or laying out the first few days of life. T / F 1 Most mares foal in the morning, usually before noon. T / F 13. Mature mares have a less rigid dominance hierarchy and show less aggression towards each other when they are competing for a small amount of feed than young horses that are about a year old. T / F 14. In the Feist and McCullough s article, most stallion fights and herding attempts involved attempts by stallions to gain more mares. Multiple choice (5 pts each) Indicate most correct choice in blank. On average, horses spend how many hours per day grazing when there is not a shortage of forage: A) 4; B) 7; C) 12; D) 16. During the mid to late 1800 s, the term rarefy meant: A) getting rid of excess clutter; B) over hunting buffalo to extinction; C) suffocating animals as a way of euthanasia; D) to win or train an animal by love. 3. The Feist & McCullough article reported that foals nursed from their dam: A) every 3 hours; B) every 2 hours; C) every hour; D) almost twice per hour. 4. According to Kilgoure, the most common aggressive act of the horse is: A) kicking; B) biting; C) pawing; D) rearing. 5. You are taking a short-cut through your neighbor s horse pasture. As you walk by one of the horses you notice that he has his ears pinned flat back against his head. This horse is: A)

2 2 Giving you a friendly greeting; B) trying to sleep; C) communicating aggression towards you and you should head the other way; D) trying to cut down on his wind resistance. 6. Which of the following (according to Kilgour) is not a method used by horse people to prevent mares from kicking stallions during breeding: A) hobbles; B) lip twitch; C) large felt boots; D) blindfolds; E) all of the above may be used. 7. The breed of bull that is the most aggressive and likely to attack people is: A) Bahman;; B). Hereford; C) Holstein; D) Jersey. 8. Stress can be detrimental to getting an animal bred using artificial insemination because: A) oxytocine is released; B) the LH spike may be blocked; C) growth hormone is stimulated; D) epinephrine release is blocked. Short Answer: (3 pts each) In the 1800 s, a very popular form of entertainment were traveling horse trainers, or whisperers, who come into town and quickly tamed un-trainable horses. Allen Pogue mentioned some people who may have been bleeders. How did that work? Define positive punishment : 3. In the section on Handling and Welfare, Kilgour mentioned problems such as pale soft exudative meat and dark cutters that can occur in meat after cattle are slaughtered. What is the cause of these problems? 4. Kilgour had a nice discussion about the behavior of bulls as they aged. He divided them into three age groups and gave several distinct differences in their behavior for each age category. For each of the age groupings below, give two behavior characteristics that apply to each category. Under 2 ½ years: 3 ½ to 4 ½ years: 5 ½ to 6 ½ years and older: 5. In his article on training animals, B. F. Skinner uses the term blackout many times. What was he talking about? 6. Skinner said that there are two rules for effectively using a particular reinforcement when training. What are the two rules?

3 3 7. Kilgour recommends not conducting veterinary examinations and treatment in the milking parlor because: (basically the same reason why a ranch s only set of handling facilities and squeeze chute is not the best place to artificially inseminate cattle.) 8. Define coping behavior in regards to how animals respond to a stress. 9. What was Rene Descartes main contribution to society s ethical debates regarding where to position animals in relation to people? 10. During lab, we talked about the use of lip twitches on horses and you were shown a lip twitch. What is the current thought/evidence on how a twitch is effective in causing horses to stand still even when something painful has to be done to the horse? 1 The feral horse article gave a good description of the typical behavior that a harem stallion exhibited in relation to defecation and urination of mares. Describe the typical sequence of events. 1 Young feral Pryor Mountain stallions without harems formed what are called groups, having _ (#) to (#) members on the average. 13. Explain why little inbreeding occurs in feral horses. 14. Describe cribbing behavior in horses and give its probable cause.

4 4 15. What are the two possible functions that fecal piles serve among groups of feral horses? 16. For each of the following horse vocalizations, in what context is each most frequently used? (from book & feral horse article) Squeals: Nickers: Whinnies: 17. Dairy cattle are often kept in indoor tie or stanchion stalls in traditional barns much of the winter. Kilgour discusses the problem of getting those cows to urinate and defecate in the trough that is behind the stall, and not in the stall. Kilgour suggested two things farmers could do to encourage cows to keep the stalls clean. Describe one of those suggestions. 18. When Kilgour says that no other domestic animal has suffered such restrictions in natural space as the horse, to what is he referring? 19. Define polydipsia : 20. While we were at the Horse Center, we observed the differences between typical stallion stalls and standard horse stalls. Describe two of the differences: 2 (5 pts) The response in an animal undergoing a stress can be characterized as a sequence of responses. The fastest response is stimulated by what pathway? (give a brief description of the pathway) A few seconds later another pathway kicks in that involves what hormone(s)):

5 5 A longer lasting response then occurs that helps provide additional energy to the body through the release of what hormone? 2 What is the purpose or function of what is being done to the horse in the drawing: 23. If an animal cannot assert some control over a situation, such as when they are in long term confinement, list three things that you may expect to see in such animals If you have a freely growing population of mammals that has all the food and water it needs, what will eventually happen as the number of animals in the population sky rockets? Be sure to explain in detail. 25. In order to help reduce problems from the accumulation of urine and horses digging big holes in the floor of stalls at the Horse Center, what type of flooring did Mr. Golden install?

6 6 True / False, circle best answer. 1 pt each. Comprehensive Part (31 pts) T / F The social rank order, or peck order, in jackdaws was very dynamic - individuals often changed rank, similar to what occurs in other species such as hens, dogs or cattle. T / F REM sleep does not occur in cattle and horses, probably because they have to be on the alert for predators. T / F 3. When pigs are placed into pens with pigs from other litters at weaning, they generally fight to establish dominance for 24 to 48 hours. T / F 4. When sows on pasture combine litters, the litters generally fight to establish dominance for 24 to 48 hours. T / F 5. The sharp spurs that roosters use when fighting grow out of the front of their legs and point forward. T / F 6. Both free ranging groups of chickens and turkeys organize themselves into similar harem groups. T / F 7. Breeds of sheep who are described as showing primitive behavior will usually form a tight flock or group when attacked by a canine. Multiple Choice, insert best answer in blank. 5 pt each. Lorenz conducted a behavioral anaylsis to determine the ancestory of dog breeds. Although recent research has found that all domestic dogs came from wolf (lupus) stock, Lorenz thought that a fair number of breeds also originated from: a) ancestors of the basenji; b) cape hunting dog; c) esquimaux dogs; d) fox; e) golden jackal. According to Lorenz, holding something black in your hands is a very potent releasing stimuli that stimulates jackdaws to: a) perform their mating ritual; b) flee or fly away; c) show submission; d) attack. 3. The initial rush that people often feel when they first fall in love is believed to be caused by: a) endorphins; b) estrogen; c) oxytocin; d) amphetamines like compounds. 4. Endorphins are a class of hormones that appears to stimulate a) hyperactivity in females; b) nest building in female birds; c) feeling good in mammals; d) aggressive behavior in females; d) nest building in female pigs. 5. To improve conception rates during artificial insemination procedures, especially excitable cows should be restrained (according to the Grandin article) in: A) a bin that is then filled with wheat; B) a ranch s best and strongest squeeze chute; C) nose tongs; D) a dark box chute. 6. Research has shown that cows need how much contact with their calf shortly after calving to form a specific bond: A) 5 minutes; B) 30 minutes; C) until the calf defecates; D) not sure, but 4 to 6 hours is average. Short Answer. 3 pt each What was Lonenz illustrating by this drawing?

7 7 The Corpus Callosum is of interest to people in animal behavior because: 3. Why is it useful for a species to develop a social rank among members? (Lorenz s theory) 4. According to Kilgour, sows in farrowing crates often show heightened activity a few hours before farrowing, which can result in lacerations, bruising, abrasions and exhaustion. What is probably the cause of this heightened activity? 5. How can someone usually differentiate between whether coyotes or novice domestic dogs have been attacking their sheep? A mountain lion?

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