Army Lists. House of Osman. Contents

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2 Army Lists House of Osman Contents

3 Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists

4 Historical Introduction

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6 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1245 A.D. to 1393 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Ghulam Bodyguards Ghulams Persian cavalry with bow Turcomans Upgrade Turcoman tribesmen Persian archers Skirmishing archers Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Superior Average Average Average Average Average Average Protected Protected Protected Unprotected Unprotected Unprotected Unprotected Experienced 0 4 Short Spear Bow 16 Short Spear Bow 20 Experienced 16 4,6 Bow 60 Bow 12 Skilled 0 4,6 Bow 8 Combat Shy Bow 16 Combat Shy Bow 18 Experienced 6 6,8 Aghhan archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 16 Unskilled 6 6,8,9 Afghan spearmen Average Protected Short Spear Javelin 16 Afghan skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 9 Only Injuid from 1303 to 1353 or Muzaffarids from 1314 to 1393 AD Kurdish cavalry Type Training and Drilled Loose Drilled Loose Only Karts from 1245 to 1389 AD Quality Average Islamic Persian Protection Protected Shooting Skill Melee UG Size Charging 0 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer 6

7 Notes Only one TuG of Ghulam bodyguards may be included in a command. Historical Notes Islamic Persian This list covers the ethnically Iranian dynasties that ruled as Ilkhanid vassals or emerged in the turmoil after the fall of the Ilkhanate. it includes the Injuids of Fars until 1353 AD, the Sarbadarids of Sabzawar until 1381, the Karts of Herat until 1389, and the Muzaffarids of Fars and Isfahan until The Injuids were conquered by the Muzaffarids, and the other dynasties were destroyed by Timur.

8 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1260 A.D. to 1515 A.D. SubGenerals 01 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 13 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Experienced 6 4,6 Nobles Average Protected Short Spear Bow 16 Best equipped nobles Superior Protected Short Spear Bow 6 Experienced 16 4,6 Tribesmen Average Protected Bow 48 Upgrade tribesmen Skilled Protected Bow 1/2 Unskilled 0 6,8,9 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear Javelin 24 Archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow ,9,10 Town militias Poor Unprotected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close 10 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 36 ARTILLERY Experienced 0 2 Guns (after 1380 AD) Average Unprotected Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 Cannons and bombards ARTILLERY Experienced Barricades, 0 2,3,4 Average Unprotected (after 1380 AD) Heavy Art Combat Shy 4 Allies Type Training and Quality Empire of Trebizond allies (only Candar or Karaman from 1360 to 1461 AD) Mamluk allies (only Dulgadir from 1300 AD) Ottoman allies (only Candar in 1380 AD or Dulgadir from 1485 to 1491 AD) Turcoman Beyliks Protection Shooting Skill Melee UG Size

9 Notes Troop Notes Turcoman Beyliks Only Aydin, Candar after 1339, Menteshe and Saruhan beyliks can use Coastal. Mamluk and Ottoman allies cannot be used together. Historical Notes This list covers the Turcoman Beyliks (emirates) of Asia Minor which emerged when the Mongols weakened the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum. During the 14th century AD they were dominated by the Ottomans. They regained their independence after the Ottomans were defeated by Timur at the battle of Ankara. Most were reconquered by the Ottomans between 1426 and Candar was annexed in 1461 and Dulgadir in Many Turkoman cavalry wore leather lamellar armour, richer men wearing iron mail or lamellar armour with arm and leg defences.

10 Serbian Empire Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1301 A.D. to 1489 A.D. SubGenerals 02 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 01 Any Instinctive (Bosnian) Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Best vlastela Charging Devastating 0 4,6 Superior Fully Armoured Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 12 Vlastela in western panoply Charging Devastating 4 4,6 Average Fully Armoured Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 12 Vlastela Charging Devastating 6 4,6 Average Protected Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 18 Gusars Charging 0 4,6 Average Protected Melee Expert Lancer 8 Turkoman, Wallachian or Average Unprotected Tatar mercenaries Bow 12 Archers Experienced 12 6,8 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 36 Upgrade archers with shields Average Protected Combat Shy Bow Any Voynuk spearmen 0 6,8 Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Tribal Close 12 Upgrade voynuk with 0 6,8 Average Protected Polearm polearms Any Krayishnici,9 Average Protected Short Spear Combat Shy Javelin 16 Crossbowmen (after 1380 Average Protected Combat Shy AD) Crossbow 8 Zamanitchka Voyska Unskilled 0 8,9,10 Poor Unprotected Short Spear Combat Shy Javelin 10 Hungarian or Cuman Average Unprotected Cantabrian mercenaries Bow 8 UG Size

11 Serbian Empire Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 24 Handgunners (after 1380 Experienced 0 6 Average Protected Combat Shy AD) Firearm 6 ARTILLERY Experienced 0 2 Guns (after 1380 AD) Average Unprotected Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 ARTILLERY Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Cannons (after 1380 AD) Average Unprotected Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 Allies Albanian allies Albanian Principalities (only to 1479 AD) Ottoman Turkish allies Notes Vlastela can be combined in a mixedtug of 1/2 fully armoured and 1/2 protected. A Bosnian ally general can only command archers, karyishinici and one TuG of vlastela. Allied contingents from this list do not need to take any foot, but if they do must comply with the minima for archers. Historical Notes This list covers the later period of the medieval kingdom of Serbia. Taking advantage of the Byzantine civil war that started in 1341 AD, Stefan Dusan doubled the size of the Serbian kingdom. In April 1346 he was crowned Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks. He established a new legal code based upon Byzantine law. In 1355 he was succeeded by his son Stefan Uros V. The Empire slid into feudal anarchy as he was unable to consolidate the conquests achieved by his father. Much of the Serbian nobility was killed by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Maritsa in The Turks captured Serbian controlled Greece and Macedonia and Stefan died childless. A further battle at Kosovo in 1389 led to Serbia becoming an Ottoman vassal by In 1402 the Serbs renounced Ottoman rule and became allied to Hungary. The next fifty years saw a power struggle between the Ottomans and Hungarians until Serbia was annexed by the Turks in Troop Notes The Serbian army was feudal in nature consisting of lancearmed cavalry and infantry equipped with bows, crossbows, spears and axes. Cannons, made in Ragusa (Dubrovnik) first appeared in the 1380s.

12 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1308 A.D. to 1441 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains Internal Allied Generals 01 Any Instinctive (Bosnian) Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Mixed TuG comprising 1/2 nobles and 1/2 lesser nobles Nobles Superior Fully Armoured Lesser nobles Superior Protected Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Charging 2 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer 6 Charging = 0 Melee Expert Lancer = German armigeri (only after Charging 0 4,6 Average Fully Armoured Dismountable 1395 AD) Drilled Loose Lancer 8 Szekelers or Tatars Experienced 6 4,6 Average Protected Short Spear Bow 24 Shieldwall, 0 6,8 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear Integral Combat Shy Tribal Close Shooters 12 Archers Horse archers Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 16 Experienced 12 4,6 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 36 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 18 Bosnian contingent Type Training and Quality Later Hungarian Protection Shooting Skill Melee Bosnian knights Charging 0 4 Superior Protected Melee Expert Lancer 4 Bosnians Experienced 8 6,8 Average Protected Combat Shy Bow 16 UG Size

13 Allies Historical Notes Troop Notes Later Hungarian Paduan allies Early Italian Condotta (only from 1358 to 1380 AD) Polish allies (only from 1370 AD) Notes German knights dismount as Formed Close, Average, Fully Armoured, 2H Cut & Crush, Melee Expert (even where they do not have that characteristic while mounted). A Bosnian contingent must be commanded by a Bosnian ally general. Bosnian troops are only mandatory if a contingent is taken. A Bosnian contingent cannot be used with allies. This list covers Hungarian armies from the reign of Charles I, the first Angevin king of Hungary, until John Hunyadi assumed responsibility for the defense of the frontiers in 1441 AD. Charles I restored royal power, based in part upon the production of gold from mines in the east and north. Charles sealed an alliance with the Polish king Casimir the great. He was succeeded by Louis the Great who extended the rule of Hungary to the Adriatic Sea and occupied the Kingdom of Naples several times. He also became King of Poland. He led successful campaigns against the Ottomans but died without a male heir in After years of anarchy, Sigismund succeeded to the throne by marrying Mary, the daughter of Louis. He had to pay for the support of the barons and it was to take decades to restore royal authority. After the death of Sigismund in 1437, his soninlaw Albert II of Germany assumed the throne. He however died in 1439, leaving the country in chaos. Charles I introduced a new feudal aristocracy to Hungary. Each lord was required to maintain a banderium, a group of armoured horsemen recruited from the lesser nobility or foreign mercenaries. The other means of raising an army was the generalis exercitus, involving the obligatory service of the entire lesser nobility. After the army's poor showing at the Battle of Nicopolis in 1397 AD, attempts were made to reorganise by exempting the poorest and by requiring landowners to supply troops to the "militia portalis".

14 Wallachian Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1330 A.D. to 1476 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Boyars and retinues Charging 4 4,6 Superior Protected Lancer 8 Viteji and curteni cavalry Experienced 12 4,6 Average Unprotected Bow 24 "Crusaders" (from 1456 AD) Charging Devastating 0 4 Average Fully Armoured Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 4 Voynuks 0 6 Average Protected Polearm 6 Archers Experienced 24 6,8 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 64 Curteni archers Average Protected Bow 16 Rustici Unskilled 0 6,8,9 Poor Unprotected Short Spear Combat Shy Javelin 18 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 36 Crossbowmen Experienced 0 6 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Crossbow 6 Handgunners Experienced 0 6 Average Protected Combat Shy Firearm 6 Bombards (from 1456 AD) ARTILLERY Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Average Unprotected Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 UG Size

15 Allies Historical Notes Troop Notes Wallachian Moldavian allies Hungarian allies Later Hungarian (to 1441 AD) or Black Army Hungarian (from 1442 AD) Ottoman Turkish allies Early Ottoman Turkish (to 1361 AD) or Ottoman Turkish (from 1362 AD) Notes Ottoman allies cannot be used with Hungarian or Moldavian allies. Wallachia is a geographical region of modern Romania, north of the lower Danube and south of the Carpathian mountains. This list covers the Wallachians from their independence from Hungary in 1330 AD until they became vassals of the Ottomans in 1476 after the death of Vlad III Darcula or "Vlad the Impaler". Wallachia was founded as a principality by Basarab I. He defeated Charles at the Battle of Posada in As early as 1368 Wallachia came into conflict with the Ottoman Empire. Boyars were the nobility. Viteji were land owning peasants. Curteni were the standing army.

16 Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1336 A.D. to 1432 A.D. SubGenerals 01 Any Professional Terrain Standard, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 03 Any Professional (Mongol) Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Ghulams Turcomans Mongol cavalry Bedouin cavalry Persian archers Levied foot Skirmishing archers Allies Notes A Mongol general can only command Mongols. Historical Notes Type Training and Drilled Loose Kara Koyunlu allies (only from 1378 to 1389 AD) Georgian allies (only from 1394 to 1399 AD) Quality Jalairid Sultanate Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Superior Average Average Average Average Protected Protected Unprotected Unprotected Unprotected Experienced 8 4,6 Short Spear Bow 16 Bow 12 Experienced 8 4,6 Short Spear Melee Expert Powerbow ,6 Long Spear Combat Shy 18 Combat Shy Bow 8 Poor Unprotected Combat Shy 0 9,10,12 12 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 9 The Jalairids were a Mongol dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Ilkhantes in the 1330s AD. Timur captured Baghdad in 1392 causing the Sultan Ahmad Jalayir to flee to Syria. The Sultan returned with the help of the Kara Koyunlu but was driven out again in Timur sacked Baghdad in The infighting after the death of Timur allowed the Jalairid Sultanate to survive in southern Iraq and Khuzistan until eliminated by the Kara Koyunlu in UG Size

17 Troop Notes The Jalairids depeneded upon Ghulams. They also used Bedouin tribesmen. Jalairid Sultanate

18 Albanian Principalities Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1355 A.D. to 1479 A.D. SubGenerals 03 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 01 Any Instinctive (only before 1385 AD) or Professional (Neapolitan) Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Veteran cavalry Experienced 4 4,6 Superior Protected Short Spear Melee Expert Javelin 18 Mercenary menatarms Charging 0 4 Average Fully Armoured Dismountable Drilled Loose Lancer 4 Archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 12 Javelinmen,9 Average Protected Short Spear Javelin 16 Crossbowmen Average Unprotected Combat Shy Crossbow 8 Halberdiers 0 6,8 Average Protected Polearm Tribal Close 8 Levy 0 8,9,10 Poor Unprotected Combat Shy 10 Cavalry Skilled 12 4,6 Average Unprotected Short Spear Melee Expert Javelin 36 Mounted crossbowmen Unskilled 0 4,6 Average Protected Combat Shy Crossbow 8 Skirmishing javelinmen Average Unprotected Combat Shy Javelin 12 Skirmishing crossbowmen Average Unprotected Combat Shy Crossbow 9 Skirmishing archers Experienced 12 6,9 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 27 Handgunners (from 1441 Experienced 0 6 Average Protected Combat Shy AD) Firearm 6 UG Size

19 Albanian Principalities ARTILLERY Experienced 0 2 Guns Average Unprotected Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 ARTILLERY Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Upgrade guns to cannons Average Unprotected Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 Neapolitan allied contingent (from 1451 to 1455 AD) Devastating Charging 0 4 Elmetti Average Fully Armoured Chargers, Melee Expert Drilled Loose Lancer Dismountable Catalans Average Unprotected Impact Weapon Melee Expert Drilled Flexible 6 Experienced 0 6 Handgunners Average Protected Combat Shy Firearm 6 Experienced 0 6 Archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 6 Allies Venetian allies Italian Condotta (only from 1392 to 1395 AD) Notes A Neapolitan allied contingent must be commanded by a Professional allied general. Historical Notes This list covers the Albanian principalities that started to establish their independence from Angevin rule and the Serbian Empire. The main states include the Principality of Valona ( ); Lordship of Berat ( ); Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto ( ); Desporate of Arta ( ), Principality of Albania ( ); Principality of Gjirokaster ( ) and Princpality of Kastrioti ( ). When Ottoman forces entered Albania, they were faced with small principalities that were engaged in vicious fights among themselves. Between 1385 and 1430 they established their rule over most of the country. in 1444 a military alliance of Albanian feudal lords was forged in Lezhë. Their leader was a member of the Kastrioti family, George Castriot known as Skanderberg. A series of victories was obtained against the Ottomans. Despite the League fragmenting soon after its founding, the core of the alliance under Skanderberg continued. It repeatedly defeated the Ottomans until Skanderberg's death in Albanian resistance weakened but continued until the Venetians conceded Shkodra to the Ottomans in Troop Notes Albanian cavalry went on to form the stradiots in Venetian service. They were mostly unarmoured and fought with a doubleend light lance and light shield.

20 Moldavian Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1359 A.D. to 1517 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Boyars and retinues Charging 4 4,6 Superior Protected Lancer 8 Viteji Experienced 12 4,6 Average Unprotected Bow 24 Voynuks 0 6 Average Protected Polearm Dismountable 6 Archers Experienced Dismountable, 24 6,8 Average Unprotected Bow Combat Shy 64 Curteni Average Protected Dismountable Bow 16 Rustici Unskilled Dismountable, 0 6,8,9 Poor Unprotected Short Spear Javelin Combat Shy 18 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 36 Crossbowmen Experienced 0 6 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Crossbow 6 Handgunners Experienced 0 6 Average Protected Combat Shy Firearm 6 Allies Hungarian allies Later Hungarian (to 1441 AD) or Black Army Hungarian (from 1442 to 1494 AD) Polish allies Ottoman Turkish allies Early Ottoman Turkish (to 1361 AD) or Ottoman Turkish (from 1362 AD) Crim Tatar allies Tatar Khanates (only from 1430 AD) UG Size

21 Notes After 1457 AD, any or all infantry TuGs can choose Barricades characteristic if desired. Ottoman or Tatar allies cannot be used with Polish allies Moldavian forces were similar to Wallachian forces. Moldavian Historical Notes Moldavia included part of modern Romania, the Republic of Moldava and territories in Ukraine. The Hungarians under Charles I conquered much of the region from the Mongols. In 1359 AD, Bogdan of Cuhea, took control of Moldavia. The country had a mix of Roman Catholic and Orthodox communities. It kept connections with the Byzantine Empire, but growing Polish influence was contested by the Hungarians. The first confrontation with the Ottoman Turks was in Under Stephen the Great in 1457 the country reached its greatest power. In 1498 it had to accept Ottoman suzerainity. Troop Notes

22 Timurid Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1360 A.D. to 1506 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Professional Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Instinctive Turcoman Camp Fortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Elephants (only Timur from ELEPHANTS 0 2 Average Protected Shove 1399 to 1405 AD) 2 Elephants (only Shah Rukh ELEPHANTS 0 2,3,4 Average Protected Shove from 1405 AD to 1447 AD) 4 Sarmarkand guards (only Timur from 1370 to 1405 Exceptional Protected Short Spear Melee Expert AD) Drilled Loose Powerbow 6 Timurid cavalry Experienced 16 4,6 Superior Protected Short Spear Melee Expert Drilled Loose Powerbow 24 Turcoman nobles Average Protected Short Spear Bow 6 Turcoman tribesmen Average Protected Bow 12 Upgrade Turcoman Skilled Protected tribesmen Bow 1/2 Dismount Timurid cavalry Superior Protected Short Spear Caltrops Bow Any Archers Skilled 0 6,8 Average Protected Caltrops Drilled Loose Bow 8 Militia archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 8 Aghhan archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 8 Afghan spearmen Unskilled 0 6,8,9 Average Protected Short Spear Javelin 9 UG Size

23 Afghan skirmishing archers Naffatun (only until 1480 AD) Handgunners (only after 1480 AD) Hostage screen (only from 1360 to 1405 AD) Stampeding cattle, camels or buffaloes (only until 1447 AD) Allies Kara Koyunlu allies (only Shah Rukh from 1405 to 1447 AD) Ak Koyunlu allies (only Timur or Shah Rukh until 1447 AD) Uzbek allies Later Nomadic Mongol (only after 1450 AD) Notes Timurid Average Average Average Poor Poor Unprotected Unprotected Protected Unprotected Protected Combat Shy Bow 9 Experienced 0 6 Combat Shy Firearm 6 Experienced 0 6 Combat Shy Firearm 6 Expendable, 0 9,12 Combat Shy 12 Expendable, 0 3 Combat Shy 3 Turcoman ally generals must command at least 1 TuG of Turcomans but do not need to command otherwise compulsory troops. Historical Notes This list covers Transoxanian armies from the revolt of Timur and Mir Hussain until the death of Husayn Bayqara. Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370 AD. From this base he led military campaigns across western and central Asia, India, the Caucasus and southern Russia. He defeated both the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the Ottoman Turks and the Delhi Sultanate. He envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire but relied on Islamic religion and institutions. He struggled to hold on to his conquests, often having to reconquer the same area again. His military campaigns have been estimated to have killed 17 million people. An arrow shot in the right leg crippled him so he became known as Timur the Lame or Tamerlane. After the death of Timur in 1405, his empire split into several hostile principalities. Troop Notes BATTLE CHARIOTS Tribal Close Timurid armies retained Mongol organisation but emphasised fighting at close quarters instead of traditional nomad tactics.

24 Ottoman Turkish Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1362 A.D. to 1520 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Professional Terrain Coastal, Mountains, Plains Internal Allied Generals 01 Any Instinctive (Serbian) Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Qapu Khalqi Experienced 0 4 Superior Protected Short Spear Melee Expert Drilled Loose Bow 4 Timarli sipahi Experienced 8 4,6 Average Protected Short Spear Bow 28 Best sipahi Superior Protected Short Spear Bow 8 Turcomans or Crimean Average Protected Tartars Bow 6 Bedouin cavalry 0 4,6 Average Unprotected Long Spear Combat Shy 6 Kurdish cavalry Charging 0 4,6 Average Protected Melee Expert Lancer 6 Jannissaries Skilled 0 6,8 Superior Protected Barricades Drilled Loose Bow 16 Azab archers Experienced Barricades, 6 6,8 Average Unprotected Bow Combat Shy 24 Crossbowmen Experienced 0 6 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Crossbow 6 Spearmen 0 6,8 Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Tribal Close 8 Voynuks 0 4 Average Protected Polearm 4 Levies 0 8,9,10 Poor Unprotected Combat Shy 10 UG Size

25 Ottoman Turkish Experienced 8 4,6 Akinjis Average Unprotected Bow 24 Upgrade Akinjis to Skilled 0 4,6 Average Unprotected Melee Expert Djanbazan Bow 6 Charging 0 4,6 Balkan cavalry Average Unprotected Melee Expert Lancer 8 Devastating 0 4 Delis Superior Unprotected Short Spear Melee Expert Chargers 4 Skirmishing crossbowmen Average Unprotected Combat Shy Crossbow 9 Skirmishing javelinmen Average Unprotected Combat Shy Javelin 9 Slingers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Sling 9 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 18 Handgunners (from 1430 Experienced 0 6 Average Protected Combat Shy AD) Firearm 6 ARTILLERY Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Bombards (from 1430 AD) Average Unprotected Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 Serbian contingent (from 1390 to 1458 AD) Best vlastela Vlastela in western panoply Vlastela Superior Average Average Fully Armoured Fully Armoured Protected Charging Devastating 0 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 4 Charging Devastating 4 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 6 Charging Devastating 4 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 6

26 Ottoman Turkish Allies Albanian allies (only from 1380 AD) Wallachian allies Turcoman allies Turcoman Beyliks (only until 1467 AD) Crim Tatar allies Tatar Khanates (only from 1429 AD) Moldovian allies (only from 1510 AD) Notes Serbian troops must be commanded by their own general who cannot command other troops. The minima apply only if a Serbian contingent is taken. Vlastela can be combined in a mixedtug of 1/2 fully armoured and 1/2 protected. Historical Notes This list covers Ottoman Turkish armies from the accession of Murad I until the accession of Suleiman the Magnificent. Troop Notes The Janissaries were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops. The corps was most likely established during the reign of Murad I. Equivalent household cavalry regiments, the Qapu Khalqi were also raised. These were backed up by the feudal levies, the timariots. These were recruited from both Anatolia and Rumelia, the European portion of the Ottoman empire. Christians could also provide feudal service. Contingents of troops were also provided by tributary Balkan princes, particularly from Serbia, Bulgaria and Wallachia. The term voynuk was derived from the Serbian, voynici. These troops came from throughout the Balkan territories. Irregular troops azabs, akinjis and other nomads also served in Ottoman armies.

27 Kara Koyunlu Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1378 A.D. to 1469 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Sultan's retinue Superior Protected Short Spear Bow 6 Pushanpush Experienced 4 4,6 Average Protected Short Spear Bow 12 Tirkashban Experienced 8 4,6 Skilled Protected Bow 36 Qullughchi Average Protected Bow 24 Kurdish cavalry Charging 0 4,6 Average Protected Melee Expert Lancer 12 Archers Average Protected Combat Shy Bow 16 Levy foot 0 8,9,10 Poor Unprotected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close 10 Skirmishing horse archers Average Unprotected Bow 6 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 18 Historical Notes The Kara Koyunlu are also known as the Black Sheep Turcomans. They were an Oghuz tribal federation that ruled over presentday eastern Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, northwestern Iran and northeastern Iraq. They rebelled against the Jalairid Sultanate in Baghdad and captured Tabriz. In 1400 AAD they were defeated by Timur but had regained Tabriz by They reached their greatest extent under Jahan Shah but he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Chapakchur in The state quickly collapsed under his incompetent son, Hasan Ali. UG Size

28 Troop Notes Kara Koyunlu The armies were influenced by Mongol practice. Pushanpush "armoured men" were the best equiped. Tirkashband "quiverbearers" were horse archers and provided the bulk of the army. Qullughchi "servants" were retainers.

29 Ak Koyunlu Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1387 A.D. to 1504 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Sultan's retinue Superior Protected Short Spear Bow 6 Pushanpush Experienced 4 4,6 Average Protected Short Spear Bow 12 Tirkashban Experienced 8 4,6 Skilled Protected Bow 36 Qullughchi Average Protected Bow 18 Kurdish cavalry Charging 0 4,6 Average Protected Melee Expert Lancer 12 Archers with shields and Average Protected Combat Shy sabres Bow 8 Archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 8 Levy foot 0 8,9,10 Poor Unprotected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close 10 Handgunners (after 1472 Average Protected Combat Shy AD) Firearm 8 Skirmishing horse archers Average Unprotected Bow 6 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 18 Cannons and bombards ARTILLERY Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Average Unprotected (after 1472 AD) Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 UG Size

30 Ak Koyunlu Allies Georgian allies (only to 1403 AD) Karaman and Candar Turkoman allies Turcoman Beylik (only to 1461 AD) Empire of Trebizond allies (only to 1461 AD) Kara Koyunlu allies (only to 1469 AD) Ottoman Turkish allies (only from 1496 to 1497 AD) Historical Notes The Ak Koyunlu are also known as the White Sheep Turcomans. They were an Oghuz tribal confederation that held land south of the Pontic mountains. They were granted land by Timur after he defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 AD. Under Uzun Hasan in 1467 they defeated the Kara Koyunlu and took over their territory. In 1470 they were defeated by the Ottomans who seized their western territories. Civil war from 1490 onwards led to their conquest by the Safavids in Troop Notes Ottoman guns were captured in 1472 and handgunners are recorded in 1478.

31 Army Commander 1 Any Competent or Ordinary Instinctive Dates 1396 A.D. to 1396 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Competent or Ordinary Instinctive Terrain Plains, Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Name French knights Superior Fully Armoured Hospitaller knights Superior Fully Armoured Mixed TuG comprising 1/2 knights and 1/2 sergeants Hungarian nobles Superior Fully Armoured Hungarian lesser nobles Superior Protected Type Training and Crusade of Nicopolis Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Devastating Charging 8 4,6 Chargers, Melee Expert Lancer Dismountable 16 Charging Devastating 0 4 Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 4 Charging 2 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer 4 Charging = 0 Melee Expert Lancer = Charging 0 4 German knights Average Fully Armoured Dismountable Drilled Loose Lancer 4 Szekelers Average Protected Short Spear Bow 6 Wallachian and Bulgar Charging 0 4 Superior Protected boyars and retinues Lancer 4 Wallachian and viteji and Experienced 4 4,6 Average Unprotected curteni cavalry Bow 8 Experienced Dismountable, 0 6,8 Free company longbowmen Average Protected Powerbow Barricades 8 Crusader crossbowmen Average Protected Combat Shy Crossbow 8 UG Size

32 Crusade of Nicopolis Shieldwall, 0 6,8 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear Integral Combat Shy Tribal Close Shooters 8 Archers Ribaulds Scouts Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow ,8 Poor Unprotected Combat Shy 8 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 6 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 18 Notes French knights must be commanded by a French CinC. Hungarians must be commanded by a Hungarian subgeneral. Wallachians must be commanded by a Wallachian subgeneral. Other troops may be placed in the command of any general. The restricted quality of the generals represents the lack of unity in command. Maxima and minima apply to the Hungarian nobles, an equal number of lesser nobles must be taken. Knights dismount as Formed Close, Average, Fully Armoured, 2H CutCrush, Melee Expert. Historical Notes The Crusade of Nicopolis formally started when a delegation of Hungarian knights arrived in Paris in August A peace in the Hundred Years' War provided the opportunity and the French enthusiastically responded. Many unemployed companies from a wide range of nations including French, English, Spanish, German and Swiss took part. The Crusaders were joined by a Venetian fleet sailing up the Danube carrying Knights Hospitallers. From Buda, the Crusaders marched down the left flank of the Danube. They were joined by contingents led by Sigismund King of Hungary and the Wallachian leader, Mircea the Elder. The Crusaders laid seige to Nicopolis on the lower Danube. The Crusader discipline was poor and the command disagreed on both strategy and tactics. The Constable D''Eu was nominally in charge but advised by Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy, a veteran warrior. The French underestimated the Turks and ignored the advice of Sigismund and Mircea who had much more experience of fighting their opponents. Bayezid, the Turkish Sultan, had been joined by his Serbian allies. In the battle the French advanced recklessly, defeated the Tiurkish infantry vanguard and then pursued into the bulk of the Turkish army where they were enveloped. The remainder of the Crusader army fought to prevent the envelopment but the charge of the Serbian knights proved crucial. Sigismund and the Master of the Hospitallers escaped to the Venetian fleet but the Crusader army was overwhelmed. No crusader army from Europe would be launched against the Turks until the 1440's. The defeat signified the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Troop Notes The army comprised of four components, French, Hungarian, Wallachian and Hospitallers along with the Venetian navy. The troops themselves consisted of many nationalities including Englishmen serving in Free Companies as well as Spanish, German, Swiss and Croatians.

33 Tatar Khanates Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1430 A.D. to 1520 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Khan's best cavalry Superior Protected Short Spear Drilled Loose Bow 12 Best equipped cavalry Average Protected Short Spear Bow 36 Experienced 12 4,6 Cavalry Average Unprotected Short Spear Bow 48 Foot archers (Khanate of Average Unprotected Combat Shy Kazan) Bow 16 Skirmishing cavalry Average Unprotected Short Spear Bow 18 Skilled 0 4,6 Upgrade skirmishing cavalry Average Unprotected Short Spear Bow Up to half Allies Ottoman Turkish allies (Crimean Khanate from 1475 AD) Historical Notes This list covers the Crimean Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan and the Khanate of Astrakhan. The Golden Horde had governed the Crimean peninsular since 1239 AD. In the early 15th century various Golden Horde clans had ceased their nomadic lifestyle and settled on the steppes of Ukraine and southern Russia. Led by Haci Giray, they achieved independence from the Horde by 1441 and Haci Giray ascended the throne of the khanate in In 1475 Ottoman troops conquered Greek and Genoese colonies in the Crimea and established a protectorate over the Crimean Khanate. In 1502, Meñli I Giray defeated the last khan of the Great Horde. The Khanate of Kazan occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria from The local feudal nobility consisted of ethnic Volga Bulgars, but the court and body guard of the Kazan khans were composed of steppe Tatar. The Khanate of Astrakhan was established in the 1460s by Mäxmüd of Astrakhan in an area around the mouth of the Volga river. UG Size

34 Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1442 A.D. to 1494 A.D. SubGenerals 13 Any Professional Terrain Plains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Royal Banderium Nobles Superior Fully Armoured Lesser nobles Superior Protected Type Training and Superior Mixed TuG comprising 1/2 nobles and 1/2 lesser nobles Black Army Hungarian Quality Protection Fully Armoured Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Charging 0 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer 6 Charging 2 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer 6 Charging = 0 Melee Expert Lancer = German or Bohemin armigeri Serbian gusars Szekelers or Tatars Armati Charging 0 4,6 Average Fully Armoured Dismountable Drilled Loose Lancer 12 Charging 0 4,6 Average Protected Melee Expert Lancer 8 Experienced 6 4,6 Average Protected Short Spear Bow 24 Integral 0 6,8 Average Protected Polearm Combat Shy Drilled Close Shooters 12 Shieldwall, 0 6,8 Clipeati Average Protected Short Spear Integral Combat Shy Drilled Close Shooters 16 Archers Peasants Horse archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 16 Unskilled 0 8,9,10 Poor Unprotected Short Spear Javelin 20 Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 24 UG Size

35 Black Army Hungarian Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected Combat Shy Bow 18 Crossbowmen Average Unprotected Combat Shy Crossbow 12 Experienced 6 6,9 Handgunners Average Protected Combat Shy Firearm 24 BATTLE WAGONS Unskilled 0 4 War Wagons Average Protected Polearm Crossbow 8 ARTILLERY Experienced 0 2,3,4 Guns Average Unprotected Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 4 ARTILLERY Experienced Barricades, 0 2,3,4 Cannons Average Unprotected Heavy Art Combat Shy 4 Bosnian contingent (only before 1453 AD) Bosnian knights Charging 0 4 Superior Protected Melee Expert Lancer 4 Bosnians Experienced 8 6,8 Average Protected Combat Shy Bow 16 Allies Serbian allies Serbian Empire (only before 1447 AD) Notes German knights dismount as Formed Close, Average, Fully Armoured, 2H Cut & Crush, Melee Expert (even where they do not have that characteristic while mounted). Maxima and minima apply to the Hungarian nobles, an equal number of lesser nobles must be taken. A Bosnian contingent must be commanded by a Bosnian ally general. Bosnian troops are only mandatory if a contingent is taken. A Bosnian contingent cannot be used with allies. Historical Notes This list covers the Hungarian army from the reforms initiated by John Hunyadi until the death of Matthias Corvinus. Troop Notes The core of the Black Army was a professional mercenary force, first established by John Hunyadi but later expanded by Matthias Corvinus. This was paid for by high taxes. Matthias also recognised the value of firearms so that up to 1 in 4 infantryman were equipped with them. Cavalry and war wagons were used on the wings with infantry holding the centre. Lighter cavalry would initiate hit and run attacks.