Penn State University Equine Environmental Stewardship Program
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1 Penn State University Equine Environmental Stewardship Program In partnership with the Northeast Region Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education Program
2 Penn State Equine Stewardship Program Promoting Care of the Horse, the Environment, and the Industry Through Research and Education
3 Mission Statement Due to the continual growth and diversity of the equine industry in Pennsylvania and the increasingly important role that the industry plays in supporting agriculture, the Penn State Equine Stewardship Work Group has been established to provide current, research-based information that is both relevant and timely. The program promotes care of the horse and the environment for the entire industry by providing research and education designed to enhance environmental health, water quality, sustainable farm management practices, and horse health and wellbeing.
4
5 Result of Over feeding protein, Excess nutrients in the manure can negatively affect the fish and aquatic wildlife in streams, ponds, and lakes. Nutrients can leach into the groundwater, potentially contaminating well water you and your horses drink. Violates the Pennsylvania Clean Streams Law P and K
6 How to Begin? Start by understanding the digestive tract of the horse
7 Digestive tract of the horse.
8 Horse digestive tract Volume (gal) Length (ft) Stomach 2-4 Small intestine Cecum Large colon Small colon approx. 5 10
9 45 to 72 hrs for food to pass through to the horse s digestive tract.
10
11 The Horse s foregut is make up of: intestine the stomach and small The majority of starch (the principle component of cereal grains metabolized for energy), protein, fat, vitamins and minerals are digested and absorbed in the foregut (primarily in the small intestine)
12 The hindgut is make up of: cecum, large colon, small colon and rectum The hindgut contains microbes, which are bacteria and protozoa capable of digesting dietary fiber supplied by roughages. The horse does not produce enzymes that digest fiber and use microbes to break it down. Horses require fiber for the gut to function normally.
13 A horse requires five types of nutrients. Energy nutrients (carbohydrates and fats) Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water Each nutrient has an important role in the horse s body and is needed to keep the horse healthy. But only feed what the horse can utilize.
14 Goal: Healthy horse in good body condition
15 When feeding a horse take into account its: Age, weight, work and growth to determine its diet. Some horses are easier to feed and require fewer nutrients than others. Other horses are very difficult to feed and require special attention.
16 Estimate body weight Multiply the girth (in inches) times itself (heart girth 2) times the body length (in inches) and divide by 330. Example: Heart Girth = 74.8 inches Body length = 63 inches 74.8 x 74.8 x = 1,068 pounds
17 When Balancing Rations: After determine the age, weight and level of activity or work of the horse. Determine the actual nutrient content of feed use a testing laboratory. Or read the lable. Use National Research Council tables as a guideline to determine available nutrients to meet your horse s requirements.
18 Hay test NIR or wet chemistry
19 Good quality hay is sufficient feed for a mature horse that is ridden very little. With an increase in work, grain should be added to its diet. To supplement what is missing in the forage.
20 Daily Feed Required (Average Adult 1,000-pound Horse): Approximate Amounts 1,000-pound hay grain No work lbs. None Light (1-2 hrs./day)15-20 lbs. 1-3 lbs (1-1.5 lbs. Grain/hr. Of work) Medium (2-4 hrs./day)15-20 lbs. 3-8 lbs (1.5-2 lbs. Grain/hr. Of work) Heavy lbs lbs (4- more hrs/day) ( lbs. Grain/hr.Work)
21 Only a horse that is worked extremely hard would ever receive half of its ration in grain. A racehorse in heavy training is an example of a horse requiring half of its ration in grain. So never feed your pleasure horse more than it needs.
22 Daily Nutrient Requirement of the Average Horse ( 1,000 lb. weight) National Research Council D. Energy C. Protein Lysine Calcium Phosphorus (MCal) (grams) (grams) (grams) (grams) Mature horses Maintenance Working horses Light work Intense work , Stallion
23 The Horse s Nutrient Requirements increase as the horse s work load increases
24 Lactation is hard work
25 Daily Nutrient Requirement of the Average Mare ( 1,000 lb. weight) National Research Council D. Energy C. Protein Lysine Calcium Phosphorus (MCal) (grams) (grams) (grams) (grams) Mature Mare Pregnant mare months Lactating mares: Foaling , to 3-months 3-months , to weaning
26 High quality protein provides essential amino acids Lysine
27 Over and under feeding horses can result in severe disorders in addition to Environmental Impacts t
28 Feeding Disorders Metabolic disorders Insulin resistance Obesity Laminitis Developmental orthopedic disease Digestive disorders Colic Laminitis Diarrhea
29 laminitis
30 Hoof Anatomy Coffin bone Hoof wall Laminar
31 Younger horses require special rations. Foal with DOD
32 Developmental Orthopedic Disease (DOD) Can be feed induced
33 Pasturing Horses and Other Livestock Most economical and easiest way to feed. Inconsistency of feed quantity and quality. Poisonous plants and weed can cause metabolic disturbances or death.
34 Photosensitization dermatitis
35 Selenium toxic: Hair loss & laminitis
36 Take Home Message Balance the ration. Do not feed excess nutrients. Excesses of some nutrients can inter-act with others. Use National Research Council tables. Metabolic disorders stem from imbalances. Feed amounts that are adequate to maintain desired body condition.
37 Penn State University Equine Natural Working Group Chairs Dr. Ann Swinker, PSU Equine Specialist Tom Walker, Extension Central CEO Donna Foulk, PSU Northampton County Educator
38 Team Members Helene McKernan, PSU Equine Specialist Nancy Kadwill, Extension CEO Southeast Donna Zang, Extension CEO West Lisa Jones, York Extension 4-H/Youth Pat Comerford, PSU Horse Specialist Andrea Graeff Kocher, PSU Horse Specialist
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