Vimy Ridge a watershed in Canada's history
|
|
- Wendy Parker
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ward, J. (1999, November 4). Vimy Ridge: A watershed moment in Canada's history, canoe.ca. Retrieved from Thursday, November 4, 1999 Vimy Ridge a watershed in Canada's history By JOHN WARD -- The Canadian Press Canadian soldiers return from Vimy Ridge in this May, 1917 photo. On Nov.11, 1918, the First World War officially ended, on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. (CP PHOTO: National Archives of Canada, William Ivor Castle) The horrors of the First World War have dwindled in the mists of time, reduced to little more than a few faded sepia photographs, or Great-Grandpa's tarnished medals long-forgotten in a drawer. There are few contemporary reminders of a conflict that shook the world, shattered
2 the foundations of an international order that had lasted almost a century and drew a dark and bloodstained curtain between eras. It was a war that changed Canada in this century from a meek colony to a nation insistent on its dignity and its own place in the peace. The official Canadian history says of the soldiers: "They fought as Canadians and those who returned brought back with them a pride of nationhood that they had not known before." But today as we approach the last Remembrance Day before the year 2000, the war is a long-ago shadow. The 60,000 Canadian war dead lie, for the most part, in neatly groomed cemeteries far from home in France and Belgium. Survivors have dwindled to a handful of centenarians The war memorials raised in the post-war years were dragooned, a generation later, into doubling as monuments to the Second World War and, still later, for Korea. Even the ubiquitous, blood-red poppies of November are as much a symbol of tradition as of remembrance. Yet on a gently sloping hillside in northwestern France stands a soaring white monument marking one of Canada's greatest military triumphs, a victory which many say helped turn a colony into a nation. The great spires of the monument are set in a plot of land granted to Canada by France in 1922, their shadows stretching along a shallow escarpment known as Vimy Ridge. In the spring of 1917, the First World War was 21/2 years old. The casualty lists on both sides ran into the millions. Europe was split by a meandering line of trenches that ran non-stop from the Swiss border to the North Sea. In those trenches, hundreds of thousands of Canadians, Britons, Belgians, Frenchmen, Australians and Germans lived cold, wet lives of misery punctuated by moments of wrenching terror. Horror had become commonplace. Slaughter had become mundane.
3 In battle after battle, thousands died for gains measured in yards. On the Somme, on July 1, 1916, the British army suffered the single worst day in its long and pugnacious history, losing 60,000 men killed, wounded and missing. Most were gone in the first hours of a massive frontal attack that saw men climb out of the trenches and march, shoulder-to-shoulder, into the sights of chattering machine-guns which cut them down like standing hay. By the time the battle petered out more than four months later, the total casualties on both sides amounted to an estimated 1.3 million, including 24,000 Canadians. The problem was that trench lines were practically impenetrable by the technology and tactics of the time. There were no tanks to cross the trenches, no man-portable radios to co-ordinate attacks, no artillery suitable for cutting barbed wire and smashing strong points and no way to move artillery across the battlefield except by horse and manpower. Trenches were studded with machine-guns ready to sweep the open ground between the lines and chop attacking forces to pieces. Artillery behind the lines was presighted to drop bombardments on the advancing enemy. Barbed wire slowed attacks to a crawl, or channelled them into killing grounds under the machine-gun muzzles. Men were chopped up by bullets, shredded by exploding shells, suffocated by gas, incinerated by flame throwers, smothered by caved-in trenches. The wire wasn't the barbed wire that Farmer Jones strings around the pasture. This was heavy stuff with barbs as long and thick as a man's thumb. It was coiled in tangles as high as a house, forests of wire that could catch a soldier up and hang him out helpless before the machine-guns. In the trenches, soldiers lived lives of filth and misery. "It was like living in a ditch summer and winter," one veteran recalled years later. Crude dugouts hacked into the trench sides provided sleeping niches for exhausted men. In wet weather, they lived knee-deep in liquid mud. In some places, the dead of previous battles were built into the parapets themselves, slowly rotting away before the eyes of their former comrades. Disease was rampant. Fleas and lice infected men with a variety of low-grade fevers, collectively known as trench fever. Constant immersion in cold water left men with trench foot, a condition that could lead to amputation.
4 An unidentified Canadian officer waves his national flag at the Vimy memorial during ceremonies commemorating the 80th anniversary of the Vimy Ridge battle, northern France, Wednesday April 9, (AP PHOTO: Michel Spingler) A monotonous diet of corned beef, hard biscuit, bland jam and sweetened tea made men susceptible to boils and other skin conditions. One of the few pleasures available was the tot of overproof rum, although some commanders reserved this for the moments before an attack. One officer even banned rum, offering his disgruntled men hot pea soup as a much-maligned substitute. The very soil of Flanders was dangerous. Fertilized with manure for generations, it harboured germs that could easily contaminate wounds and cause gas gangrene, a ghastly and often-fatal peril in the preantiseptic era. The sticky mud of Flanders was a constant drain on the strength of the soldiers. A military greatcoat caked with mud could weigh 50 kilograms. When men hacked off the skirts of their overcoats to cut the weight, they could find themselves charged with destroying government property. On top of all these mundane threats was the enemy. While some sectors were quiet, with both sides taking a live-and-let-live attitude, many commanders were determined to make the enemy's life as hellish as possible. Snipers watched for an unwary head poking over the parapet. Artillery, ranging from rifle-launched grenades to 10-kilo field shells to blockbusters rained down on both sides of the lines, often in random barrages. The soldiers identified the various calibres. There were high-velocity whiz-bangs and coal boxes that burst in a deep black cloud. The Jack Johnson, a particularly big shell, bore the name of a heavyweight boxing champ of the day. Each week along the Western Front, even when there were no major battles raging, hundreds of men were killed and wounded in what was known by the callous phrase, "normal wastage."
5 In 1917, the British and French brass, mesmerized by a charismatic French commander, Gen. Robert-Georges Nivelle, bought his plan for a mighty knockout blow to end the war. The Allied armies would slice across a German-held bulge in the front and then run riot across the rear areas. Between the French and British areas lay Vimy Ridge. Although it rose barely 150 metres above sea level, it dominated the lowlands in front of it. It was a fortress, studded with concrete pillboxes, deep dugouts and trenches. It was festooned with barbed wire and guns were aimed in interlocking patterns across the long slope. Previous attacks by the British and the French had cost 190,000 casualties, without budging the Germans from their ridge. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig decided that he couldn't leave this thorn in the flank of his spring offensive. He told the Canadian Corps to take it. Canada had managed to keep its four divisions together through the war, despite British attempts to break up the formations and feed the men into British divisions as reinforcements. The decision to keep the Canadians together proved to be a wise one in terms of maintaining morale and esprit de corps. "It is impossible to overrate the advantages which accrued to the Canadian Corps from the close and constant association of all four divisions with the others," Australian Gen. Sir John Monash wrote after the war. "This was the prime factor in achieving the brilliant conquest of Vimy Ridge." The Canadians were commanded by British Gen. Julian Byng, later a Governor General. By all accounts, they liked this unassuming, professional soldier. He was no stickler for dress (he was once reprimanded by the King for wearing old, worn uniforms) and was easygoing about such things as salutes. "He carries his hand in his pocket and returns a salute by lifting his hand as far as the pocket will allow," one Canadian wrote of Byng in a letter home. The men called themselves "the Byng Boys" after a popular musical hall review of the day. Byng was no slacker, though, when it came to fighting. He and his chief Canadian lieutenant, Major-Gen. Arthur Currie (later Gen. Sir Arthur Currie), stressed planning and preparation.
6 The horrors of the First World War have dwindled in the mists of time, reduced to little more than a few faded sepia photographs. This is a April 1917 photo showing The Canadian Light Horse going into action at Vimy Ridge. April, (CP PHOTO: National Archives of Canada) They insisted that every soldier know where he was going and what landmarks to aim for. Men rehearsed their attacks using rear area fields laid out like their objectives. The concept of attacking in waves disappeared and was replaced with rushes by small platoons. The platoons included light machine-guns and men laden with hand grenades. They were trained to move around strong points and attack from the flank or rear. Byng was also a stickler for artillery and he had an expert gunner in Andy McNaughton, a McGill University professor who brought science to bear on the art of war. McNaughton used every available piece of technology to locate enemy guns and smash them. Flash spotters along the line pinpointed the firing of German guns and phoned in bearings, which were plotted to locate the artillery. Primitive oscilloscopes and microphones were used to detect the sound of enemy guns and map their
7 locations. McNaughton developed a way to measure wear and tear on cannon barrels, which helped keep them accurate. "You Canadians take all the fun out of war," one British officer commented. Almost 1,000 guns were aimed at the ridge. Canadians used machine-guns as a sort of light artillery, firing storms of bullets to harass roads in the German rear, prevent supply deliveries and generally keep the enemy heads down. Engineers, known as sappers, performed prodigious feats. The official history says they built 40 kilometres of roads, and 30 kilometres of light railway, laid 70 kilometres of water pipe and over 150 kilometres of signal wire. They dug seven kilometres of tunnels from safe rear areas to the front lines to keep troops safely under cover until the last moments. One of the tunnels could hide 1,000 men. When preparations were complete, on April 2, the artillery opened up with a bombardment that one soldier described as sweeping "over our heads like water from a hose, thousands and thousands a day." Surviving Germans would describe this barrage of more than a million shells, 50,000 tonnes of explosives as "the week of suffering." Their trenches collapsed. Supply parties couldn't come forward. Soldiers lived on cold rations. Eighty per cent of their artillery was knocked out. The guns pounded for seven days, then slackened off. At 4 a.m. on Easter Monday, April 9, the Canadians moved into the jump-off areas, each man fortified by a shot of rum and a hot meal. At 5:30 a.m., 983 guns opened up, along with 150 machine-guns. With a wind driving snow and sleet at their backs and into the faces of the Germans, the Canadian infantry moved up the ridge, clambering over shell craters, torn wire entanglements and vast pools of sticky mud churned up by the bombardment. They swarmed up the slope, bombing the Germans out of their dugouts with
8 grenades, sending prisoners stumbling down behind them. Training and rehearsals paid off. As officers fell, sergeants took over. When they were hit, corporals and privates went on. Four Canadians would win the Victoria Cross, the highest award for valour, on the ridge. Only one survived the war. By April 12, the Germans had abandoned the ridge, falling back to the plain behind. They held only one bump at the north end, known as the Pimple. Brig.-Gen. Edward Hilliam, a former Alberta rancher, led his 10th brigade against the stronghold and, in an hour, threw the Prussian Guard Grenadiers out. He signed his report, "Lord Pimple." The overall Allied offensive was a failure, but Vimy glowed as a triumph amid tragedy. Historians say that the seeds of Canadian nationhood were planted at Vimy, watered with the blood of 10,000 dead and wounded. The war would drag on for another 20 months and thousands more Canadians would die. But when the survivors returned home, they and their countrymen would consider that Canada's right to be a nation had been bought and paid for. In blood.
BATTLEFIELDS OF THE GREAT WAR
BATTLEFIELDS OF THE GREAT WAR Paris The Western Front 1914-1918 Battle of Ypres Battle of Ypres 1915: April 22 to 24, 1915 Location: Near Ypres, Belgium Canadian Troops: 1st Canadian Division Results:
More informationSelina was awarded a pension follow her husband s death:
1 P a g e Private 7392 Edward Bentley 16 th Battalion, Manchester Regiment Killed in Action 9 th July 1916 Remembered on the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing (Pier 13A and 14C) I have used published accounts,
More informationWORLD WAR 1 WORLD WAR 1 BATTLES
WORLD WAR 1 WORLD WAR 1 BATTLES BELL WORK QUESTION WHAT DO YOU THINK WAS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION CANADIANS AT HOME MADE TO THE WAR EFFORT? REVIEW LIBERAL LEADER WILFRID LAURIER CREATED A 'PARTY
More informationThe Battle of Messines
N E W Z E A L A N D E R S A T M E S E N T H E B AT T L E O F M E S S I N E S 7 J U N E 1 9 1 7 The Battle of Messines The West Belgian village of Mesen forms part of New Zealand s history, remembered on
More informationddddddddddddd Friday, 24 October, 14
Te ddddddddddddd xt World War One - The War of Attrition The failure of the Schlieffen Plan and new technologies (machine guns, tanks & air planes) led to the trench system and thus a war of attrition
More informationThe Pre War Artillery Revolution
Slide 1 Slide 2 The Pre War Artillery Revolution The war of 1914-18 was an artillery war. Artillery was the battle winner, artillery was what caused the greatest loss of life, the most dreadful wounds
More informationMatt Walsh BATTLE OF POLYGON WOOD
Matt Walsh BATTLE OF POLYGON WOOD Table of Content Topic Introduction Setting the Scene The Year 1917 The Australians Quote by Sir Douglas Haig- re the Australians The Flammenwerfer (German Flamethrower)
More informationScouts Visits to Belgium & France 2012
Scouts Visits to Belgium & France 2012 Ypres, Belgium We stayed at a place called Ypres in Belgium. This is a photo of the main square showing the Flanders museum which some of us visited. World War Two.
More informationCanadian History 1201 Unit 2. Canada in the First World War
Canadian History 1201 Unit 2 Canada in the First World War Student Workbook 2.2 Student Name: SCO 2.0: The student will be expected to demonstrate an understanding of Canada s involvement in the First
More informationTRENCH RAIDER: World War I Wargaming in Ten Minutes by David Raybin 2014
TRENCH RAIDER: World War I Wargaming in Ten Minutes by David Raybin 2014 INTRODUCTION Instead of a generic set of WW1 rules I determined to make the rules fit the game scenario rather than the other way
More informationThe Horror of Trench Warfare. World War I
The Horror of Trench Warfare World War I War in Europe (1) The Western Front The war became a stalemate- trench warfare Trenches were long ditches surrounded by barbed wire to protect the troops. A WWI
More informationWORLD WAR I- WEAPONRY. Our knowledge of life is limited to death
WORLD WAR I- WEAPONRY Our knowledge of life is limited to death New Technology- Guns The Machine Gun It was used by both sides, hundreds of rounds a minute could be shot by one person. Combined with barbed
More informationTo End All Wars WW1 Miniature Game V1
To End All Wars WW1 Miniature Game V1 Introduction: The Western Front in World War I was dominated by a series of trenches cutting its way through the French countryside. Commanders on both sides would
More informationTHE POZIÈRES: 100 YEARS ON
OZIÈRES POZIÈRES: 100 YEARS ON THE Australian struggle for Pozières began on the evening of July 22, 1916, with a mighty bombardment. After dark, men of the 1st Division began moving to their jumping-off
More informationThe Battle for Fromelles
The Battle for Fromelles the st Australian Imperial Forces first major battle on the Western Front Matt Walsh Table of content Topic Introduction The Fromelles Area The Australians (5 th Division) Extract
More informationThe Great War 9YEARS + The life of the soldiers in the trenches PRIMARY. Hello, my name is Tommy I am your guide. Schools Booklet
9YEARS + The Great War The life of the soldiers in the trenches PRIMARY Hello, my name is Tommy I am your guide Schools Booklet TIMELINE 28 June 1914: Assassination of Archiduke Franz-Ferdinand 1 st 4
More informationSunday 16 th March Wednesday 19 th March 2014
Sunday 16 th March Wednesday 19 th March 2014 Adnan Saif & Mohammed Talha (Year 9) were selected to take part in the First World War Centenary Education Programme. This was a joint Government initiative
More informationTo End All Wars. WW1 Miniature Game V1.2
To End All Wars WW1 Miniature Game V1.2 Introduction: The Western Front in World War I was dominated by a series of trenches cutting its way through the French countryside. Commanders on both sides would
More informationMajor Philip Achilles Townshend [6A25] Philip (L) in 1917 and his Son Robert Vere [6A51] in 1938
Major Philip Achilles Townshend [6A25] Philip (L) in 1917 and his Son Robert Vere [6A51] in 1938 First World War - Philip in the trenches Extract from a letter from Captain Philip Townshend dated 18 March
More information13-2: Europe Plunges into War. Essential Question: What was life like in the trenches? Describe the living conditions and weapons.
13-2: Europe Plunges into War Essential Question: What was life like in the trenches? Describe the living conditions and weapons. The Schlieffen Plan General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen of Germany 1905:
More informationCUB MEETING SCHEDULE : Week 1 Theme: Remembrance Date:
CUB MEETING SCHEDULE : Week 1 Theme: Remembrance Date: Time Activity Program Details Leader Responsible 10 mins Gathering Activity Battleship Game 5 mins Opening Ceremony (Details can be found in the Cub
More informationX Corps: The Somme 1916
X Corps: The Somme 1916 A Card Wargame of World War I Neal Reid 2016 Published by Vexillia Limited www.vexillia.com Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Historical Background 3 3. Game Overview 6 4. Setting Up
More informationIII Corps: The Somme 1916
III Corps: The Somme 1916 A Card Wargame of World War I Neal Reid 2016 Published by Vexillia Limited www.vexillia.com Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Historical Background 3 3. Setting Up The Game 6 Acknowledgements
More informationSoldiers Sidney Woodroffe VC
Soldiers Sidney Woodroffe VC The following information is for teachers to utilise in planning classroom activities. Lewes resident Sidney Woodroffe was awarded the Victoria Cross for the heroism on the
More informationWar Diary, Machine Gun Corps, from
War Diary, Machine Gun Corps, from http://www.powell76.talktalk.net/mametz.htm MAMETZ WOOD DAY 1-7th JULY 1916 Following the early fighting on the Somme the British Army had pressed the German Army back
More informationStation 1: The Schlieffen Plan: Germany s Plan for Success
Station 1: The Schlieffen Plan: Germany s Plan for Success Assumptions! Russia would take at least 8 weeks to mobilize.! France would be easily defeated in a few weeks.! Belgium would not resist any German
More informationUnsung Canadian sacrifice on Hill 70 in France finally gets salute Calgary Herald
Unsung Canadian sacrifice on Hill 70 in France finally gets salute BILL KAUFMANN More from Bill Kaufmann (HTTP://CALGARYHERALD.COM/AUTHOR/PUMATANK) Published on: March 15, 2017 Last Updated: March 16,
More informationOVER THE TOP! Using Normal Flames Of War Missions in the Great War. by Mike Haught. Adding Trenches. Great War Table Size
OVER THE TOP! Using Normal Flames Of War Missions in the Great War by Mike Haught The Great War booklet covers three distinct, almost cinematic, missions. The story of starts with the Big Push, the attacker
More informationANZIO. Operation Shingle Jan. - May 1944
ANZIO Operation Shingle Jan. - May 1944 Anzio was unique. It was the only place in Europe which held an entire corps of infantry, a British division, all kinds of artillery and special units, and maintained
More informationMEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS
MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS 20 Sergeant Rodger W. Young Company B, 148th Infantry July 31, 1943 - New Georgia, Solomon Islands For distinguishing himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity above
More informationBrigade Level Combat - Western Front 1916 Version
Brigade Level Combat - Western Front 1916 Version 9-9-2006 This is the combat resolution system for a command post game about commanding brigades and divisions in WW1 particularly focussed on 1916. The
More informationCauses and events of the First World War. Revision Booklet Theme 3 What Happened on the Western Front?
Causes and events of the First World War Revision Booklet Theme 3 What Happened on the Western Front? 1 Why did war get bogged down in the trenches? Reason 1 The failure of the Schlieffen plan Germany
More informationWorld War I soldiers brightened the trenches with glowworms.
Animals that helped the War effort WW1-Workshop 3 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/28589438 Animation link World War I soldiers brightened the trenches with glowworms. One of the most unlikely nonhuman
More informationThe Battle of Cowpens 1781
The Battle of Cowpens 1781 Battle: COWPENS War: American Revolutionary War Date: 17th January 1781 Place: South Carolina on the border with North Carolina, United States of America Combatants: Americans
More informationARMIES OF THE 18 TH CENTURY
ARMIES OF THE 18 TH CENTURY I. THE INFANTRY "Napoleon's got a bunch of the toughest, hammered down, ironed out roughnecks you ever saw, from generals down to buck privates. And he just said, "Sic 'em,
More informationHouse Rules for Nuts! Final Version Version 1.3 by Jeff Glasco
1. The basic game uses a 3' x 3' table. This is fine for very dense combat, like in a major urban campaign, but is too small for a larger attack, like a platoon attack. A platoon attack would be on an
More informationSkirmishCampaigns: France 40 Battles for the Meuse Across the Meuse - Sedan
AFTERMATH Despite spirited resistance at several points, the infantry crossed the Meuse and penetrated the French positions in several areas, aided by heavy air and artillery support and combat engineer
More informationDulce et decorum est pro patria mori as a middle-aged Irish Catholic
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori: The Royal Newfoundland Regiment at Beaumont-Hamel, July 1, 1916. Presented to The St. Bon s Old Boys Association, September 27, 2014. Paul W Collins, PhD Dulce et
More informationQueen s Park in the Front Line
Queen s Park in the Front Line 1914-1918 An account of the contribution made by members and players of Queen s Park Football Club who enlisted for service in the Great War and saw active service at Arras
More informationSeptember 3 rd 1939 Battle on the Czech/Polish border (BK28) between 3 rd German Infantry Army and 3 rd Polish Infantry Army.
September 3 rd 1939 Battle on the Czech/Polish border (BK28) between 3 rd German Infantry Army and 3 rd Polish Infantry Army. Forces involved: dice: 1 infantry = 1 rifle unit of 4 bases 3 grenades = 3
More informationSoldiers Cuthbert Bromley VC
Soldiers Cuthbert Bromley VC The following information is for teachers to utilise in planning classroom activities. Seaford resident Cuthbert Bromley distinguished himself during the Gallipoli landings
More informationIntroduction. Playing a Campaign Game
Introduction Tigers on the Hunt: Kursk is a DLC containing three Campaign Game Scenarios for the Tigers on the Hunt Game (TotH). The Campaign Game Scenarios in this DLC portray three different historical
More informationKey 1. Communication Trench 2. Machine Gun Nest 3. Underground Bunker
Trench warfare characterised much of the fighting during World War One, particularly along the Western Front. Trench systems were complicated with many interlinking lines of trenches. Trenck Djagram A.
More informationNorrey and Putot, June 8, 1944 A Flames of War Mega-Game Scenario
Norrey and Putot, June 8, 1944 A Flames of War Mega-Game Scenario Allied concerns around the Normandy landings were many, but one of the most critical was the potential for a heavy panzer counterattack
More informationState-ranking notes - World War 1
HSC Modern History Year 2015 Mark 98.00 Pages 42 Published Feb 12, 2017 State-ranking notes - World War 1 By Pola (99.8 ATAR) Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Your notes author, Pola. Pola achieved an
More informationThe Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo CONTENTS page Context....3 Tactics of the battle.....4 C.Wood..6 Context Napoleon s Goal was to capture Brussels and Waterloo was estimated to be about 13 kilometres south of Brussels
More informationFree-For-All (Fair Fight)
Free-For-All (Fair Fight) In highly-mobile engagements it is not uncommon for forces to suddenly find themselves in contact with the enemy. The freewheeling battles that result are little more than all-in
More informationTHE 36 ULSTER DIVISION IN CANADA. Pictured below at a Remembrance Service in Toronto in 1962 is a veteran of World War I who th
THE 36 ULSTER DIVISION IN CANADA By Brian McConnell * Pictured below at a Remembrance Service in Toronto in 1962 is a veteran of World War I who served wi e British Army as a member of e 36 Ulster Division.
More informationSoviet Infantry Company
Soviet Infantry Company Soviet Infantry Company 2 Soviet Infantry Company Soviet Special Rules Medical Troops: Despite an apparent disregard for their enlisted men, the Russian army fielded a large cadre
More informationCHONUI-CHOCHIWON MASSACRE - Charles Lake Account, as reported by Merry Helm, 24 th IDA Historian.
CHONUI-CHOCHIWON MASSACRE - Charles Lake Account, as reported by Merry Helm, 24 th IDA Historian. Preface by Merry Helm, 24 th IDA Historian, who took Mr. Lake s story and transcribed as below. The 21st
More informationThe Charge of the Light Brigade. Alfred Lord Tennyson
The Charge of the Light Brigade Alfred Lord Tennyson Born on August 6, 1809, in Somersby, Lincolnshire, England, Alfred Tennyson is one of the most well-loved Victorian poets. Tennyson, the fourth of twelve
More information13.2 Europe Plunges into War
13.2 Europe Plunges into War Essential Question: How did new technologies during WWI influence the war? Which technology was MOST important? Justify your answer! The Schlieffen Plan General Alfred Graf
More information1: Great Expectations
1: Great Expectations Beaumont Hamel, 1 July 1916 (See map 4) At 7.19 a.m. on 1 July 1916, the tension in the British trenches opposite the German stronghold of Beaumont Hamel reached fever pitch. Expectations
More informationBathtub Operation Goodwood 18 th July, A Flames of War Grand Battle Scenario
Bathtub Operation Goodwood 18 th July, 1944 A Flames of War Grand Battle Scenario Operation Goodwood was a major attempt by Field Marshall Montgomery to break through the tough German defenses around Caen.
More informationFrench infantry Platoon
French Special Rules 1940 Gas Guzzler: The Char B1 Bis had huge problems with fuel consumption, to keep the vehicle in the field for a whole day would require it to be refueled at least twice. Any vehicle
More informationRESCUE SKYRAIDER. Skyraider Rescue
During the Vietnam Conflict, an Army Special Forces camp at A Shau came under heavy attack from North Vietnam military forces on March 9, 1966. The camp, located in a mountain valley some 40miles from
More informationFORCES OF VALOR BATTLE TACTICS 2005, Unimax Toys Limited, All Rights Reserved
FORCES OF VALOR BATTLE TACTICS 2005, Unimax Toys Limited, All Rights Reserved Forces Of Valor, The Game allows you to fight exciting and realistic war games. All you need to play are Forces Of Valor soldiers
More informationPrivate Hayley Knowles ( ). Prince of Wales s Own West Yorkshire Regiment.
Private Hayley Knowles ( 1880 1918 ). 9 th Yorkshire Hussars Prince of Wales s Own West Yorkshire Regiment. Near Martinpuich that night of Hell Two men were struck by the same shell Together tumbling in
More informationCambridge City Cemetery, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire. War Graves
Cambridge City Cemetery, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire War Graves Lest We Forget World War 1 LIEUTENANT G. H. MAIR 3RD BN. ROYAL WELSH FUSILIERS 14TH DECEMBER, 1918 Age 38 George Hay MAIR George Hay Mair was
More informationThe Butterfly Lion by Michael Morpurgo
Jigsaw reading activity This activity was developed as a prequel to reading this transition text. It was originally published on the Collaborative Learning website (http://www.collaborativelearning.org/)
More informationThis is a picture of a sabretache, a kind of pouch worn by cavalry soldiers as part of their uniform. The sabretache hung on long straps from the
This is a picture of a sabretache, a kind of pouch worn by cavalry soldiers as part of their uniform. The sabretache hung on long straps from the belt and was originally intended to hold messages and notes.
More informationSquad column fire team wedge
How to win a battle using light infantry tactics The purpose of these instructions is to inform the reader on how to win a battle with a squad sized element. This set of instructions will include how to
More informationHarry Lewis. Private st Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers
Harry Lewis Private 1154 1 st Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers Samuel Lewis, a Kington man, married Mary Jane Parton in 1888. Shortly after they started a family and Harry was to be the first of many
More informationAAR-Last Stand Outside Mogilev by Roger Burley
AAR-Last Stand Outside Mogilev by Roger Burley Late in the afternoon of June 26, Feldwebel Kiebler got reports from his MMG team, situated on the third floor of the village s large inn, that the Russians
More informationThe Korean War Veteran. Look for Herb Pitts in Winnipeg It may be your Last Hurrah; But it won t be his!
The Korean War Veteran Internet Journal - August 29, 2011 Look for Herb Pitts in Winnipeg It may be your Last Hurrah; But it won t be his! At the Last Hurrah national meeting of Canadian Korean War Veterans
More informationPrivate George Edward Fisher
Private George Edward Fisher George Edward Fisher was born in St Pancras, Middlesex, in the summer of 1884 to Thomas George and Emily Fisher. i He was the second of three sons the others being James Thomas
More informationOperation Spark The Battle for Marino January 1943 Scenario written by Iain Craven With contributions and play testing by Richard Lawrence
Operation Spark The Battle for Marino January 1943 Scenario written by Iain Craven With contributions and play testing by Richard Lawrence After a series of costly, and occasionally catastrophic, failed
More informationSkirmish Action AAR: Ruhr 1945 By Russ Lockwood
Skirmish Action AAR: Ruhr 1945 By Russ Lockwood This tidy little 1945 scenario for Skirmish Action (SA) comes courtesy of Dennis Shorthouse, whose figures and terrain make for a good-looking WWII table.
More informationPrivate Leonard Cecil Grimes
Private Leonard Cecil Grimes On 14 th July 1916, the British 4 th Army made a breakthrough in the Battle of the Somme and captured a 5000 yard salient on the Bazentine Ridge but failed to exploit the advantage
More informationIn Memory of Lance Corporal JAMES GAMBLE , "C" Coy. 2nd/4th Bn., The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment. who died age 22 on 26 October 1917
In Memory of Lance Corporal JAMES GAMBLE 201951, "C" Coy. 2nd/4th Bn., The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment who died age 22 on 26 October 1917 Son of Ellen Gamble, of Marsh Lane, Longton, Preston, Lancs,
More informationWhat is an imperative? What is a verb? What is an adjective?
Answer the following questions: What is an imperative? What is a verb? What is an adjective? 1 The Charge of the Light Brigade First published in Maud (1855), the poem tells the story of the failed charge
More informationCanada A People s History: Battle For A Continent. Battle For A Continent
Canada A People s History: Battle For A Continent Battle For A Continent British America is a ribbon of fourteen prosperous colonies stretching from Halifax to Savannah. Its cities are thriving, its population
More informationTHE BIG PUSH Big Push Demonstration and Scenario, revised 7/1/2016
THE BIG PUSH Big Push Demonstration and Scenario, revised 7/1/2016 THE FIGHT FOR THIEPVAL RIDGE By Paul Rohrbaugh Play Area: Rows 7 through 16 inclusive, columns C through I (also inclusive). Scenario
More informationThe United States Armed Forces is the main line of defense to protect our country
The United States Armed Forces is the main line of defense to protect our country from the threats of the world. If the armed forces are not well equipped, our soldiers can not fight and protect their
More informationI'll ask now to the children of our primary schools to open the way.
Messrs the Governors, Messrs the Burgomasters, Messrs the elected members, Ladies and Messrs the Counsellors, Messrs the Officers and Soldiers, Messrs the Ex-servicemen, Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends,
More informationTHE BATTLE FOR DERNANCOURT
1-30 THE BATTLE FOR DERNANCOURT Matt Walsh Table of content Topic The Battle for Dernancourt - Introduction - Area Map - 4 th Division- Brigades and Battalions What lead up to the Battle Dernancourt Square
More informationIn The News! Over the past few weeks, the media has been reporting on two significant events in the Nation s recent history.
N E W S L E T T E R 3 7 A U G U S T 2 0 1 7 In The News! I N S I D E T H I S I S S U E : Dunkirk 2 Drum Ervine- 2 Andrews VC The Friends 3 Future 4 Events Medal 4 Search Heritage 5 Open Day Group 6 Bookings
More informationBATTLE FOR 2MM EARTH 1418: The Great War (Version 0.8)
BATTLE FOR 2MM EARTH 1418: The Great War (Version 0.8) INTRODUCTION The Battle for 2mm Earth rules are suitable for any large combat up until around the end of the 19 th Century. I designed 1418 semi-independently
More informationROYAL CANADIAN SEA CADETS PHASE FOUR INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 5 EO C DESCRIBE D-DAY AND THE BATTLE OF NORMANDY PREPARATION
ROYAL CANADIAN SEA CADETS PHASE FOUR INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 5 EO C420.07 DESCRIBE D-DAY AND THE BATTLE OF NORMANDY Total Time: 30 min PREPARATION PRE-LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery
More informationWar Academies and War Plans
1 War Academies and War Plans Despite Helmuth von Moltke the Elder s sage counsel that no plan of military operations could extend accurately beyond the first serious contact with an enemy, both German
More informationRichard Borg. Rules & Scenarios
Richard Borg Rules & Scenarios INTRODUCTION The Command and Colours WWI THE GREAT WAR game rules allow players to portray important engagements throughout WWI history. The battles, in the scenario section,
More informationSowchos (Collective Farm) 79
Sowchos (Collective Farm) 79 December 1942 Following the encirclement of the Sixth Army at Stalingrad, the Germans planned to launch the relief effort from the bridgehead at Nizhna Chirskaya, 25 miles
More informationPrivate Sydney Anderton
Private Sydney Anderton On 14 th July 1916 the British 4 th Army made a breakthrough in the Battle of the Somme and captured a 5000 yard salient on the Bazentine Ridge but had failed to exploit the advantage
More informationTactical Combat Rules By David Newport
Tactical Combat Rules By David Newport Tactical Combat is a game covering company and battalion level actions using 20 th century weapons. The game was designed for World War II action, but it handles
More informationARMYPEOPLE05 ANZAC DAY 2017
ARMYPEOPLE05 ANZAC DAY 2017 They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old; Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun and in the morning We will remember them.
More informationTrench Warfare Begins on the Aisne by Col. (later Maj-General) Edward D. Swinton, DSO
Trench Warfare Begins on the Aisne by Col. (later Maj-General) Edward D. Swinton, DSO September 14th, the Germans were making a determined resistance along the River Aisne. Opposition, which it was at
More informationThe Kidnapping of Miss Lava Lizard By: Lucas B. Prologue
The Kidnapping of Miss Lava Lizard By: Lucas B. Prologue It was a peaceful day in Lava Land, and its inhabitants were having great fun. But it is spoiled when the humans take Miss Lava Lizard. Lava Lizard,
More informationWeapons and Military in the Civil War
Weapons and Military in the Civil War Uniforms of the Civil War Uniforms of the North Blue, zouaves wore oriental-style uniforms () Uniforms of the Civil War Uniforms of the South Gray Trace Adkins A grizzled
More informationHenry on the southern shore of Lake George in 1757.
iconderoga 1758 is the third French and Indian War diorama that I have done using superb figures made by John Jenkins Designs. The first two dioramas, the Battle of the Monongahela and the Battle on Snowshoes,
More informationThe Brothers Luke Remembered
The Brothers Luke Remembered I've not generally researched World War One because those in my family who were of relevant age were mainly employed on the home front, manning coal mines and canal boats.
More informationHorsepower. Activity Book for Families
Activity Book for Families Horsepower Over 100 years ago, army horses filled the Irish town of Athy. Look in this picture for different kinds of horses, such as a fine horse for an officer, horses for
More informationThe Diary of Peter Fraser
The Diary of Peter Fraser The 77th (Mixed) Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery, consisted of the 9th and 26th Heavy Batteries, each equipped with six 60-pounder (5-inch) breach loading guns and the 116th,
More informationWissembourg 4 th August 1870
Wissembourg 4 th August 1870 Last Updated: 17th February 2018 This scenario was prepared by Martin Soilleux-Cardwell. It has been updated for Volley & Bayonet: Road to Glory by Keith McNelly. Historical
More informationTime Machine (1915): When chemicals became weapons in WWI
Time Machine (1915): When chemicals became weapons in WWI By Scientific American, adapted by Newsela staff on 05.10.16 Word Count 937 Level 1030L Three models of respirators to prevent ingesting poisonous
More informationA tribute to Thomas Creighton who fought at Waterloo by the St Ninian s High School, Douglas, Isle of Man, KS3 History Club.
Thomas Creighton of the 71 st Highland Light Infantry A tribute to Thomas Creighton who fought at Waterloo by the St Ninian s High School, Douglas, Isle of Man, KS3 History Club. Pupils visit Thomas Creighton
More informationThe Battle of Waterloo and research on John Lambert, OC. by Christopher Tsang (S) and Koh Ishikawa (V)
The Battle of Waterloo and research on John Lambert, OC by Christopher Tsang (S) and Koh Ishikawa (V) Contents - Background of the Battle of Waterloo Page 3 to 4 How Napoleon rose to power Napoleonic Wars
More informationPart A - Canada and the South African War
Part A - Canada and the South African War 1. What name was the South African War also known as? The Boer War 2. What European country did the Boer settlers in southern Africa originally come from? The
More informationADDENDUM TO THE VISUAL EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED DOMINION VIRGINIA POWER SURRY TO SKIFFES CREEK 500 kv TRANSMISSION LINE
ADDENDUM TO THE VISUAL EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED DOMINION VIRGINIA POWER SURRY TO SKIFFES CREEK 500 kv TRANSMISSION LINE GREEN SPRINGS BATTLEFIELD VDHR File No. 2011-2071 Prepared for: Dominion
More informationNews and images from The Stanley Thompson Society Spring/Summer 2017
News and images from The Stanley Thompson Society Spring/Summer 2017 DORMIE The Stanley Thompson Society, dedicated to the preservation of Stanley Thompson golf courses. Suite 104/106, 89 King St W, Dundas,
More information...& Blenheim Palace. Amendments to Black Powder For battles with model soldiers In the Age of Marlborough
...& Blenheim Palace Amendments to Black Powder For battles with model soldiers In the Age of Marlborough Black Powder "Black Powder" rules are copyright Warlord Games, and quoted here purely for the purpose
More information