Nutrition is the science of. Nutrition of the Growing Hanoverian. feature

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1 feature F r o m C o n c e p t i o n t o T w o Y e a r s O l d, P a r t I Nutrition of the Growing Hanoverian We are still seeing too many foals with growing issues that either stem from too much food and/or the improper balance of vitamins and minerals. Added care must be given to see that they receive proper nutrition before birth, and during those crucial formative early months. Dr. Ludwig Christmann All of us who breed warmbloods are interested in reducing the number of skeletal problems associated with growth, improving reproduction and optimizing performance up to our horses genetic potential. We ask ourselves, How can we effectively manage this on our farms today, without causing digestive upset (colic), while maintaining optimal health and well being in all of our horses? Understanding nutrition s role in all of this and dispelling old myths is a great place to start. [ BY Donald R. Kapper, PAS ] Nutrition is the science of prevention. Therefore, in this article we are going to discuss how to reduce the incidence of nutrition related problems on breeding farms and give you some management tools to use at home to prevent these problems from occurring. We want to make sure that nutrition is not the limiting factor in raising Hanoverians today. Dr. Ludwig Christmann s comments as noted by George Walker and published in his commentary in the 2006 Summer Inspection Tour article (The American Hanoverian, Fall 2006) were: We are still seeing too many foals with growing issues that either stem from too much food and/or the improper balance of vitamins and minerals, and Added care must be given to see that they receive proper nutrition before birth, and during those crucial formative early months. We are in complete agreement with Dr. Christmann! Proper nutrition is crucial to both the reproductive health of the broodmare and proper development of Hanoverian foals such as the 2006 filly High Hope L (His Highness-Dutch Flower/De Niro) owned and bred by Leatherdale Farms, Minn. The results of his two-year study on Developmental Orthopedic Disease (DOD) with over 500 warmblood broodmares and their foals in Germany, found 25 to 30 percent of the foals affected with DOD. The conclusion wasthat the nutrient levels provided to the pregnant and nursing mares, and to their growing foals, were inadequate in the nutrients necessary to support the foals skeletal structures, especially from one or more of the following nutrients: Calcium, Phosphorus, Copper and/or Zinc. DOD includes: angular limb deformities, physitis, contracted tendons, OCD, bone cysts and wobblers. This conclusion is in agreement with the published work from The Ohio State University (USA), University of Guelph (Canada) and Massey University (New Zealand). They all have stated the importance of providing the new Recommended Allowance (RA) of Major and Trace Minerals and Vitamins, the entire pregnancy, as well as in the resulting foals diet. Part I of this article will concentrate on the total diet of the reproducing mare, and the care and feeding of the newborn. In the summer issue, Part II will show you how to determine your horses body condition score and muscle development score and be able to visibly recognize if 14 T h e A m e r i c a n H a n o v e r i a n

2 their caloric and/or amino acid needs are being met. It will conclude with the newest information on oils recommended as calorie sources and the important differences in their Omega 6 and Omega 3 levels. The mainstay of all horses diets is the forage they consume. Understanding how the equine digestive tract functions optimally and how forage quality and quantity will help maintain the health of your horse, reduce the incidence of colic and keep your horses growing, reproducing or performing up to their genetic potential is what every horse owner should know. With this knowledge we can assist you in selecting: 1) the best forage in your area, 2) the appropriate grain mixture to complement your forage and 3) meet all the nutrient needs of your horses. Once horse owners understand that horses do not have a requirement for cereal grains, i.e. oats, barley, corn, rice, wheat, etc., but they do have an absolute requirement for forage, it is much easier to grasp how to successfully manage and feed their horses. The only reason to feed a grain mixture or supplement to horses is to make up the difference between what nutrients are in your forage and what your horses need to meet their daily nutrient needs. Horse Feeds Horsemen add cereal grains, or grain mixtures with added vegetable oils, to increase the calories in their horses diet to increase weight or to maintain their desired body condition. It is the responsibility of the feed manufacturer to explain: 1) which physiological status (growing, reproducing or performing) their feed mixture is formulated to be fed to, 2) what type of forage their grain mixture is formulated to complement and 3) provide this information on the tag to allow owners or managers to determine what the minimum amount of this grain mixture is to be fed per day to meet all of the horses nutritional needs. These requirements will vary with a horse s size, age, growth rate, reproductive status and performance level. It is then the responsibility of the owner or manager to read the information on the feed tag or bag and follow those directions. Today, many horse owners do not realize that if fewer pounds are fed per day than the manufacturer recommends as minimum on their feeding directions, the horse is being fed a deficient diet in certain nutrients. Table 1: Relative Feed Value (RFV) of Grass, Mixed and Legume Forages Hay Quality Standards For: Grass, Grass/Legume Mixed and Legume Forages: FORAGES Fresh and Dried Determining Quality Forages, by definition, are the aerial parts of the plant commonly fed to livestock. Their history, as pasture, pre-dates that of man. Forages supply various levels of nutrients depending on their type (species) and maturity at harvest. Today they are consumed: fresh, as pasture; dried, as baled or cubed hay; or preserved in silos or plastic bags, as haylage. Horses have limited ability to utilize poor quality forages, so it is very important that owners and trainers understand how to determine quality as well as the different types of forages. Since maturity of the plant affects the digestibility of the fiber and the availability of its nutrients, it is vital that immature forages be fed to horses that need the highest amount of nutrients per day. This would include: sucklings, weanlings and yearlings, nursing mares and horses in moderate to intense training. The first visual appraisal of all types of forage includes: 1) the length of the seed head in grasses (boot stage) and 2) the percent of blossoms in bloom in legumes (bud stage). Ideally, grasses should have seed heads less than one inch long and legumes should have less than ten percent of the buds in blossom. As all plants prepare to blossom, the Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), which measures Crude Fiber (Cellulose plus Insoluble Lignin) and Soluble Lignin, and the Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), which measures the ADF plus Hemi-Cellulose, increases so the stem has enough strength to hold up the seed heads or blossoms. Unfortunately, as the fiber portion increases, all other nutrients decrease and become less digestible and available to the horse. Analysisb (dry matter basis) Quality Standard a ADF NDF DMI, c of B. Wt. RFV d Prime (Prime) <30 <40 >3.0 >151 1 (Premium) (Good) (Fair) (Poor) (Reject) >46 >66 <1.8 <74 a Quality Grading Standard assigned by Hay Market Task Force of AFGC. b Analysis associated with each standard. ADF = acid detergent fiber, and NDF = neutral detergent fiber c Dry matter intake (DMI), of body weight. This is for mature horses only. Young growing horses will consume lesser amounts of this forage. d Relative Feed Value (RFV) Table 1 explains ADF and NDF levels during different levels of maturity in forages and has graded them accordingly with a scoring system of 1 through 5, with a corresponding Relative Feed Value number. The description, in parentheses, beside each forage grade is the author s terminology. Forage with a Relative Feed Value score of 102 or below, will have a negative effect on the ability of the horse to meet their nutrient needs from this quality of forage. This is due to the thickened layer of hemi-cellulose surrounding the cell walls that will prevent the fermentation process from breaking them down to make the nutrients available to the horse. As the plant matures, the nondigestible fiber increases, palatability is negatively affected and the rate of passage through the gut slows. These lower quality forages may cause the horse to not be able to maintain the desired body condition on forage alone and cereal grain or grain mixtures with added vegetable oils will need to be added to their diet. A Relative Feed Value (RFV) score between 103 and 150 will have a positive effect on the nutrients in the plant being available to the horse. A RFV score above 151 (immature pasture grasses) will increase the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine because of the lower lignin content. Your easy-keeping horses are the ones to feed the overly mature hay (Quality Standards 3 and 4), with the correct selection and amount of a supplement to meet their nutrient needs while helping to maintain or reduce the calories per day, to attain their desired body weight. Table 2 explains the relationship between maturity of the plant, or grading system, 4 S P R I N G

3 Table 2: Protein and Calorie Levels in Forages, Based on Type and Maturity*. Quality Standard Protein Grass Grass/Legume Mixed (50/50) Legume Lysine f MCal. DE/lb. e Protein Lysine f MCal. DE/lb. e Protein Lysine f MCal. DE/lb. e Prime (Prime) >11 >.38 >1.05 >16 >.68 >1.10 >21 >1.07 > (Premium) (Good) (Fair) (Poor) (Reject) <4 <.14 <.73 <7 <.30 <.78 <12.56 <.83 *These percentages are based on forages analyzed by Holmes Laboratory from and are on a dry matter basis. e DE = digestible energy for horses. f Lysine in crude proteins: Grass = 3.4; Mixed (50/50) = 4.25; Legume = 5.1 and the amount of protein, lysine and calories available per pound. Crude protein is not included in the Relative Feed Value equation because it is not highly correlated with forage digestibility or intake. However, the more mature the plant, the lower the percent of protein, lysine and calories per pound are found. Compare the amounts found on each line below, as the plants mature. Table 3 shows how the amount of each nutrient fed has an effect on the health and performance of the horse. The NRC has listed individual nutrients and their minimum amount, in the total diet, to be fed per day to prevent deficiencies. The NRC also has listed the known toxic levels of those nutrients. The owner/manager, veterinarian, with their nutritionist, are responsible for balancing the diet and staying between the deficient and the toxic levels to maintain optimal health for growth, reproduction, and performance. Because of the varying quality of different forages, nutritionists balance diets on recommended allowances. If one uses the NRC minimum to balance certain forage and grain combination s, and one s forage quality decreases, one will be feeding a deficient diet and not know it until the health, performance or appearance of the horse declines. So grain mixtures and diet balancers formulated for horses need a recommended allowance built into their formula and feeding directions. An optimal range for each nutrient in the equine diet exists. Before reaching toxic levels, nutrients will antagonize or interfere with one another, reducing their availability. This antagonism also will negatively affect the health and performance of the horse. So the manager needs to know what the minimum amount of their selected grain mixture or diet balancer should be fed per day to stay between the recommended allowance (RA) and the safe upper limit (SUL), which is our Optimal Range. Table 3: Nutrient Effects on Health and Performance Table 4 shows the expected major mineral and trace mineral ranges, by forage type, when the RFV is between 103 and 150. These mineral ranges are from actual analysis completed by Holmes Laboratory, Millersburg, Ohio, from 1980 through 2003, and are based on type of forage and its maturity when harvested. If the RFV is over 150 or under 103, we would expect the nutrient analysis to change accordingly. The mineral levels in the plant are affected by: type (specie) of forage, maturity at harvest, type of soil where they are grown, amount NRC Minimum Requirements RA Recommended ALowance SUL Safe Upper Limit Table 4: Major & Trace Mineral Ranges Found in all Three Different Types of Forages, when the RFV is Between 103 & 150 in each. Nutrients Grass Forage Analysis Mixed Forage Analysis Legume (Alfalfa) Forage Analysis Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Sulfur Manganese ppm ppm ppm Iron ppm ppm ppm Molybdenum 1-2 ppm 2-4 ppm 3-6 ppm Copper 2-10 ppm 4-10 ppm 4-10 ppm Zinc ppm ppm ppm of fertilizer applied, amount of rainfall and the ambient temperature during the growing season. Management Tools and Charts to Help the Horse Owner The Growth Monitoring Chart (Table 6) will provide feeding recommendations for all horses that will mature between 660 lbs to 1540 lbs in body weight. We now have three different charts available: 1) small from 220 lbs to 660 lbs, 2) light horses from 16 T h e A m e r i c a n H a n o v e r i a n

4 660 lbs to 1,540 lbs, and 3) heavy horses from 1,540 lbs to 2,200 lbs of potential mature body weights. The growth curves, which indicate normal growth rates from birth to thirty-six (36) months of age, are taken from the tables in Horse NRC. Proper use of these charts will assure us that nutrition is not the limiting factor for horses. Feeding the correct amount of a selected grain mixture or supplement, will allow all foals to reach their inherent genetic potential and reduce the nutrition related growth problems seen in horses today. The number inside each rectangle on the Growth Chart reflects the amount of minerals and vitamins necessary to maintain the Recommended Allowance (RA) for that particular size and growth rate for foals. We call this number a Progressive Unit. It does not reflect the necessary calories to maintain desired body condition, because of the calorie variability found in today s forages being consumed and the owner/ trainer/manager will feed varying amounts of a grain mixture to meet their desired body condition in their horses. However, what everyone needs to know is, What are the minimum pounds to achieve the Recommended Allowance (RA) and the maximum pounds to not exceed the Safe Upper Limit (SUL) of their selected grain mixture they are feeding. The Growth Monitoring Charts will provide this information for you. We do not recommend trying to speed up or to slow down growth rate. Just let the young horses grow up to their genetic potential, while providing the nutrients needed to match their current growth rate. The Progressive Unit is made up of protein (amino acids), fats (fatty acids), major minerals, trace minerals and vitamins necessary to complement the analysis of different forages. The pelleted supplements in Table 5 are concentrated sources of nutrients and one Unit is equal to one pound of the appropriate supplement. How many Units to feed per day will depend on your horses age, size, current growth rate, reproductive status and/or performance level. Which pelleted supplement to feed will depend on the type of forage you feed your horse (grass or legume). Pregnancy The implementation of the published research from the Cornell and Illinois Table 5: The Analysis of Two Different Pelleted Supplements Available to Complement Different Forage Types Nutrients Feed with Grass or Mixed Forage ProAdvantage Grass Feed with Legume Forage ProAdvantage Alfalfa Dry Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, Crude Fiber, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium,.4.4 Manganese, ppm* Iron, ppm* Copper, ppm* Zinc, ppm* Iodine, ppm* Selenium, ppm( Vitamin A, IU/lb 22,000 22,000 Vitamin D, IU/lb 2,200 2,200 Vitamin E, IU/lb * ppm is the same as mg/kg. Table 6: Growth Monitoring Chart Veterinary Departments stating the nutrients received in the middle trimester of pregnancy is just as important as the last trimester has helped many breeding farms improve the health of the mares and reduce early developmental problems in their foals. This change in feeding practice has allowed the mare to replenish and build her body reserves to assure she can supply the foal during their most rapid growth phase during the last 4 S P R I N G

5 trimester of pregnancy. Owners and veterinarians have stated: 1) improved reproductive health and conception rates, 2) reduced incidence of nutrition related fetal developmental problems and 3) the ease of management of feeding all their pregnant mares the same the entire pregnancy. The Lactating Mare During the first three months of lactation, most mares will produce between 3.0 and 3.5 percent of their body weight in fluid milk each day. Peak lactation can occur between four to ten weeks postpartum, with the average being five to six weeks. As lactation continues, milk yield will decline to two percent of her body weight between the fourth and fifth month. The amount of milk a mare produces will depend on her: 1) genetic potential, but remember maiden mares will produce less than mares with previous lactations, 2) nutrient supply (especially daily consumption of protein, calories and water); and 3) individual foal intake. The nutrient composition of milk also changes during lactation. Mare s milk will become more nutrient dilute as lactation progresses. Protein, fat, major and trace minerals and vitamin content decrease and lactose increases. Water is the major constituent of mare s milk, being approximately 90 percent, and the mares appetite, or the total daily consumption of forage plus grain mixture, will increase according to her individual milk production. Table 7 shows how much total feed will be consumed per day by pregnant and nursing mares, as a percent of their individual body weight. Managers must watch the nursing mare s nutrient input output relationship. If the mare is providing more nutrients into her milk than she is taking in, she will draw from her body reserves until her nutritional reserves are depleted. For example, if calories are in short supply, her fat stores will be used up and she will lose body weight. If protein is in short supply, her muscle mass will be sacrificed, because proteins are stored in the muscle. The first place to visually see muscle loss is their top-line, i.e., withers, back and loin areas. This negative balance, major and trace minerals included, will deplete her body reserves, then lower those nutrients in her milk, and have a negative effect on her conception rate or Table 7: Total Feed Consumed per Day by Pregnant and Nursing Mares Reproductive Status nutrients available for her next foal s fetal development. This, of course, is in addition to your mare s decline in health. The mare s nutrients in greatest demand are water and calories, followed by protein, major minerals, trace minerals and vitamins. Mare s milk is approximately 90 percent water. A 1,300 lb mare, producing 5 ½ gallons of milk per day, would have to increase her water intake nearly two fold to replenish this loss. Early in lactation, mare s milk contains approximately 560 kcal/kg of fluid milk. Assuming mares convert 60 percent of feed Digestible Energy (DE) into milk gross energy, an extra 792 kcal of DE must be consumed for every kilogram of milk produced. This would be an increase of 72 percent above maintenance, which is why lactating mares need to consume 2.5 to 3.5 percent of their body weight in total feed per day, or they will lose weight. Amount of Hay plus Grain Mixture to Feed/Day as a of Body Weight Pregnant 1.5 to 2.0 Nursing, birth to 3 months 2.5 to 3.5 Nursing, 4 to 6 months 2.0 to 3.0 Table 8: Compares the Mare s Recommended Allowance (RA) while: Open, Pregnant and Lactating, in her Total Diet on a Dry Matter Basis. (This is the average, or total nutrients found, in everything she eats/day, including: forage, grain mixture, supplements, etc.) Nutrient Open Pregnant Protein needs have been estimated to be almost double from those of maintenance. Calcium and phosphorus losses during lactation of the mare s body reserves can be significant if adequate supplementation of these essential minerals is not provided. Brittle bones are unfortunately the end result. The trace mineral and vitamin content of mare s milk is now available from several published studies. All trace minerals are low in mare s milk and is believed to be one of the genetic components of DOD. It is now possible to monitor a mare s milk, on a monthly basis, by analyzing it and comparing it to Table 9. Newborn Foals Lactation (1-3 Months) Lactation (4-6 Months) Dry Matter intake, body wt* Crude Protein, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Sodium, ** Copper, ppm Iron, ppm Manganese, ppm Zinc, ppm Cobalt, ppm Iodine, ppm Selenium, ppm Vitamin A, IU/lb Vitamin E, IU/lb Thiamine, mg/lb Riboflavin, mg/lb *Feed intake is determined by: Body capacity, RFV of forage, physiological status, activity level and environment. **Under average conditions.35 to.50 Salt (NaCl) is recommended in the total diet. Needed Digestible Energy, Mcal/Day, is determined by: Body size, metabolic rate, reproductive status, dry matter consumption and Body Condition Score. At birth, normal size foals should weigh between ten and 12 percent of the mare s body weight. For example, foals from a 18 T h e A m e r i c a n H a n o v e r i a n

6 Table 9: Mare s Milk Nutrient Composition by Week, on a Dry Matter (top) and As Fed Basis (bottom) Dry Matter Basis Total Solids Energykcal/ 100g Protein Fat Lactose Ash (b) Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Potassium Na mg/kg Copper mg/ kgzinc mg/kgiron c Birth hrs hrs wk wk wk As Fed Basis Birth b hrs b hrs b wk a wk a wk a a NRC 1989, Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Summary pg. 95 b Ullrey, DE., Struthers, R.D., Hendricks, D.G., and Brent, B.E., 1966 Composition of Mare s Milk, Jan. Sci. 25:217 c Ullrey, D.E., Ely, W.T., and Covert, R.L., Iron, Zinc and Copper in Mare s Milk, J. Anim. Sci. 38:1276 1,300 lb. mare should weigh between 130 and 150 lbs at birth. Maiden mare foals should weigh between eight and ten percent of their body weight. Within the first hour after birth, the foal should begin to receive colostrum. A 100 lb foal should receive 250 ml (about one cup) of colostrum each hour for the first six hours after birth. That means that every breeding farm should have at least 1500 ml of frozen colostrum in their freezer, just in case. Bacterial exposure to the open gut of the newborn foal is considered the mechanism for septicemia, the leading cause of death in neonatal foals. The open gut will allow the foal to absorb immunoglobulins, such as IgG, IgM, IgE and IgA, from the colostrum, but it also allows the absorption of harmful pathogens from the environment. Dr. John Madigan at the University of California- Davis, stated that early (rapid) gut closure may be equivalent to or more important than simply serum IgG in the preventing neonatal bacterial infection. The average foal will drink seven to ten times per hour for the first 30 days of age. (Remember this if you have an orphan or rejected foal) This readily available food source is necessary to support thermoregulation and growth. The Suckling s Digestive System During every foal s first four months there are rapid growth and digestive changes. To achieve each foal s genetic potential, we must provide a feed to complement their Figure 1: Digestive Enzyme Activity of the Young Growing Horse Kapper, D.R., Applied Nutrition, editor: Reed, SM, Equine Internal Medicine, 2nd Edition, Saunders & Co., St. Louis, MO 2004, pp type of digestive system, in a form they can absorb, and fortify it to meet all of their nutrient needs. This Foal s First feed should be provided free choice in an area that the mares will loiter, but cannot reach or get into. A common management practice in the past has been to allow nursing foals to eat with their dams. Unfortunately, the foal under two months of age has little ability to digest the starch in cereal grains. During the foals first three months of life, their digestive enzymes are more efficient at breaking down and absorbing milk (Fig. 1). As the foal ages, the digestive enzymes also change. When the foal is between three and four months of age, amylase surpasses lactase allowing them begin to digest the starches in cereal grains. Therefore, all nursing foals, up to four months of age, should have available a milk-based foal feed to optimize absorption. To meet their nutrient needs, this free choice milk-based pellet should be formulated to compliment mare s milk, not forage. This first feed provided for foals will result in optimal nutrient absorption, while reducing the chance of digestive upset, i.e. colic and diarrhea. How much of this feed is consumed per day will be directly related to: how much milk the mare is producing per day, the age of the foal and the size of the foal in relation to the mare. Suckling Foals Showing Signs of DOD If the foals legs are normal at birth and acquire leg deviations with age, but all they are consuming is the mare s milk, it is only logical to analyze her milk and compare it to the expected mineral density average listed above. If a mare has had foals in the past with DOD, we would consider her a suspect mare. We recommend analyzing her milk on day seven after foaling, then 4 S P R I N G

7 Table 10: Compares the Growing Horse s Recommended Allowance (RA) on a Total Diet, Dry Matter Basis (This is the average, or total nutrients found, in everything they eat/day, including: forage, grain mixture, supplements, etc). Nutrient Weanling (4-6 months) Weanling (6-12 months) Yearling (12-18 months) Long Yearling (18-24 months) 24 to 36 months of age *Dry Matter Intake, body wt Crude Protein, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Sodium, Copper, ppm Iron, ppm Manganese, ppm Zinc, ppm Cobalt, ppm Iodine, ppm Selenium, ppm Vitamin A, IU/lb 1,365 1,365 1,135 1, Vitamin E, IU/lb Thiamine, mg/lb Riboflavin, mg/lb *Feed Intake is determined by: Body capacity, physiological status, activity level, RFV of forage and environment. Needed Digestible Energy, Mcal/day, is determined by: Body size, metabolic rate, growth rate, dry matter consumption and Body Condition Score. again in week four, eight and 12, and compare her milk mineral density to the appropriate line on Table 9. There is a product on the market today, Rejuvenaide, which is formulated to complement mares milk and is to be given orally to the foal, as a drench, once a day. This is the product that Dr. Christmann asked me to be sure every breeder knew was available to help our foals. Rejuvenaide is a trace mineral and vitamin supplement that will enable the broodmare manager to keep the nutrient deficient foal on the mare rather than having to wean early. However, if the foal is over four months of age when acquired contractures begin to occur, it is easier and more economical to wean and put the foal on a balanced weanling formula to assure adequate consumption of all nutrients. The manager must then make sure the correct numbers of Progressive Units are fed per day to complement the foals growth rate (age vs. size). Several research projects have been published that prove adequate or above amounts of crude protein (amino acids) do not cause DOD. Dr. Ed Ott, from the University of Florida, has published that feeding protein levels below the Horse NRC s recommendations will cause: decrease in bone density and compromised tendon and ligament strength. As long as the amount of crude protein was below NRC s recommendation, increasing the mineral density in the diet had no affect on the skeletal and soft tissue structures of young, growing horses. Other publications state the only link between Rejuvenaide Aid Analysis (per 5cc drench or 2 cc paste) Copper Zinc Selenium Ascorbic Acid Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E 3.20 mg 9.40 mg 0.25 mg mg 3,500 IU 350 IU 100 IU adequate protein fed and DOD is when one or more of the minerals (calcium, phosphorus, copper and zinc) were fed below the Recommended Allowance (RA). If physitis or tendon, angular or flexure, deformities occur: 1) check the diet of the pregnant and nursing mare for nutrient adequacy or imbalances 2) analyze the mares milk for minerals 3) consider feeding appropriate amounts of Rejuvenaide every day to the foal, or weaning the foal if over four months old DO NOT starve the mare or foal! If these problems are caused from a nutritional deficiency, how can we fix it by creating a larger deficiency? Feeding the Young, Growing Horse After four months of age there is no reason to feed quantities of milk to the growing foal. Provide a weanling diet according to desired body condition and Recommended Allowance (see Table 6). Because the younger horse s body capacity is small, the percentages of all nutrients in a weanling diet must be higher to assure adequate amounts of minerals and vitamins will be consumed per day. As the body capacity increases, the percentages can be lowered because they are consuming more pounds per day (see Table 10). After six months of age their digestive system is changing into more of a continuous grazer and we continue to manage the weanling to complement their digestive system. The larger the body capacity, the larger the fermentation vat and therefore, more forage can be consumed. However, the increased body capacity for forage does not keep up with the increased mineral requirements for skeletal development. The larger, faster growing foals are more prone to skeletal problems due to their higher mineral needs to support their larger structure. Therefore, using the Growth Chart (Table 6) to determine their individual Recommended Allowances (RA) is the manager s best tool to reduce the incidence of nutrition related growth problems. Because young foals do not grow at the same rate and mature to different sizes, their daily nutritional needs differ. The smaller horses will usually mature earlier and the larger horses will take longer. Even within breeds there are different maturing rates. The only way to meet the growing horse s nutrient needs is to monitor their growth every month and provide the necessary Units of amino acids, major and trace minerals and vitamins according to their individual growth rate. 20 T h e A m e r i c a n H a n o v e r i a n

8 Conclusion of Part I In conclusion, there are two very important management decisions that need to be made which are necessary to reduce the incidence of nutrition related development problems. Number one - Fetal Programming : The reliance on adequate prenatal nutrition is extremely important and needs to be greatly emphasized in preventing nutritional deficiencies from occurring in the suckling. The point at which mare s milk and the foal s liver stores can no longer provide the trace mineral needs of the foal can be seen in rapidly growing foals, consuming only mare s milk, and beginning to show signs of Developmental Orthopedic Disease (DOD). If this occurs before the suckling begins consuming an adequate amount of dry feed, we will look into the possibility of low mineral density in this mare s milk as a cause. The research published over the past several years, clearly states that trace mineral supplementation is beneficial in the sucklings diet when the mare has previously produced a foal with, what is believed to be, nutrition induced DOD. Comparing the suspect mare s milk analysis to Table 9, will allow the owner/ veterinarian/nutritionist to explain why and how much Rejuvenaide, a trace mineral supplement to complement mares milk, is necessary to administer per day. Number two - Feed According to Need : Monitor your foals growth rates and feed accordingly. Be sure to provide the correct number of Units (amino acids, fatty acids, major and trace minerals and vitamins) necessary to support their current growth rate and size of their skeletal structure, without getting them fat. We do not recommend trying to slow their growth rate down or to speed them up. Breed for the size horse you want to produce and feed them accordingly. We have had the most success in reducing the incidence of DOD on farms today when these two management tools are used together. To reduce skeletal anomalies, all owners and managers must realize that nutrition, management and genetics are all equal. You have to have the best of all three if you want to attain optimal results. n Donald R. Kapper, PAS, is the Director of Nutrition and Technical Services at Progressive Nutrition, LLC and a team member of Akey Nutrition Research and Development and Nutrition Horizon Research and Development at North American Nutrition Companies, Inc. He is a graduate of The Ohio State University and a member of the Equine Science Society, the American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists (PAS), the American Farriers Association, the American Hanoverian Society and the ISR/ Oldenburg N.A. Society. In 1983, he assisted in the development of the first comprehensive computer program to balance equine diets. He consults with industry leaders and has lectured throughout the world to horse owners, trainers and veterinarians. He is the exclusive Equine Nutritionist for the 1998, 2002, 2004 and the 2007 Sporthorse Stallion Testing LLC s 100-Day Stallion Performance Tests. In 2003, Don assisted in writing the text and taught the first Equine Science Certificate Class, Introductory Equine Nutrition, at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. Don has written articles on Equine Management and Nutrition that have been published in several trade journals and a veterinary text book. He and his wife Dee own and operate Outer Banks Farm, where they breed and raise Hanoverian horses in Beach City, Ohio Frank Jansen Page Brook Farms Home to EMC Arabella RGS 2006 AHS Benchmark Award Winner for top MPT jumping score! Page Brook Farms is a small, quality breeding operation in Hollis, New Hampshire. Our selective band of mares was chosen for correctness in conformation, movement, proven bloodlines and exceptional dispositions. Each and every breeding is planned to ensure healthy, athletic foals with outstanding temperaments. The foals are from a genetic pool of the finest bloodline available in the U.S. and Europe. Weanlings to Five-Year-Olds available 2006 colt by Don Frederico 2005 colt by Autocrat Four foals by Argentinus, Indoctro, Rosario expected for Spring 2007 Terry or Jayshree Schrubb 199 Pine Hill Road Hollis, NH (cell) (cell) S P R I N G

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