Kings in the North. Contents. Army Lists

Transcription

1

2 Kings in the North Contents Army Lists

3 Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists

4 Historical Introduction

5 ŵ

6 Wales ŵ Scotland

7

8 Ireland

9 Jarls of Orkney Kingdom of the Isles and the Isle of Man

10 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1014 AD to 1472 AD SubGenerals 02 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Instinctive, up to 1 Norse, up to 1 Highland Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Orkney and Shetlander Shieldwall, 0 6,8,9 Superior 2H CutCrush Integral Norse huscarls Tribal Close Shooters 12 Shieldwall, 6,8,9 Upgrade huscarls Superior 2H CutCrush Integral Dismountable Tribal Close Shooters Any Shieldwall, Orkney and Shetlander 24 6,8,9 Short Spear Integral Norse hird Tribal Close Shooters 96 Islesmen Mixed TuGs of 6 or 9 consisting of 1/3 best islesmen and 2/3 islesmen Best islesmen Devastating 3 6,9 2H CutCrush Chargers 9 Islesmen Devastating 6 Chargers 18 Skirmishing archers Type Training and Quality Jarls of Orkney Protection Shooting Skill Melee Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Bow 12 UG Size

11 Jarls of Orkney Highlanders Mixed TuGs consisting of 1/3 gentry and 2/3 caterans Devastating 0 6,9 Gentry Chargers, Melee Tribal Flexible Expert 9 Ceithern Highland archers Unskilled Devastating 0 Shoot & Charge Bow Chargers 18 Experienced 0 6 Combat Shy Bow 6 Notes Up to 2 TuGs of highlanders may be commanded by Orkney generals. A highland ally general can command only Highlanders. Huscarls that have not been upgraded and hird may be mixed in the same TuG of 6,8 or 9 elements. If used, elements of huscards and hird must be easily distinguished. Historical Notes This list covers the armies of the Jarls (Earls) of Orkney from the death of Sigurd the Stout at the Battle of Clontarf until the incorporation of Orkney and Shetland into Scotland. Troop Notes The inhabitants of Orkney and Shetland were Norse colonists who either expelled or absorbed the previous Pictish inhabitants. The Jarls were vassals to the King of Norway. At times they controlled or had nominal control over parts of Caithness, Moray and Ross as well as the Scottish isles down to the Isle of Man. Some of their mainland territories they held as vassals of the King of Scotland. Often every son considered themselves as equal contenders for the earldom. It is assumed that the Orkney and Shetland islands provided the core of the Jarl's forces and were essentially Viking in fighting style. Contingents could also be drawn from the Isles and mainland. Changes from last version Reclassified huscarls and hird. Adjusted maxima and minima.

12 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1079 AD to 1493 AD SubGenerals 03 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 12 Any Instinctive, up to 1 Islemen, up to 1 Galwegian, 2 Highland Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Islesmen Mixed TuGs of 6 or 9 consisting of 1/3 best islesmen and 2/3 islesmen Devastating 6 6,9 Best islesmen 2H CutCrush Chargers 24 Devastating 12 Islesmen Chargers 48,9 Irish mercenaries Short Spear Javelin 18 Highlanders Mixed TuGs consisting of 1/3 gentry and 2/3 caterans Devastating 0 6,9 Gentry Chargers, Melee Tribal Flexible Expert 9 Unskilled Devastating 0 Ceithern Shoot & Charge Bow Chargers 18 Regrade ceithern with Unskilled Devastating 0 Shoot & Charge longbow (from 1298 AD) Powerbow Chargers Any Type Training and Kingdom of the Isles Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Highland archers Combat Shy Bow 12 Highland skirmishers Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Bow 9 Highland rabble 0 8,9,10 Poor Combat Shy 16 UG Size

13 Galwegian contingent (before 1161 AD) Galwegian warriors Warriors mounted on ponies Allies Jarls of Orkney allies (before 1266 AD) Notes Kingdom of the Isles Devastating 9 6,8,9 Chargers 18 Devastating 0 6,8,9 Chargers, Dismountable 9 Galwegian ally generals can command only and all Galwegians. Minima and maxima apply only to that contingent. Highland generals can command only highlanders. Islemen can command highlanders. Best islesmen and islesmen must be easily distinguished. Historical Notes This list covers armies from the Kingdom of the Isles from when control was lost by the Earls of Orkney until the final "Lord of the Isles" was executed in Troop Notes Islesmen tactics and fighting techniques were originally Viking. The appearance of the best islesmen would be similar to Vikings with mail shirts, kite shields, carrying large swords and axes. The Lewis Chessmen may give a clue to the appearance of the majority of Islesmen warriors, equipped with the axe but lacking body armour. The Islemen were known as Gallgáedil (i.e. "foreign Gaels") in Ireland. The Islesmen also ruled areas of the highland coastline whose inhabitants were originally Pictish. The nobles appear to have used axes. The highlanders also appear to have made extensive use of the bow. 2,000 longbows were acquired by Highlanders in 1298 AD but this does not justify the powerbow classification for archer units. Highland archers serving as part of a Scots national army in pitched battles against the English were outshot and swept away by English longbowmen. Changes from last version Highland archers unprotected. Reclassified islesmen.

14 Anglo Norman Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1087 AD to 1154 AD SubGenerals 03 Any Instinctive; Up to 1 Professional (Flemish) Terrain Standard, Coastal Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Charging Devastating Melee Expert, 0 4,6 Best knights Superior Lancer Chargers Dismountable 8 Charging Devastating Melee Expert, 8 4,6 Knights Lancer Chargers Dismountable 18 Charging 0 4,6 Marcher muntatores Melee Expert Formed Flexible Lancer 6 8 6,8 Foot sergeants Short Spear Shield Cover Shieldwall ,8 Town militia Short Spear Combat Shy Tribal Close ,8 Levied militia Poor Short Spear Tribal Close 32 Archers Combat Shy Bow ,8,9 Welsh foot Short Spear Melee Expert 18 Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Combat Shy Bow 18 Experienced 0 6,9 Crossbowmen Combat Shy Crossbow 9 Flemish contingent (King Stephen from 1135 to 1154 AD) Flemish knights Charging Devastating Melee Expert, 4 4,6 Superior Lancer Chargers Dismountable 6 Flemish mercenary foot 4 6,9 Long Spear 18 UG Size

15 Allies French allies Feudal French Notes Troop Notes Added crossbowmen. Flemish contingent under sub general not ally. Anglo Norman Knights dismount as,, Short Spear, Melee Expert of equivalent grade. French allies cannot be used with Marcher or Welsh troops. AFl h b d db Fl h l h l dfl h Historical Notes This list covers AngloNorman armies until the death of King Stephen. After achieving the conquest with a largely mercenary army, William parcelled England out to his barons on a feudal basis. The total number of knights enfeoffed appears to have been between 4,000 and 7,000. In this period household knights remained an important element of the army. Feudal service is thought to have been required for 60 days at first, but this was subsequently reduced to 40 days. Other troops were raised by granting moneyfiefs and contingent's from the crowns continental possessions. In addition to knights were tenants of less than knightly status who by the 12th century are referred to as sergeants. They serve as infantry with spear, axe or bow. They were usually used to deal with local emergencies and continued to serve for a 60 day period. Although the term "fyrd" disappears, there remained an obligation on all freemen to serve for 40 days. Town militias are also mentioned in the sources. Mercenaries continued to be used. These included Flemish, French and Bugundians but also Welshmen. Mercenaries were often paid from Danegeld, a tax which continued throughout this period. Muntatores were specialist English feudal light cavalry of the Welsh marches in mail haubergeon and helmet, armed with lance and sword but no shield. Changes from last version

16 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1094 AD to 1410 AD SubGenerals 01 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 03 Any Instinctive (up to 1 Marcher, 2 Welsh) Camp Unfortified; Poor or Name Type Training and Quality Medieval Welsh Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Experienced 0 4,6 Uchelwyr Superior Melee Expert Javelin 20 Upgrade uchelwyr in armour Charging 0 4 Fully Armoured Melee Expert (from 1150 AD) Lancer 4 Regrade uchelwyr (from Charging 0 4,6 Melee Expert 1150 AD) Lancer 6 9 6,8,9 Best Welsh spearmen Short Spear Melee Expert ,8,9 Welsh spearmen Short Spear 90 Cynan or Merioneth,9 Short Spear Melee Expert spearmen Javelin 18 Experienced 12 6,8 Welsh archers Combat Shy Bow 80 Upgrade archers (before Combat Shy 1200 AD) Powerbow Up to half Upgrade archers (from 1200 Experienced All 6,8 Combat Shy AD) Powerbow Experienced 0 6,9 Welsh javelinmen Melee Expert Javelin 36 Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Combat Shy Bow 36 UG Size

17 Marcher contingent (from 1150 AD) TuGs 1/2 knights and 1/2 sergeants Knights Sergeants Medieval Welsh Fully Armoured Charging Devastating 2 4 Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 2 Devastating = 0 Melee Expert Chargers = Marcher muntatores Charging 0 4,6 Melee Expert Formed Flexible Lancer 6 Marcher spearmen 6 6,8,9 Short Spear Melee Expert 9 Allies Irish mercenary allies Norse Irish (until 1150 AD) Notes Internal allied contingents must be either Northern or Southern Welsh. Northern Welsh contingents do not need to take archers and spearmen must outnumber archers by 2:1. Southern Welsh contingents do not need to take spearmen and archers must outnumber spearmen by 2:1. Historical Notes This list covers Welsh armies from the general revolt in 1094 until the defeat of Owain Glyndŵr. Troop Notes Military service was expected of all ablebodied Welshmen and was deemed a privilege rather than an obligation. The spear is described as long but was thrown on occasion. The nucleus of a Prince's army were his teulu, a band of mounted retainers drawn from the nobility. In 1136 the Welsh fielded 2,000 horse and 6,000 foot under Gruffydd ap Rhys. Irish mercenaries were used on occasion. Welsh archers start to appear at the end of 11th century, possibly in response to the Normans. Even in the 12th century they are described as inflicting deep and savage wounds. Changes from last version None.

18 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1124 AD to 1305 AD SubGenerals 03 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 01 Any Instinctive (up to 1 Galwegian) Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Name Knights and sergeants Lowland Scots yeomen Upgrade yeomen Archers "Small folk" s Galwegian contingent (before 1162 AD) Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Poor Devastating Charging 4 4,6 Chargers, Melee Lancer Expert 8 Shieldwall, Orb, 36 6,8,9 Long Spear Dismountable 90 Shieldwall, Orb, 0 *see Long Spear Dismountable 18 note Combat Shy Bow ,9,10 Combat Shy 20 Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Bow 18 Galwegian warriors Devastating 9 6,8,9 Chargers 18 Devastating Warriors mounted on ponies Chargers, 0 6,8,9 Dismountable 9 Highlanders mixed TuGs consisting of 1/3 Gentry and 2/3 caterans Devastating Gentry Chargers, Melee 0 6,9 Tribal Flexible Expert 6 Ceithern Unskilled Devastating 0 Shoot & Charge Bow Chargers 9 Type Training and Tribal Close Tribal Close Quality Feudal Scottish Protection Shooting Skill Melee UG Size

19 Highland archers Highland skirmishers Highland rabble Allies Islemen allies Kingdom of the Isles Notes Feudal Scottish This list covers Scottish armies from the reforms of David until the coronation of Robert the Bruce. Troop Notes Combat Shy Bow 12 Poor Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Bow 6 0 8,9,10 Combat Shy 16 Galwegian ally generals can command only and all Galwegians. Minima apply to Galwegians only if they are taken. * Upgraded yeoman can form 1/3 of any Yeoman TuG and be deployed as a front rank. Up to 3 TuGs may take the Obstacles characteristic. Historical Notes Knights remained a small component of the army. The largest part of any Scottish force during this period was provided by the "Common Army". This consisted of poorly equipped farmers equipped with a 12 foot spear and a small shield. They were good at resisting cavalry but vulnerable to bowfire. Bows and axes were also used. Changes from last version Reclassified Yeomen. Highland archers unprotected. Adjusted commands and allies. Allowed obstacles.

20 Army Commander 1 Any Dates 1154 AD to 1320 AD SubGenerals 03 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Coastal Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Name Type Training and Royal household knights TuGs 1/2 knights and 1/2 sergeants Quality Superior Feudal English Protection Fully Armoured Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Charging Devastating 0 4 Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 4 Charging Devastating 4 4,6 Knights Fully Armoured Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 12 Devastating = 0 Sergeants Melee Expert Chargers = Charging Devastating 0 4 Flemish knights Fully Armoured Melee Expert Drilled Loose Lancer Chargers 4 Charging 0 4,6 Marcher muntatores Melee Expert Formed Flexible Lancer 6 Replace muntatores with Melee Expert, 0 4,6 Short Spear hobilars Dismountable All Experienced 0 4,6 Welsh mercenary cavalry Short Spear Formed Flexible Javelin 6 0 6,8,9 Marcher spearmen Short Spear Melee Expert 9 Mercenary crossbowmen Combat Shy Drilled Loose Crossbow 8 Archers Combat Shy Bow 24 Longbowmen (only from 1200 AD) Powerbow 36 UG Size

21 Feudal English Retinue longbowmen (only from 1296 AD) Powerbow ,8 Spearmen Short Spear Shieldwall 8 0 6,9 Flemish mercenary foot Long Spear 9 0 6,8,9 Welsh foot Short Spear Melee Expert 9 0 8,9,10 Levy Poor Short Spear Combat Shy Tribal Close 32 Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Combat Shy Bow 9 Welsh javelinmen or Irish Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy kerns Javelin 9 Allies North Welsh allies Medieval Welsh French allies Northern Medieval French Navarrese allies (from 1194 to 1196 AD) Irish allies Later NorseIrish (only in 1245 AD) Notes Minima and maxima for TuGs of Knights and Sergeants apply to the Knights only. An equal number of Sergeants must be taken. Hobilars dismount as equivalent infantry. Irish, French or Navarrese allies cannot be used together, nor with muntatores. Historical Notes This list covers English armies from Henry II to Edward I. It excludes English armies comprised of Feudal contingents fighting in France.

22 Troop Notes None. Feudal English During this period the number of knights in household contingents declines and the number of knights supplied through subinfeudation, where a portion of an estate was granted by a feudal tenant to a subtenant, increases. There was also a rise in scutage, paying money in lieu of service. Gradually the armour of knights increased, and horses start to become barded. The date for switching knights to fully armoured rather than protected is arbitrary. Plantagenet armies continued to rely on mercenaries as well as Feudal troops. English kings quickly saw the military potential of Welsh archers and the use of the longbow increased over this period. Changes from last version

23 Later NorseIrish Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1168 AD to 1300 AD SubGenerals 01 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal Internal Allied Generals 13 Any Instinctive (up to 1 Ostmen) Camp Unfortified; Poor or Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Mandatory Optional Max UG Size Nobles and retainers Dismountable, 0 6,8,9 Superior 2H CutCrush Shieldwall Formed Flexible Integral Shooters 18 Foreign Gaels 0 6,8,9 2H CutCrush 12 Warriors 18 6,8,9 2H CutCrush 120 Mercenaries,9 Short Spear Javelin 9 Kerns,9 Combat Shy Javelin 40 Levies Experienced 12 6,8,9 Poor Combat Shy Javelin 40 Archers Experienced 0 6 Combat Shy Bow 6 Slingers Experienced 0 6 Combat Shy Sling 6 Ostmen contingent Mixed TuG consisting of 1/3 Ostmen and 2/3 Archers Ostmen 0 6,9 Short Spear 6 Ostmen archers Experienced 0 Bow 12 Allies Norman allies Feudal English (before 1205 AD)

24 Historical Notes This list covers NorseIrish armies from the invasion of the Normans. Troop Notes Later NorseIrish The main weapon of the Irish was the axe. The axe may have been wielded one or two handed. Other weapons included short spears, javelins and slings. Following the Norman invasion the use of the bow increased. The longbow wasn't adopted, instead a short bow was preferred. A separate military element much used by the kings of Leinster and Munster were Ostmen. Originally descendents of scandinavian settlers. There are also references to GallGaedhil ("Foreign Gaels"), mercenaries from Man, Hebrides and Orkneys. These were subsequently replaced by Galloglaich. Changes from last version Reclassiied Ostmen.

25 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1169 AD to 1349 AD SubGenerals 01 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Instinctive Camp Unforified; Poor or Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max TuGs 1/2 knights and 1/2 sergeants Charging Devastating 4 4,6 Knights Fully Armoured Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 12 Devastating = 0 Sergeants Melee Expert Chargers = Experienced 12 6,8 Colonist archers Combat Shy Bow 24 Upgrade colonist archers (before 1206 AD) Powerbow Up to half Upgrade colonist archers (from 1206 AD) Powerbow Any 6 6,8,9 Sergeants Short Spear Melee Expert ,8,9 Sersenaigh 2H CutCrush 9 Experienced 0 6,9 Irish kerns Combat Shy Javelin 36 Only before 1206 AD Type Training and Quality Early AngloIrish Protection Shooting Skill Melee Welsh spearmen 0 6,8,9 Short Spear Melee Expert 9 Welsh javelinmen Experienced 0 6,9 Melee Expert Javelin 9 UG Size

26 Mixed TuG consisting of 1/3 Ostmen and 2/3 Archers Ostmen Ostmen archers Allies Early AngloIrish 0 6,9 Short Spear 3 Experienced 0 0 Bow 6 Irish allies Later NorseIrish (before 1300 AD) Up to 2 contingents Irish allies Medieval Irish (from 1300 AD) Up to 2 contingents Manx allies Kingdom of the Isles (before 1206 AD) Historical Notes This list covers AngloIrish armies from the landing by Henry II until the decline of the AngloIrish in the mid14th century. Changes from last version Reclassiied Ostmen.

27 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1300 AD to 1500 AD SubGenerals 01 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Forest Internal Allied Generals 13 Any Instinctive (up to 1 AngloIrish, up to 1 AntrimScots) Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max AngloIrish "spears" Irish cavalry Best galloglaich Galloglaich Charging 0 4 Superior Lancer 4 Experienced 4 4,6 Short Spear Dismountable Formed Flexible Javelin ,8 Superior 2H CutCrush 8 0 6,8 2H CutCrush 24 Replace galloglaich with armoured kerns (only from Short Spear 1399 AD) Javelin Any Kerns "Rising out" Skirmishing kerns Archers Slingers,9 Short Spear Combat Shy Javelin ,9,10 Poor Short Spear Tribal Close 60 Experienced 9 6,9 Combat Shy Javelin 45 Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Bow 18 Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Sling 9 AngloIrish contingent AngloIrish "spears" Type Training and Quality Medieval Irish Protection Shooting Skill Melee UG Size Charging 4 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer 8

28 Only from 1315 to 1318 AD (Edward Bruce as CinC) Medieval Irish MenatArms Melee Expert, 4 4 Fully Armoured 2H CutCrush Drilled Close Dismountable 4 Scottish yeomen Orb, 9 6,8,9 Long Spear Dismountable 27 Upgrade yeomen *see Orb, 0 Long Spear note Dismountable 1/3 Antrim Scots contingent (only from 1399 AD) Devastating 9 6,8,9 Antrim Scots Chargers 24 Allies Islemen allies Kingdom of the Isles (pnly Edward Bruce from 1315 to 1318 AD) Notes Edward Bruce cannot use AngloIrish. Scottish troops must be commanded by the CinC. Irish cavalry dismount as,, Short Spear, Experienced Javelin. *1/3 of a Yeomen TuG may be upgraded Yeomen. Historical Notes This list covers Irish armies from the 14th century onwards. It also covers the invasion of Ireland by Edward Bruce. Troop Notes During this period the Irish started to fight from horseback but were reluctant to stand against AngloIrish horsemen. "Spears" were cavalry who fought with a short spear or lance. The Galloglaich also became a more significant element in Irish armies with several clans settling permanently in Ireland. Changes from last version Scots yeoman not shieldwall.

29 Medieval Scottish Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1306 AD to 1473 AD SubGenerals 03 Any Instinctive (up to 1 Islemen) Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 01 Any Instinctive (French) Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Menatarms Melee Expert, 4 4,6 Fully Armoured 2H CutCrush Drilled Close Dismountable 8 Hobilars Melee Expert, 0 4,6 Short Spear Dismountable 6 Lowland Scots yeomen Orb, 36 6,8,9 Long Spear Dismountable 90 Upgrade yeomen *see Orb, 0 Long Spear note Dismountable 1/3 *see Regrade menatarms leading Orb, 0 Superior Long Spear note yeomen Dismountable Any Archers Powerbow 12 Replace yeoman as archers Unskilled 0 6,8 (from 1429 to 1437 AD) Powerbow 32 "Small folk" 0 8,9,10 Poor Combat Shy 20 s Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Bow 18 Guns (from 1456 AD) ARTILLERY Experienced 0 2 Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 UG Size

30 Medieval Scottish Islemen contingent Islesmen Mixed TuGs of 6 or 9 consisting of 1/3 best islesmen and 2/3 islesmen Best islesmen Islesmen Highlanders Mixed TuGs consisting of 1/3 Gentry and 2/3 caterans Devastating 2 6,9 2H CutCrush Chargers 6 Devastating 4 Chargers 12 Devastating 0 6,9 Gentry Chargers, Melee Tribal Flexible Expert 9 Unskilled Devastating 0 Ceithern Shoot & Charge Powerbow Chargers 18 Experienced 0 6 Highland skirmishers Combat Shy Bow 6 French contingent (only in 1385 AD) Mixed TuGs consisting of 1/2 Knights and 1/2 Valet de Guerre Menatarms Valet de Guerre French mercenary crossbowmen Drilled Loose Superior Fully Armoured Devastating Charging 2 4 Chargers, Melee Expert Lancer Dismountable 2 Charging 2 Melee Expert Lancer 2 Experienced 4 4 Combat Shy Crossbow 4

31 Notes Historical Notes This list covers Scottish armies from the coronation of Robert the Bruce. Troop Notes Reclassified islesmen. Restructured highland contingents. Yeoman not shieldwall. Medieval Scottish Up to 2 TuGs of highlanders can be included in other commands, otherwise highlanders must be under the command of an Islesmen general commanding an Islesmen contingent. Minima and maxima apply for each contingent. * 2 or 3 menatarms must be placed in the front rank with 4 or 6 Yeomen to create a TuG of 6 or 9. 1/3 of a Yeomen TuG may be upgraded Yeomen. If a French contingent is taken then Yeoman cannot be upgraded and an Islesmen contingent is not permitted. French knights dismount as,, Fully Armoured, 2H Cut & Crush. Hobillars can always be dismounted as, Short Spear of the same grade (but lose Melee Expert if dismounted). The Yeomen continued to form the backbone of Scottish armies. Knights sometimes dismounted to fight in the front rank of the Schiltrons. Scottish armies in the 100 Years' War adopted English tactics. Changes from last version

32 Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1320 AD to 1454 AD SubGenerals 13 Any Professional Terrain Standard, Coastal Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Name English knights Hobilars (only before 1350 AD) Northern border staves Menatarms Downgrade menatarms with less armour Billmen (only from 1423 AD) Longbowmen Downgrade longbowmen without armour Militia billmen (only from 1423 AD) Militia longbowmen Welsh spearmen Welsh Longbowmen Northern border spearmen Type Training and Formed Flexible Drilled Close Drilled Close Quality Medieval English Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max UG Size Poor Poor Fully Armoured Fully Armoured Charging Devastating 0 4,6 Dismountable Lancer Chargers 8 Melee Expert, 0 4,6 Short Spear Dismountable 8 Charging 0 4,6 Lancer 6 Melee Expert, 6 4,6,8 2H CutCrush Dismountable 16 Melee Expert, 0 4,6,8 2H CutCrush Dismountable Any 0 4,6,8 Polearm 12 Experienced 12 6,8 Powerbow 32 Powerbow Any 0 6,8 Polearm Combat Shy 8 Combat Shy Powerbow ,8,9 Short Spear Melee Expert 8 Powerbow ,8 Short Spear Shieldwall 8

33 Northern border billmen (only after 1423 AD) Northern border longbowmen Skirmishing archers Skirmishing javelinmen Guns Cannons (from 1415 AD) Notes Historical Notes Longbowmen not melee expert. Knights that dismount are not melee expert. Medieval English This list covers English armies in Britain from 1320 until the start of the Wars of the Roses. Troop Notes ARTILLERY ARTILLERY 0 6 Polearm 6 Powerbow 8 Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Bow 9 Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Javelin 9 Experienced 0 2 Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 Knights can always be dismounted as,, Fully Armoured, 2H Cut & Crush. Hobillars can always be dismounted as, Short Spear of the same grade (but lose Melee Expert if dismounted). Northern Border and Welsh troops may not be used together. English armies in Britain were naturally similar to the armies used on the continent but their oppoents, the Welsh and Scottish were different foes. The futility of cavalry charging steady spearmen and the usefulness of the longbow however meant that tactics were similar. Changes from last version

34 Army Commander 1 Any Professional (Royal Official) or Instinctive (AngloIrish) Dates 1350 AD to 1500 AD SubGenerals 01 Any Professional (Royal Official) or Instinctive (AngloIrish) Terrain Coastal Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Instinctive Camp Unforified; Poor or Name English knights Fully Armoured Irish menatarms TuGs 1/2 knights and 1/2 sergeants Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Charging Devastating 0 4,6 Dismountable Lancer Chargers 6 Knights Charging Devastating 2 4,6 Fully Armoured Melee Expert Lancer Chargers 6 Sergeants Devastating = Melee Expert Chargers = Replace menatarms with "spears" (only from 1400 AD) AngloIrish "spears" Hobilars Replace hobilars with irish cavalry (only from 1400 AD) Irish cavalry Galloglaich English archers Type Training and Formed Flexible Formed Flexible Quality AngloIrish Protection Shooting Skill Melee Superior Superior Charging 4,6 Lancer All Charging 0 4,6 Lancer 6 Melee Expert, 0 4,6 Short Spear Dismountable 6 Experienced 4,6 Short Spear Dismountable Javelin All Experienced 0 4,6 Short Spear Dismountable Javelin 6 0 6,8 2H CutCrush 16 Dismountable Powerbow 12 UG Size

35 Colonist archers Sergeants Replace sergeants with billmen (only from 1423 AD) Kerns Skirmishing kerns Archers Guns (only from 1400 AD) Cannons (only from 1423 AD) Allies Notes AngloIrish Experienced 12 6,8 Powerbow ,8,9 Short Spear Melee Expert 16 6,8 Polearm All,9 Short Spear Combat Shy Javelin 36 Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Javelin 36 Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Bow 9 Experienced 0 2 Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 English troops can only be commanded by Professional generals. An Instinctive general cannot have a Professional subgeneral. Billmen can interepenetrate longbowmen in the movement phase and viceversa. Knights can always be dismounted as,, Fully Armoured, 2H Cut & Crush. Hobillars can always be dismounted as, Short Spear of the same grade (but lose Melee Expert if dismounted). Irish cavalry dismount as,, Short Spear, Experienced Javelin. Historical Notes This list covers AngloIrish armies from 1350 onwards. Troop Notes ARTILLERY ARTILLERY Irish allies Medieval Irish Up to 2 contingents Professional generals represent Royal officials known successively as Justiciar, Lieutenant or Lord Deputy. "Spears" were cavalry equipped with a lance or short spear. As time progressed less and less of the AngloIrish cavalry fought with lances and more fought with javelins.

36 AngloIrish Changes from last version Knights that dismount are not melee expert.

37 Lancastrian English Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1455 AD to 1471 AD SubGenerals 02 Any Professional Terrain Standard, Coastal Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Professional Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Mandatory Optional Max UG Size Royal household knights Charging Dismountable, 0 2 Superior Fully Armoured Lancer Melee Expert 2 Knights Charging Dismountable, 0 4 Fully Armoured Lancer Melee Expert 4 Currours Charging 0 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer 6 Retinue longbowmen Experienced 12 6,8 Drilled Loose Powerbow 36 Menatarms Melee Expert, 0 4 Fully Armoured 2H CutCrush Drilled Close Dismountable 8 Billmen 0 4,6,8 Polearm Drilled Close 16 Militia billmen 0 6,8 Poor Polearm Combat Shy 12 Militia longbowmen Poor Combat Shy Powerbow 32 Welsh spearmen 0 6,8,9 Short Spear Melee Expert 9 Welsh longbowmen Powerbow 12 Mercenary crossbowmen Combat Shy Drilled Loose Crossbow 8 Mercenary handgunners Experienced 0 6 Combat Shy Firearm 6

38 Northern Border contingent Lancastrian English Charging 0 4,6 Staves Formed Flexible Lancer 6 6 6,8 Spearmen Short Spear Shieldwall Billmen Polearm 6 Longbowmen Powerbow 8 Irish contingent Galloglaich Kerns Skirmishing kerns Guns Cannons Notes ARTILLERY ARTILLERY 0 6 2H CutCrush 6,9 Short Spear Combat Shy Javelin 18 Experienced 6 6,9 Combat Shy Javelin 18 Experienced 0 2 Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 4 Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 Knights dismount as,, Fully Armoured, 2Handed Cut & Crush. If Galoglaich are taken, at least 1 TuG of Kerns (not skirmishers) must be taken. Up to 1460 AD the army may be entrenched, in which case all infantry TuGs must take the Barricades characteristic. Troops in a contingent are only mandatory if that contingent is taken. SPECIAL RULES: A TUG of 2 Royal Household knights is exempted from the requirement to be 2 elements wide. Alternatively Royal Household Knights may be combined with Knights in a TuG of 4 or 6. MenatArms or Billmen and Longbowmen may pass through each other in the Movement Phase without causing KaBs on either. These must be notified to your opponent when they are deployed.

39 Historical Notes Lancastrian English This list covers the Lanacastrian armies of the Wars of the Roses until the decisive defeat at the Battle of Barnet. The campaigns were intermittent, with long periods of uneasy peace in between. Troop Notes The Lancastrians tended to have more support in the west country, Wales and the north of England. Changes from last version Longbowmen not melee expert. Knights dismount with 2Handed C&C. Adjusted maximums.

40 Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1455 AD to 1483 AD SubGenerals 02 Any Professional Terrain Standard, Coastal Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Professional Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Name Royal household knights Knights Currours Retinue longbowmen Menatarms Billmen Militia billmen Militia longbowmen Welsh spearmen Mercenary pikemen Mercenary handgunners (from 1461 AD) Type Training and Drilled Loose Drilled Close Drilled Close Drilled Close Drilled Loose Quality Yorkist English Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max UG Size Superior Poor Poor Fully Armoured Fully Armoured Fully Armoured Charging Dismountable, 0 2 Lancer Melee Expert 2 Charging Dismountable, 0 4 Lancer Melee Expert 4 Charging 0 4 Melee Expert Lancer 4 Experienced 12 6,8 Powerbow 36 Melee Expert, 0 4 2H CutCrush Dismountable 8 0 4,6,8 Polearm ,8 Polearm Combat Shy 12 Combat Shy Powerbow ,8,9 Short Spear Melee Expert Pike Shove 8 Combat Shy Firearm 8

41 Yorkist English Northern Border contingent Charging 0 4,6 Staves Formed Flexible Lancer 6 6 6,8 Spearmen Short Spear Shieldwall Billmen Polearm 6 Longbowmen Powerbow 8 Skirmishing handgunners Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy (from 1461 AD) Firearm 9 ARTILLERY Experienced 0 2 Guns Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 4 ARTILLERY Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Cannons Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 Notes Knights dismount as,, Fully Armoured, 2Handed Cut & Crush. Up to 1460 AD the army may be entrenched, in which case all infantry TuGs must take the Barricades characteristic. Troops in a contingent are only mandatory if that contingent is taken. SPECIAL RULES: A TUG of 2 Royal Household knights is exempted from the requirement to be 2 elements wide. Alternatively Royal Household Knights may be combined with Knights in a TuG of 4 or 6. MenatArms or Billmen and Longbowmen may pass through each other in the Movement Phase without causing KaBs on either. These must be notified to your opponent when they are deployed. Historical Notes This list covers the Yorkist armies of the Wars of the Roses prior to the death of Edward IV. It includes Edward's expedition to France which he abandoned in return for a substantial cash payment. Troop Notes As both sides were equipped almost identically, battles tended to be hard fought affairs unless one side had an early advantage. Vanguards tended to be enlarged with longbowmen and shooting contests tended to open most battles.

42 Changes from last version Yorkist English Added handgunners. Longbowmen not melee expert. Knights dismount with 2Handed C&C. Adjusted maximums.

43 Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1474 AD to 1513 AD SubGenerals 03 Any Professional Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Name Knights Border horse From 1474 to 1512 AD Scottish spearmen Scottish using longer pikes From 1513 AD Lowland Scots yeomen Upgrade front rank yeomen to nobles Highland ceithern Archers "Small folk" Mixed TuGs consisting of 1/3 gentry and 2/3 caterans Highland gentry Type Training and Drilled Close Tribal Flexible Late Medieval Scottish Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Fully Armoured Melee Expert, 0 4,6 2H CutCrush Dismountable 6 Unskilled Charging 6 4,6 Shoot & Charge Crossbow Lancer 12 Orb, 32 6,8,9 Long Spear Dismountable Pike Combat Shy Orb Pike Combat Shy Orb, Shield Cover 96 Fully Armoured 0 * Pike Combat Shy Orb 4 Devastating 0 6,9 Chargers, Melee Expert 9 Unskilled Devastating 0 Shoot & Charge Powerbow Chargers 18 UG Size Powerbow 8 Poor 0 8,9,10 Combat Shy 20

44 s Guns Cannons From 1488 AD Additional guns Additional cannons Notes Historical Notes ARTILLERY ARTILLERY ARTILLERY ARTILLERY * 2 elements in a Pike TuG may be upgraded to nobles. Knights dismount as,, Fully Armoured, 2Handed Cut & Crush. Late Medieval Scottish Pike changed to Shield Cover. Adjusted highlanders. Increased number of knights, reduced nobles in pike. Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Bow 18 Experienced 0 2 Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 Experienced 0 2,3,4 Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 Experienced Barricades, 0 2,3,4 Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 This list covers the armies of Scotland in the late 15th century and early 16th century. The most notable battle, Flodden (fought at Branwick in Northumberland), was a disaster for the Scots where James and much of the Scottish nobility were killed. Troop Notes The first attempts to require a longer pike of at least 18' were attempted by the Scottish Parliament in James IV set about improving Scottish military capability when he ascended the throne in Initially he spent money on the navy and artillery. He also created an armour mill staffed by French armourers to produce the latest Milanese armour. Only in 1513 did he attempt to improve the infantry by using 40 French captains to drill the Scottish pikemen in "German" (strictly Swiss) tactics including advancing in echelon. These attempts ended disastrously at the Battle of Flodden. Advancing down a sodden hill, the Scots were cut to pieces by English billmen. Changes from last version

45 Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1483 AD to 1485 AD SubGenerals 01 Any Professional Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Name Royal household knights Knights Currours Retinue longbowmen Menatarms Retinue billmen Militia billmen Militia longbowmen Mercenary handgunners Type Training and Drilled Loose Drilled Close Drilled Loose Quality Richard III English Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max UG Size Superior Poor Poor Fully Armoured Fully Armoured Fully Armoured Charging Dismountable, 2 2 Lancer Melee Expert 2 Charging Dismountable, 0 4 Lancer Melee Expert 4 Charging 0 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer 6 Experienced 12 6,8 Powerbow 36 Melee Expert, 0 4 2H CutCrush Dismountable 8 0 4,6,8 Polearm ,8 Polearm Combat Shy 12 Combat Shy Powerbow 32 Combat Shy Firearm 12

46 Northern Border troops Richard III English Spearmen 6 6,8 Short Spear Shieldwall 16 Billmen 0 6 Polearm 6 Longbowmen Powerbow 8 Skirmishing handgunners Guns Cannons Allies Unreliable Barons Yorkist English Up to 2 contingents Notes ARTILLERY ARTILLERY Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Firearm 12 Experienced 0 2 Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 Knights dismount as,, Fully Armoured, 2Handed Cut & Crush. Yorkist allies cannot include mercenary pikemen. Northern border troops are only mandatory if any are taken. SPECIAL RULES: A TUG of 2 Royal Household knights is exempted from the requirement to be 2 elements wide. Alternatively Royal Household Knights may be combined with Knights in a TuG of 4 or 6. MenatArms or billmen and longbowmen may pass through each other in the Movement Phase without causing KaBs on either. These must be notified to your opponent when they are deployed. Historical Notes This list covers the armies of Richard III until his death at Bosworth Field. Troop Notes Evidence from Bosworth field suggests that handgunners were becoming more common, but otherwise armies were similar to those used during the Wars of the Roses.

47 Changes from last version Richard III English Adjusted maximums. Longbowmen not melee expert. Knights dismount with 2Handed C&C.

48 Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1485 AD to 1509 AD SubGenerals 03 Any Professional Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Name Knights Currours Retinue longbowmen or Yeoman of the Guard Mercenary pikemen Mercenary halberdiers accompanying pikemen Menatarms Billmen Militia billmen Militia longbowmen Welsh spearmen Welsh longbowmen Mercenary crossbowmen Type Training and Drilled Loose Drilled Close Drilled Close Drilled Close Drilled Loose Early Tudor English Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max UG Size Fully Armoured Charging Dismountable, 0 4 Lancer Melee Expert 4 Charging 0 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer 6 Experienced 8 6,8 Powerbow Pike Shove 8 *see 0 Polearm note 4 Poor Poor Fully Armoured Melee Expert, 4 4,6,8 2H CutCrush Dismountable 8 0 4,6,8 Polearm ,8 Polearm Combat Shy 12 Combat Shy Powerbow ,8,9 Short Spear Melee Expert 18 Powerbow 24 Combat Shy Crossbow 8

49 Early Tudor English Experienced 0 6,9 Breton javelinmen Javelin 12 Experienced 0 6,9 Mercenary handgunners Combat Shy Firearm 9 ARTILLERY Experienced 0 2 Guns Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 ARTILLERY Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Cannons (from 1486 AD) Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 Allies Stanleys (only in 1485 AD) Yorkist English Up to 2 contingents Notes Knights dismount as,, Fully Armoured, 2Handed Cut & Crush. * TuGs of 6 may be formed comprising one files of 4 pikemen and 2 halberdiers which can be placed 2 one one side or 1 each either side of the pikemen. The halberdiers can be set back from the front of the TuG in ranks 2,3, or 4. These begin to take the form of early kiels. So with two cards one pair of TuGs move as BLOCK representing a small kiel. Stanley allies cannot include mercenary pikemen. SPECIAL RULE: MenatArms or billmen and longbowmen may pass through each other in the Movement Phase without causing KaBs on either. This must be notified to your opponent when they are deployed. Historical Notes This list covers the armies of Henry Tudor including the Bosworth campaign and his expeditions to Brittany that led to the Treaty of Etaples. Troop Notes For the Bosworth campaign, Henry relied on mercenary troops from France and on rallying Welsh lords to his cause. He was then joined by Stafford. Once King he had the resources of England but had to be mindful of Yorkist sympathies. The Yeoman of the Guard were created in 1486 AD. Changes from last version Longbowmen not melee expert. Knights dismount with 2Handed C&C.

50 Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1486 AD to 1487 AD SubGenerals 13 Any Professional Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Name Knights Currours Retinue longbowmen Menatarms Billmen Mercenary crossbowmen Mercenary pikemen Mercenary halberdiers accompanying pikemen Mercenary handgunners Galloglaich Kerns Type Training and Drilled Loose Drilled Close Drilled Loose Drilled Close Drilled Close Drilled Loose Quality Yorkist Pretender Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max UG Size Fully Armoured Fully Armoured Charging Dismountable, 0 4 Lancer Melee Expert 4 Charging 0 4,6 Melee Expert Lancer 6 Experienced 8 6,8 Powerbow 16 Melee Expert, 0 4 2H CutCrush Dismountable 4 0 4,6,8 Polearm 8 Combat Shy Crossbow Pike Shove 16 *see 0 Polearm note 8 Combat Shy Firearm 8 0 6,8 2H CutCrush 8 Experienced 16 6,8,9 Short Spear Combat Shy Javelin 48

51 Mercenary handgunners Skirmishing kerns Notes Yorkist Pretender Experienced 0 6,9 Combat Shy Firearm 9 Experienced 6 6,9 Combat Shy Javelin 36 Knights dismount as,, Fully Armoured, 2Handed Cut & Crush. * TuGs of 6 may be formed comprising one files of 4 pikemen and 2 halberdiers which can be placed 2 one one side or 1 each either side of the pikemen. The halberdiers can be set back from the front of the TuG in ranks 2,3, or 4. These begin to take the form of early kiels. So with two cards one pair of TuGs move as BLOCK representing a small kiel or a Telented general may move two pairs of TuGs. SPECIAL RULE: MenatArms or billmen and longbowmen may pass through each other in the Movement Phase without causing KaBs on either. This must be notified to your opponent when they are deployed. Historical Notes This list covers the armies accompanying the Yorkist pretender, Lambert Simnel. The subsequent pretender, Perkin Warbeck, accompanied a Scottish army that invaded England but retired on the approach of an English army. He then supported a rebellion in Cornwall but fled when the English approached and was later captured. The leaders of the Cornish rebels were executed whilst the rest were fined. Troop Notes The Yorkist Pretender army had to rely on mercenaries from the continent and Ireland to support the generally small English forces that rallied to their cause. Changes from last version Longbowmen not melee expert. Knights dismount with 2Handed C&C.

52 Army Commander 1 Any Professional Dates 1509 AD to 1525 AD SubGenerals 13 Any Professional Terrain Standard, Coastal Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Name Type Training and Quality Tudor English Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Royal household knights Charging Dismountable, 0 4 Superior Fully Armoured Lancer Melee Expert 4 Knights Charging Dismountable, 4 4 Fully Armoured Lancer Melee Expert 4 Demilances Charging 0 4 Melee Expert Lancer 4 Retinue longbowmen Experienced 8 6,8 Drilled Loose Powerbow 24 Menatarms Melee Expert, 0 4 Fully Armoured 2H CutCrush Drilled Close Dismountable 8 Billmen 0 4,6,8 Polearm 16 Shire levy billmen 0 6,8 Poor Polearm Combat Shy 12 Shire levy longbowmen Poor Combat Shy Powerbow 32 Welsh spearmen 0 6,8,9 Short Spear Melee Expert 18 Welsh longbowmen Powerbow 24 Mercenary crossbowmen Combat Shy Drilled Loose Crossbow 8 Mercenary pikemen 0 8 Pike Shove Drilled Close 16 UG Size

53 Mercenary halberdiers accompanying pikemen Mercenary handgunners Skirmishing handgunners Guns Cannons Notes Drilled Close Drilled Loose ARTILLERY ARTILLERY Tudor English *see 0 Polearm note 2 Combat Shy Firearm 8 Experienced 0 6 Combat Shy Firearm 6 Experienced 0 2 Combat Shy Barricades Light Art 2 Experienced Barricades, 0 2 Heavy Art Combat Shy 2 Knights dismount as,, Fully Armoured, 2Handed Cut & Crush. * Pikemen TuGs of 9 may be formed comprising two files of 4 pikemen and 1 file of 1 halberdiers which can be set back from the front of the TuG in ranks 2,3, or 4. These begin to take the form of later kiels. So with two cards one pair of TuGs move as BLOCK representing a kiel; and with a Talented general you could do a double kiel of 4 TuGs together. SPECIAL RULE: Pikemen may not be charged in the flank on a side with a halberdier in position. Even if a side edge of a pikemen is contacted as long as there is a halberdier in the neighbouring file then that enemy fights the halberdiers frontally instead. This special rule must be notified to the opponent when they are deployed. Historical Notes This list covers the armies of Henry VIII until the Treaty of the More. Troop Notes Early in his reign, English armies were largely up to date with developments on the continent, although they still retained the use of the longbow. Changes from last version Longbowmen not melee expert.