Boreal Environment Research 18 (suppl. A): ISSN (print) ISSN (online) helsinki 18 December 2013

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Boreal Environment Research 18 (suppl. A): ISSN (print) ISSN (online) helsinki 18 December 2013"

Transcription

1 Borel Environment Reserch 18 (suppl. A): ISSN (print) ISSN (online) helsinki 18 December 2013 The Kinzu Qulity Deer Coopertive: cn dptive mngement nd locl stkeholder enggement sustin reduced impct of ungulte browsers in forest systems? Susn L. Stout 1), Alejndro A. Royo 1), Dvid S. declest 1), Kevin McAleese 2) nd Jmes C. Finley 3) 1) USDA Forest Service, Northern Reserch Sttion, P.O. Box 267, Irvine, PA 16329, USA 2) Snd County Foundtion, 16 N Crroll Street, Suite 450, Mdison, WI 53703, USA 3) The Pennsylvni Stte University, 302 Forest Resources Building University Prk, PA 16802, USA Received 1 Nov. 2012, finl version received 2 My 2013, ccepted 14 June 2013 Stout, S. L., Royo, A. A., declest, D. S., McAleese, K. & Finley, J. C. 2013: The Kinzu Qulity Deer Coopertive: cn dptive mngement nd locl stkeholder enggement sustin reduced impct of ungulte browsers in forest systems? Borel Env. Res. 18 (suppl. A): The Kinzu Qulity Deer Coopertive (KQDC) ws estblished in 2000 to test new pproches to stewrdship of white-tiled deer nd forest hbitt on hectre lndscpe in northwest Pennsylvni, USA. Prtners included lnd mngers, scientists, eductors, tourism promoters, nd hunters. KQDC gols were dptive mngement of the deer herd, improved hbitt qulity nd deer herd ttributes, nd sustined hunter prticiption. The KQDC s tools included novel Pennsylvni Gme Commission progrms, hbitt mngement, monitoring of deer nd hbitt, nd hunter outrech. Over the first decde, deer densities in KQDC declined by 50%. Deer weight nd ntler chrcteristics improved. Browse impct on woody seedlings declined. Herbceous indictor plnts improved. The need to fence regenertion hrvests declined. Hunter prticiption met KQDC gols for deer density nd impct. The uthors, reserch scientists nd prticipnts in the coopertive, report the results of this cse study here including outcomes from ecologicl reserch nd monitoring nd observtions of the KQDC itself. Introduction Throughout the 20th century, white-tiled deer (Odocoileus virgininus) browsing thretened the sustinbility of forest mngement throughout Pennsylvni, USA. Considerble evidence of impct on vegettion (Hough 1965, Mrquis 1974, Tilghmn 1989, McWillims et l. 1995, Redding 1995, Rooney nd Dress 1997, Horsley et l. 2003) nd other wildlife (declest 1994, Nuttle et l. 2011) ws documented through reserch studies tht included observtions of Editor in chrge of this rticle: Eero Nikinm chnge through time s well s exclosure nd enclosure studies. These loclized impcts mirrored similr evidence from reserch on forest ecosystems round the world (Gill 1992, Hobbs 1996, Fuller nd Gill 2001, Russell et l. 2001, Wrdle et l. 2001, Allombert et l. 2005, Mrtin et l. 2011). By 2000, forest mngers routinely fenced regenertion hrvests to exclude whitetiled deer, t considerble expense. For exmple between 1995 nd 2003, the Pennsylvni Bureu of Forestry verged over $ per yer on fence construction (Pennsylvni DCNR

2 Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Reduced impct of ungulte browsers in forest systems ). Foresters, frmers, nd conservtionists (Gibbon 2001) rgued tht hunting regultions should be used to reduce deer impct, while mny hunters held tht high deer popultions were essentil to sustin the hunting heritge of Pennsylvni (Kosck 1995, Frye 2006). The result ws sustined controversy generlly directed t the Pennsylvni Gme Commission (herefter clled the Gme Commission). In North Americ, wildlife re mnged under public trust doctrine (Riley et l. 2002, Orgn et l. 2006) in which the government holds ll wild niml resources in public trust for current nd future genertions. In the United Sttes, individul sttes re the primry level of government in chrge of wildlife resources. In Pennsylvni, both the stte constitution nd the stte s Gme nd Wildlife Code direct the Gme Commission to protect, mnge, nd preserve wildlife nd their hbitt within the Commonwelth for the benefit of ll people, including genertions yet to come (Rosenberry et l. 2009). The public trust doctrine mens tht privte lndowners nd mngers of public lnd re dependent on the Gme Commission for regultions to mnge the impct of whitetiled deer on their hbitt, nd in turn, the Gme Commission nd hunters re dependent on lnd mngers to sustin hbitt essentil to the wellbeing of the deer herd. Concurrently, hunters rely on the PGC to provide hunting opportunities through the sle of hunting licenses nd regultions tht govern hunting sesons nd limits. In return, the Gme Commission, self-funded government commission, relies on hunter license fees s principl source of income. Clerly, reltionships mong ll three stkeholder groups re ultimtely medited by the Gme Commission itself, through public comment t herings, prticiption in Advisory Committees, nd, to lesser extent through politicl pressure exerted through the legislture. Thus, the reltionship between lnd mngers whose forest mngement gols re ffected by deer browsing impcts nd hunters who use their lnd for qulity hunting opportunities hs historiclly been tenuous nd, t times, contentious (Frye 2006). Controversy bout deer mngement hs long history in North Americ nd in Pennsylvni (Kosck 1995, Frye 2006). For decdes, n llince of northwestern Pennsylvni forest lnd mngers nd scientists worked in the Gme Commission-centric frmework to reduce negtive deer impcts on forest regenertion, wildlife, nd biodiversity. They co-sponsored reserch (e.g., Tilghmn 1989, Horsley et l. 2003), tours, conferences (Cochrn 1987, Horsley 1992), nd frequently testified t public herings. Success ws t best limited nd often short-lived (Frye 2006). At the Gme Commission level, hunting interests who fvored more deer usully previled, nd while deer densities in 2000 were lower thn historic highs (Redding 1995), impcts nd controversy remined t chllenging levels. The Snd County Foundtion, non-governmentl orgniztion focused on Aldo Leopold s lnd ethic espousing sound, voluntry environmentlism tht depends on privte ownership nd stewrdship begn to work on deer overbundnce issues in Pennsylvni nd elsewhere in the 1990s. Their concept of direct stewrdship enggement with forests, wildlife, nd stkeholders suggested n lterntive to the completely Gme Commission-centric pproch. Thus, in 2000, group of privte lndowners, public lnd mngers, scientists, hunters, nd others, with support nd guidnce from the Snd County Foundtion, cme together to form the Kinzu Qulity Deer Coopertive (KQDC). The prticipnts hoped tht n ctive effort to build site-specific, dptive mngement (sensu Holling 1978 nd Wlters 1986) reltionship between lnd mngers nd hunters who used their lnd could led to more sustinble nd less contentious reltionship (Fig. 1). Within this conceptul model of interdependence, lnd mngers nd hunters still depended upon the Gme Commission to set regultions tht would llow for positive interction. Lnd mngers plnned to provide more loclly specific informtion nd enggement opportunities for hunters, nd dptively implement stte regultions bsed on monitoring locl conditions. To this end, the lnd mngers designted contiguous hectres in northwestern Pennsylvni s the KQDC lnd bse (Fig. 2). This crege ws lrge enough to incorporte mny lndowners nd lso lrge enough tht edge effects on the deer herd itself would not overwhelm the responses to dptive mngement of the herd on the KQDC

3 52 Stout et l. Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Mnge deer density nd impct Lndowners nd mngers Provide deer hbitt Pennsylvni Gme Commission KQDC: Site-specific enggement Communiction Access Prticiption Regulte herd nd hunting opportunities Hunters Mnge deer popultions Fig. 1. Model of interdependence mong the vrious stkeholders interested deer-forest mngement within the Commonwelth of Pennsylvni. This model recognizes tht both lnd mngers nd hunters still depend upon the Gme Commission to set regultions to would llow for positive interctions, but emphsizes tht the implementtion of the regultions would be plnned to provide more loclly specific informtion nd enggement opportunities between the lndowners nd hunters. Fig. 2. Mp of the Kinzu Qulity Deer Coopertive Are (KQDC). itself. For exmple, Tierson et l. (1985) found tht medin home rnge size for white-tiled deer in the nerby Adirondck region of the northestern US ws less thn 300 h. The KQDC Ledership Tem plnned to use regultions nd deer mngement progrms vilble from the Gme Commission in common, democrticlly nd scientificlly unified effort to chieve four gols: locl enggement nd dptive mnge- ment of the KQDC deer herd, improved hbitt qulity, improved deer herd ttributes, nd sustined hunter enggement. For purposes of this pper, we define locl enggement nd dptive mngement s (1) sustined prticiption nd inkind contributions to KQDC mngement, nd (2) evidence of use of monitoring dt to dpt mngement strtegies. We define improvements in hbitt qulity s (1) reduced browsing pressure on desirble tree regenertion; (2) incresed bundnce, size, nd improved reproductive sttus of the understory plnt community; nd (3) reduced need to fence regenertion hrvests. We define improved deer herd ttributes s (1) reduced deer density, nd (2) incresed deer nd ntler size. We define sustined hunter enggement by (1) opportunities nd incentives creted for hunters to become engged in the dptive mngement of the KQDC, nd (2) sustined hunter prticiption in KQDC hunting opportunities. The tools for the KQDC included novel progrms offered by the Gme Commission, n ggressive hbitt mngement progrm, intensive monitoring of deer nd understory vegettion, nd intensive hunter outrech. This pper reports on cse study bsis the efforts undertken by the coopertive to chieve its objectives nd reports on the success of these efforts. Three of the uthors were members of the KQDC ledership tem from its inception (Stout, declest, McAleese. Royo joined the KQDC Ledership Tem lter) nd four of us hve conducted

4 Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Reduced impct of ungulte browsers in forest systems 53 reserch studies on the coopertive (Stout, Royo, declest, Finley). Thus this pper provides n overview of the KQDC cse study from perspective like tht of prticiptory ction reserch (PAR, sensu McIntyre 2008). We re both observer/reserchers nd members of the coopertive, though unlike most prticiptory ction reserch, we did not see ourselves in the dul role from the beginning of the project, s we focused on estblishing the ecologicl monitoring progrms nd prticipted with the group in plnning ctivities to keep hunters engged. Mteril nd methods Study site The KQDC is locted in the northwestern portion of the stte of Pennsylvni, USA. It is within the unglcited Allegheny High Plteu Section of the Applchin Plteu Province (McNb nd Avers 1994) with n verge elevtion of 613 m (rnge: m). The mjor lnd mngers re the Allegheny Ntionl Forest, Forest Investment Assocites, the Collins Pine Compny, Rm Forest Products, nd the Brdford, PA, Municipl Wtershed Authority. The lndscpe is dominted by contiguous forest, including mixed ok, northern hrdwood, nd Allegheny hrdwood forest types, most of it yers old. Mjor species include Prunus serotin, Fgus grndifoli, Acer scchrum, Acer rubrum, Betul lent nd lleghniensis, Acer pensylvnicum, Frxinus mericn, Tsug cndensis nd Quercus rubr. The re is wellroded, with rod densities nd qulity vrying by ownership nd mngement objectives. The entire re is open to public hunting, nd in ddition to hunting nd forest mngement ctivities of the mnging orgniztions, the re is used for vriety of other recretion ctivities, nd for development of subsurfce oil nd gs resources. Locl enggement nd dptive mngement A Ledership Tem consisting of representtives from ech lnd mngement orgniztion, the Snd County Foundtion, the Pennsylvni Stte University Forest Extension Service, the Gme Commission, the Allegheny Ntionl Forest Vction Bureu, locl hunters, outdoor writers, nd the USDA Forest Service Northern Reserch Sttion mde decisions bout mngement, monitoring, nd hunter enggement ctivities. Prticipnts shred ledership informlly, nd foundtion funding supported wildlife biologist (declest) who coordinted nnul deer nd some vegettion monitoring ctivities nd provided nnul reports nd input to Ledership Tem decisions such s the number of dditionl ntlerless permits to request. Prticipnts provided funding in mix of in-kind services nd csh contributions, nd the group lso received severl foundtion grnts. In 2010, the Snd County Foundtion convened n independent review tem to evlute the ccomplishments of the KQDC project nd provide recommendtions for future development. McLin nd Lee (1996) use the Hlbert (1993) summry of dptive mngement s the ppliction of experimenttion to the design nd implementtion of nturl-resource nd environmentl mngement policies. The KQDC Ledership tem intended to pply dt gthered through reserch nd monitoring of deer nd hbitt on the KQDC to design nd implement loclly specific mngement policies. Specificlly, the Ledership Tem plnned to inform nnul requests for dditionl ntlerless deer permits with dt bout deer density nd browsing pressure on vegettion. Hbitt qulity objective Browse impct In 2000, the KQDC Ledership Tem overlid grid pttern on mp of the KQDC lndscpe. The grid squres were 2.6 km 2, nd 26 of the resulting squres were selected t rndom for severl dt collection efforts. The sme grid squres were used in dt collections efforts ech yer. As personnel collected pellet group dt during the spring (see below), they collected dt on deer browse impct on tree seedlings t lternte pellet group smple plots (i.e., 1.2 m cir-

5 54 Stout et l. Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) culr plots every 60 m long ech 1.6 km pellet trnsect). Deer impct dt were obtined by chrcterizing browsing on six tree seedling species. A scoring system from 1 5 ws used, where 1 = no browsing, 2 = 0% 50% of stems re browsed, 3 50% of stems browsed, 4 50% of stems browsed nd twigs browsed down to min stem, nd 5% to > 50% stems browsed, few twigs, nd terminl leder is browsed to < 15 cm. The six trget species re F. grndifoli, A. pensylvnicum, A. rubrum, P. serotin, Betul spp. (Betul lent nd lleghniensis re difficult to distinguish s seedlings, so both were lumped into Betul ctegory), nd T. cndensis. Understory plnt bundnce, size nd reproductive sttus Northern hrdwood forests re dvnce-regenertion dependent (Mrquis nd Johnson 1989). Advnce regenertion bundnce increses s deer density decreses (Horsley et l. 2003, Tilghmn 1989), s do the size nd reproductive sttus of mny indictor plnts (reviewed by Kirschbum nd Ancker 2005). We ssessed chnges in understory plnt bundnce, size, nd reproductive sttus on plots in the unmnged, mture portion of the forest. We restricted our smpling to res lcking recent nturl or nthropogenic disturbnce s the biotic nd biotic chnges cused by disturbnce lter plnt community dynmics nd often interct with deer browsing (Tripler et l. 2005, Kreuger et l. 2009, Nuttle et l 2013). Within ech selected 2.6 km 2 grid squre we nested seven meter (1250 m 2 ) permnent vegettion monitoring plots within forest stnds beginning in One plot ws centered within the overll 2.6 km 2 grid squre nd up to six others rdited out 400 meters from the center point t 60 intervls beginning with rndomly chosen zimuth. Five entire grid squres were dropped following the initil survey s forest conditions did not meet the objective of understnding deer-forest dynmics in mture, unmnged northern hrdwood forests (i.e., herbicided, hrvested, spling/pole-sized, or Quercus spp. dominted stnds were dropped) leving totl smple of 147 monitored stnds (21 squres 7 stnds = 147). Over time, 16 individul monitoring plots were lost through timber mngement nd/or oil nd gs resource extrction ctivities. At ech permnent vegettion monitoring plot we censused the density, by species, of ll estblished woody seedlings ( m) on four, 2 m rdius (12.54 m 2 ) subplots locted t the corners of the overll plot in 2001, 2003, 2007, nd Additionlly, we collected detiled morphologicl nd demogrphic dt on three liliceous herb species reported to be sensitive to deer browse (reviewed by Kirschbum nd Ancker 2005): Trillium spp. (includes T. erectum, T. undultum, nd T. grndiflorum), Minthemum cndense, nd Medeol virginin, considered potentil indictor in Pennsylvni (Diefenbch nd Fritsky 2007). For Trillium spp., we recorded the proportion of stems in three distinct demogrphic stges (onelefed individul, three-lef non-reproductive, three-lef reproductive; Knight 2004) nd height of individuls locted throughout the entire 1250 m 2 plot in ech census period. For M. cndense, we recorded longest lef length (cm) of individuls in four, 1-m rdius subplots nested within the lrger woody subplot in ll four census periods. Finlly, for M. virginin in 2003, 2007, nd 2011 we recorded stem heights of individuls long 2 50 m belt trnsect running through the plot from north to south. To test how vegettion metrics collected on permnent plots chnged over time, nd more specificlly, whether these metrics differed in the census periods following deer herd reductions, we used repeted mesures generl liner mixed modeling in SAS (SAS Institute Inc. 2011). We treted ech plot nested within grid squres s rndom fctor with yer s the fixed effect. Anlyses used the restricted mximum likelihood estimtion method nd denomintor degrees of freedom were clculted using the Kenwrd Rogers djustment (Littell et l. 2006). For nlyses on seedling densities, we modeled the dt using gmm distribution with loglink function. This distribution is pproprite for continuous, non-negtive dt tht exhibits overdispersion (Bolker 2008). The proportion of Trillium popultion in reproductive sttus ws modeled using rc-sine squred root trnsformtion. All other metrics were normlly distributed.

6 Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Reduced impct of ungulte browsers in forest systems 55 When significnt differences were detected in the overll test, differences mong mens were tested using Tukey s HSD test (PDIFF ADJUST = TUKEY, Littell et l. 2006). Fencing, regenertion hrvests nd outcomes As noted bove, there ws no forml ssessment of regenertion hrvest prctices, cres under fence, or lndowner/mnger ssessment of regenertion hrvest prctices during the first decde of KQDC implementtion. However, e-mil queries of lnd mngers provided some necdotl dt bout the proportion of the KQDC in erly ge clsses nd mnger expenditures on fencing in generl nd in the KQDC in prticulr ner the end of the first decde. We present these results here without nlysis for purposes of completeness. Herd ttributes From , the Gme Commission instituted two-week concurrent rifle seson for both ntlered nd ntlerless deer, t first sttewide. The prior regultion in Pennsylvni ws two-week ntlered-only rifle seson followed by three-dy ntlerless seson. In 2002, the Gme Commission instituted sttewide ntler restrictions, requiring hunters without n ntlerless permit to limit their hrvests to deer with t lest 3 points on ech side in the KQDC region. In 2003, the Gme Commission initited Deer Mngement Assistnce Progrm (DMAP) sttewide under which mngers of lrge blocks of lnd who showed tht deer were interfering with chievement of their mngement objectives could request tht the Gme Commission provide dditionl ntlerless licenses to hunters on their property. The Gme Commission designed the DMAP progrm s mechnism for mngers to chieve fine-scle deer mngement gols within the corse-scle wildlife mngement units. The Gme Commission set sesons nd bg limits t the wildlife mngement unit scle; these hve men re of bout h. Under the DMAP progrm, lnd mngers requested nd distributed DMAP coupons to hunters, who, in turn, sent them to the Gme Commission to receive the dditionl permits. From the beginning, the KQDC Ledership Tem prcticed dptive mngement, using DMAP s its primry tool to chieve its objectives. In the bsence of detiled informtion nd mngement pln, DMAP, by defult, provided one dditionl ntlerless permit per 20 h. The KQDC Ledership Tem developed detiled mngement pln tht trgeted deer density of bout five deer km 2 bsed on erlier reserch conducted in the region (Tilghmn 1987, Horsley et l. 2003). They then used dt from deer nd deer impct monitoring to guide nnul requests for DMAP coupons. Lnd mngers lso recognized tht providing erly successionl forest hbitt through timber hrvesting ws importnt for providing forge for deer cross the KQDC lndscpe. Provision of this hbitt ws not formlly coordinted, but informl converstions mong members of the Ledership Tem nd with volunteers ensured common understnding of the level of hbitt provided. Deer density Every spring, trined personnel of KQDC membership orgniztions conducted pellet-group counts on ech of the 26 selected grid squres, following the technique described by declest (2013). Within ech selected grid squre, pellets were tllied in 1.2 m circulr plots every 30 m long five 1.6 km trnsects. In ddition to these dt, volunteers nd personnel of KQDC membership orgniztions lso conducted yerly counts of deer long six rodside routes estblished t the beginning of the study. These dt helped mngers estimte nnul recruitment. Deer nd ntler size The KQDC Ledership Tem operted voluntry check sttions for hrvested deer for severl dys ech yer during the concurrent two-week rifle seson. The number of check sttions nd the dys of opertion vried from yer to yer, but

7 56 Stout et l. Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) the mesurements tken by those stffing the check sttions were consistent. Both ntlered nd ntlerless deer were checked. Experienced wildlife biologists trined personnel stffing the sttions to estimte deer ge using tooth wer estimtes. Check sttion stff lso recorded the hunter s estimtion of where the deer ws hrvested, the wether when nd where it ws hrvested, the hunter s stte, county, nd town of residence, license type nd number, nd sex, ge, girth, weight, ntler points, spred nd bem dimeter of deer. Hunter enggement Hunter enggement opportunities nd incentives The KQDC Ledership Tem plnned vriety of ctivities to engge hunters in dptive mngement of the KQDC nd to shre dt nd informtion bout the KQDC effort with hunters nd potentil hunters. These ctivities were prt of the dptive mngement strtegy, s ll prticipnts in the KQDC recognized tht continued hunter prticiption on KQDC ws vitl to the demonstrtion s success. Specificlly, hunters were invited to join the ledership tem, were offered nnul trining in the pellet-group technique for estimting deer density, nd were mong the volunteers who conducted rodside counts. Results of KQDC monitoring efforts were posted s nnul reports on the KQDC web site, nd reported through news releses nd presenttions. From 2001 to 2011, Snd County Foundtion nd the KQDC Ledership Tem hosted n nnul bnquet, complete with rffles of hunting equipment, t which keynote speker presented informtion on deer biology nd KQDC Ledership Tem member provided n updte on deer density, deer chrcteristics nd hbitt qulity cross the KQDC. Bnquet tickets were offered below cost to hunters on the KQDC miling list, nd rffle tickets were given to those who brought deer to the check sttion one ticket for ech ntlered deer nd two for ech ntlerless deer. The explicit ide ws to thnk hunters for the ecologicl service tht their hunting provided, while simultneously providing informtion bout KQDC. The miling list developed through the DMAP coupon process ws used to inform hunters bout the bnquet ech yer. Sustined hunter prticiption The Snd County Foundtion contrcted with scientists t the Pennsylvni Stte University Humn Dimensions Unit to design nd conduct survey of hunters ssocited with KQDC. Luloff nd others surveyed hunters in the KQDC nd surrounding re t the beginning of DMAP. (Luloff et l. 2006, Wrd et l. 2008). Their questions, informed by focus group with KQDC ledership, ssessed ttitudes towrds DMAP, ntlerless deer hunting, concurrent sesons, nd reductions in deer density. These questions helped KQDC ledership understnd fctors tht motivted continued hunter prticiption in KQDC hunting opportunities. Results nd discussion Locl enggement nd dptive mngement Sustined prticiption nd in-kind contributions One mesure of success of KQDC mngement is continued voluntry prticiption in its Ledership Tem nd ctivities. The KQDC Ledership Tem sustined complex progrm of dptive deer mngement, deer nd vegettion monitoring, nd stkeholder nd policy-mker outrech through full decde of ctivities. Pellet group trnsects were tllied, deer check sttions stffed, DMAP requests submitted on time, DMAP coupons miled to pplicnts, tours conducted, nd bnquets hosted nnully. Intensive vegettion surveys were conducted in 2001, 2003, 2007, nd 2011, funded by mix of foundtion nd stkeholder resources. Stkeholders contributed n verge of more thn 800 hours of in-kind services to collect pellet group dt, conduct rodside counts, ccept nd process DMAP coupon requests, nd stff check sttions

8 Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Reduced impct of ungulte browsers in forest systems 57 nnully. The locl tourism gency plced rod signs directing people to the dministrtive site for the KQDC, which ws stffed in-kind by employees of the Allegheny Ntionl Forest. Adptive mngement In 2001, the KQDC Ledership Tem submitted deer mngement pln, providing nrrtive nd erly quntittive evidence of negtive deer impct on forest regenertion nd trgeting gol density of five deer km 2. The first round of pellet group counts on the KQDC indicted tht deer density verged nerly 11 deer km 2, so the KQDC Ledership Tem requested one DMAP coupon per 10 h, or 3000 coupons. This ws twice the defult rte estblished by the progrm. Ech yer, dt from the spring pellet group counts (informed by the previous yer s rodside counts to provide n estimte of deer recruitment) were used to estimte the current density nd thus inform the yerly coupon requests. DMAP required intensive lnd mnger involvement. Lnd mngers publicized vilbility of DMAP coupons, mnged hunter requests for coupons, nd miled out the coupons to hunters. Hunters then hd to submit the coupons to Gme Commission for ctul ntlerless permits. Ech yer, 80% of coupons were converted to ntlerless permits. Across yers, DMAP coupon requests vried by n order of mgnitude (Tble 1). However, even during yers when deer density ws estimted to be t or ner the gol density, the Ledership Tem continued to offer DMAP coupons t gretly reduced numbers to rewrd loyl KQDC hunters with continued hunting opportunities. During the first decde of opertion of the KQDC, the number of ntlerless permits offered in the wildlife mngement unit of which KQDC is prt (the KQDC occupies 0.05% of its wildlife mngement unit) vried from to The 2010 Independent Review Tem luded the KQDC Ledership Tem for the considerble effort of bringing together, creting ownership of, nd incorporting the objectives of diverse group of stkeholders towrd development of n lterntive deer mngement prdigm [ ] Results to dte clerly indicte tht n innovtive stkeholder-driven mngement pln cn chieve: lowered deer densities, enhnced regenertion success, improved deer condition (ge-specific ntler development nd body weights), nd grdul recovery of herbceous understories. The tem recommended wider dissemintion of the results of the KQDC demonstrtion, focusing on interested publics, policy mkers, nd the scientific community. They lso recommended efforts to increse the representtion nd prticiption of hunters in the coopertive s ledership. They urged continution of the detiled monitoring, further study of KQDC hunters, nd incresed coordintion of vegettion mngement to ensure stble supply of erly successionl hbitt (K.V. Miller, Kinzu Qulity Deer Coopertive, unpubl. dt). As the first decde of KQDC opertions drew to close, prticipnts in the Ledership Tem begn work on strtegies to ddress the suggestions of the independent review tem. Members begn process of voluntry contributions to sustin the coopertive s ctivities. Informl coopertion on vegettion mngement continued. The continued commitment to KQDC prticiption demonstrted by lndowner willingness to self-ssess per-cre fee suggests tht Tble 1. Chnges in deer popultions nd dditionl hunting pressure over time. Deer densities (deer km 2 ) represent verges (± SE) cross ll smpled grid squres using pellet group surveys s well s the 95% confidence intervls. DMAP refers to the number of dditionl ntlerless coupons (Deer Mngement Assistnce Progrm) issued for the KQDC in the preceding fll. Yer n Men ± 1 SE 95% CL DMAP coupons ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

9 58 Stout et l. Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Deer density per squre km Percentge of plots without browse impct Hbitt qulity Browse impct Fig. 3. Chnge in men (± 1 SE) deer densities nd percentge of plots with zero browse observed on seedlings of F. grndifoli, A. pensylvnicum, A. rubrum, P. serotin, Betul spp., nd T. cndensis over time. for the lnd mngers, scientists, locl gency personnel, tourism officils, outdoor writers, nd others, the KQDC cse study of site-specific stkeholder enggement ws chieving its objectives of improving hbitt, improving deer herd ttributes, nd sustining hunter enggement nd prticiption. The KQDC effort continues. The KQDC Ledership Tem continues to collect monitoring dt nd use it to set DMAP coupon requests. Additionl reserch efforts include detiled study of the reltionship between lndscpe heterogeneity, deer density, nd deer impct, study of the governnce structure of KQDC s novel exmple of governnce of common pool resources (Ostrom 1990), nd relted study tht will re-survey KQDC hunters. As deer densities declined there ws concomitnt decline in browsing on woody seedlings. The percentge of plots from the pellet-group surveys with no browse impct on the six trgeted woody species responded inversely to chnges in deer density, incresing s deer popultions decresed, nd decresing in yers when deer densities incresed (Fig. 3). Fgus grndifoli seedlings were the most likely to show zero to light impct, followed by A. pensylvnicum, P. serotin, Betul spp., A. rubrum nd T. cndensis. The rnk order browsing trcks reported tree seedling species pltbility to white-tiled deer (Brmble nd Goddrd 1953, Hely 1971, Horsley et l. 2003). Abundnce, size, nd reproductive sttus of understory plnts For ll three liliceous indictor species, morphologicl nd reproductive metrics improved over time with most incresing significntly only following deer herd reductions in fll of 2003 (Tble 2). By 2011, the verge height of Trillium spp. incresed by 40% 66% nd the proportion of reproductive individuls more thn doubled (Tble 2). By 2011, M. cndense verge lef length ws significntly greter thn t ny time prior to deer herd reductions, expnding by 19% 35% (Tble 2). Finlly, M. virginin heights were nerly 100% greter in 2011, Tble 2. Generlized liner mixed model results of herbceous indictor metrics over time in the Kinzu Qulity Deer Coopertive (KQDC) project. For ech metric we present the untrnsformed mens ± 1 SE. Different subscript letters indicte significnt (p < 0.05) differences between mens within metric. Trillium spp. M. cndense M. virginin Predictors Height (cm) Flowering (%/100) Lef length (cm) height (cm) Yer F 3,164 = 38.99, p < F 3,165 = 11.37, p < F 3,78.9 = 23.83, p < F 3,78.5 = 49.28, p < ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.12 b 7.3 ± ± 0.59 b 0.21 ± 0.03 b 4.6 ± 0.11 b 9.9 ± 0.46 b ± 0.43 b 0.21 ± 0.03 b 5.0 ± 0.13 c ± 0.77 c

10 Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Reduced impct of ungulte browsers in forest systems 59 Fig. 4. Estblished seedling ( 0.3 to < 1.5 m) densities in the permnent vegettion monitoring plots of the Kinzu Qulity Deer Coopertive (KQDC) project in ll four census periods. Densities re expressed in number of stems per m 2 on log 10 scle. Different superscripts denote significntly different (p < 0.05) seedling densities over time within species. For F. mericn nd A. scchrum, dots on the x-xis denote yers with zero seedlings. Density [log(no. of stems per m 2 )] bc c b F. grndifoli P. serotin A. pensylvnicum A. rubrum b b b b b b Betul spp. A. scchrum F. mericn b b reltive to 2007 (Tble 2). Our results on these three tx re consistent with prior work demonstrting the sensitivity of these morphologicl nd demogrphic metrics to deer browse pressure (Rooney 1997, Augustine nd Frelich 1998, Knight 2003, Webster et l. 2005; reviewed by Kirschbum nd Ancker 2005). By 2011, browse-sensitive woody species ll experienced significnt increses in stem densities into the estblished seedling size clss (Fig. 4). These increses in bundnce occurred regrdless of whether species were shde-intolernt (F. mericn, F 3,224.5 = 3.54, p = 0.016), intermeditely shde-tolernt (A. rubrum, F 3,224.1 = 4.97, p = 0.002; Betul spp., F 3,224.3 = 4.32, p = 0.006) or shde-tolernt (A. scchrum, F 3,299 = 8.23, p < ). Moreover, seedling densities of A. scchrum, Betul spp. nd F. mericn were significntly greter in 2011 thn in either census period prior to deer herd reductions (Fig. 4). In contrst, dynmics of browse-tolernt species were inconsistent over time (Fig. 4). Shde-tolernt species either displyed no chnge over time (A. pensylvnicum, F 3,224.3 = 1.03, p = 0.38) or experienced increses in bundnce tht predted herd reductions followed by decline (F. grndifoli, F 3,224.1 = 11.03, p < ; Fig. 4). Finlly, densities of the shde-intolernt P. serotin declined by 73% by 2011 (F 3,224.1 = 4.36, p = 0.005; Fig. 4). These results suggest tht overbrowsing msks growth responses nd ultimtely lter recruitment hierrchies in to lrger size clsses, prticulrly for browse-sensitive species (Horsley et l. 2003, Long et l. 2007, Krueger et l. 2009). Despite the observed growth response in severl species, forest understories throughout the KQDC remined dominted by F. grndifoli. Unmnged, the presence of this dense, nerly monodominnt reclcitrnt understory lyer will gretly constrin the future responses to tree nd herbceous recruitment nd growth, potentilly ltering forest dynmics (reviewed by Royo nd Crson 2006). Fencing, regenertion hrvests nd outcomes Fencing of regenertion hrvests within the region, long with their ssocited construction nd mintennce costs, dropped precipitously beginning in 2003 s lnd mngers nticipted the success of DMAP deer hrvests (Fig. 5). The Collins Pine Compny, one of the prticipting lnd mngers of the KQDC, sw their verge re requiring fencing within KQDC drop from 52.2 h yr 1 to zero following the deer culls. Concomitntly, the fencing costs dropped from $ yr 1 to zero (N. Krger pers. comm.). The Allegheny Ntionl Forest stopped erecting fences within the KQDC re during the project

11 60 Stout et l. Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Totl re of regenertion hrvests fenced (h) Collins Pine Co. ANF Fig. 5. Are fenced by two KQDC lnd mngers over time. Figures for the Collins Pine Compny reflect res within the KQDC boundry. Allegheny Ntionl Forest (ANF) figures reflect re fenced throughout the Ntionl Forest, including res within the KQDC. period (A. Hille pers. comm.). These figures do not reflect the dded fence mintennce costs tht typiclly rnge from $37 to $50 h 1 yr 1. Some cost reductions occurred region-wide s mngers of lrge lndholdings implemented the DMAP progrm on other portions of their ownership. For exmple, the Allegheny Ntionl Forest sw fencing of regenertion hrvests drop cross the h lnd bse from to 51.8 h yr 1. During the first decde of the KQDC Project, the privte lnd prtners creted bout 4500 h of erly successionl hbitt through opertionl timber mngement hrvests, seizing the opportunity creted by the reductions in deer density nd deer impct. During this time, s well, the Allegheny Ntionl Forest conducted n environmentl nlysis for the Sugr Run project, n re of 4696 h within the KQDC re, reching out to hunters specificlly for input to pln development (Reitz et l. 2004). Implementtion of this project dded pproximtely 250 h of dditionl erly successionl hbitt lte in the decde. When ssessed in their entirety, the dt strongly suggest tht reductions in deer density were ssocited with reductions in browsing impct on the understory plnt community. Herbceous indictor plnts responded most drmticlly, while increses in seedling bundnce nd size cross the re were slower to develop, especilly within those portions of the re in which no silviculturl mnipultions took plce (Royo et l 2010). In res where silviculturl mnipultions provided dditionl light to the forest floor (e.g., overstory hrvests, herbicide control of reclcitrnt lyers), lnd mngers were ble to conduct regenertion hrvests with less or no fencing resulting in substntil cost svings. Herd ttributes Deer density Estimted over-winter deer densities declined over time, but only following the implementtion of the DMAP progrm in fll 2003 (Tble 1; Fig. 3). From 2005 to 2012, deer popultions verged 5.3 deer km 2, which represents 50% decline in popultion densities reltive to the herd levels prior to the KQDC progrm. Popultion estimtes derived from rodside counts were consistently well-correlted with popultion estimtes derived from pellet group counts D.S. (declest unpubl. dt). Deer nd ntler size Body weight of deer tht hunters brought to check sttions showed n upwrd trend, s did the ntler chrcteristics of mle deer (Tble 3). As the smple ws bised by hunter self-selection we hve not conducted sttisticl nlysis. Regrdless, body weights of deer vried by sex nd ge with the gretest gins recorded in fwns (24% nd 44% in femle nd mle fwns, respectively) nd the lowest gins in yerlings (5% nd 7% in femle nd mle fwns, respectively). Antler chrcteristics of dult deer ( 2.5 yr) incresed by 22% 28% (Tble 3). The substntil increses in fwn weight bode well for future hunters. Vreelnd et l. (2004) studied survivl of rdio-collred fwns in one forested nd one griculturl lndscpe in Pennsylvni nd found tht long with brod hbitt type, fwn weight t time of cpture ws the best predictor of survivl. Shultz nd Johnson (1995) found tht for mle fwns, greter body weight t birth ws significntly positively correlted with greter body weight t 1.5, 2.0 nd 2.5 yers.

12 Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Reduced impct of ungulte browsers in forest systems 61 Thus, over its first decde, the KQDC progrm did result in decreses in deer bundnce cross the KQDC project re, while the verge weight nd ntler chrcteristics of deer brought to check sttions over the sme time period incresed. With locl progrm to monitor deer bundnce nd deer ttributes, the KQDC Ledership Tem ws ble to use the DMAP progrm to chieve loclly specific density trgets on n re substntilly smller thn the wildlife mngement unit within which PGC plnned its own mngement of the deer herd nd deer hunting opportunities Hunting experience Hunter enggement nd incentives Hunter enggement in the KQDC ws initilly high nd declined over time. The Ledership Tem sponsored periodic public meetings to inform hunters bout the plns for KQDC, invite their prticiption in the Ledership Tem, nd shre KQDC results nd progress. The first meeting drew very lrge crowd to locl university, but lter meetings were poorly ttended. Similrly, severl hunters prticipted in erly Ledership Tem meetings but their prticiption ws not sustined through the full first decde. The number of hunters bringing deer to check sttions decresed reltively stedily throughout the decde. Volunteers were solicited nd trined to prticipte in the rodside counts, nd the smll group who conduct this ctivity ws very consistent in its prticiption nd reporting. In ddition, for severl yers, members of the KQDC Ledership Tem offered workshops entitled Deer density nd crrying cpcity. Enrollment in these locl workshops declined fter 2005, therefore members of the KQDC Ledership Tem fcilitted the development of the workshops in other loctions throughout Pennsylvni nd New York. Ech yer the bnquet nd rffle drew more thn 100 hunters nd other KQDC volunteers. In 2001, mny ttendees were hunters, including some who cme from s fr s 500 km wy. By 2011, the bnquets were ttended primrily by hunters nd volunteers from the locl re. Some hunters reported necdotlly tht the bnquets were n importnt reson they continued to hunt the KQDC. Sustined hunter prticiption The Penn Stte study of hunter ttitudes ws conducted in winter of 2004, fter the first hunting seson in which DMAP coupons were vilble in Pennsylvni but before the density reductions tht resulted from of KQDC s ggressive use of DMAP to reduce the size of the KQDC deer herd. Tble 3. Men white-tiled deer body weight nd ntler chrcteristics over time. Metrics Increse (%) Femle Weight (kg) Fwns Yerlings Adults Mle Weight (kg) Fwns Yerlings Adults Antler points Spred (cm) Bem dimeter (mm) ) 1 yr olds, 2) 1.5 yr olds, 3) 2.5 yr olds.

13 62 Stout et l. Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Luloff et l. (2006) found tht 57% of hunters surveyed hunted in the KQDC regrdless of dditionl opportunities to hrvest ntlerless deer, while 43% of those surveyed were hunting in the KQDC specificlly in response to the incresed ntlerless lloctions vilble in 2003 through the DMAP progrm. Eighty percent of the DMAP hunters hd hrvested n ntlerless deer in 2003 s compred with 67% of trditionl hunters, nd DMAP hunters hd hrvested more ntlerless deer in 2003 (1.78 compred with 1.29 for trditionl hunters). They were more likely to purchse dditionl ntlerless licenses in the future. DMAP hunters were lso more likely to support continution of concurrent ntlered nd ntlerless sesons thn trditionl hunters. On the other hnd, DMAP hunters reported lower likelihood thn trditionl hunters to continue hunting in KQDC, nd specificlly lower likelihood should they find fewer deer in the future. Trditionl hunters hd hunted in the KQDC for more yers preceding the dvent of KQDC nd new regultions, were more likely thn DMAP hunters to be ffilited with cmp in the re, nd were more likely to continue hunting the re in the future. As the uthors of the study summrized their results, In short, the rel chllenge to KQDC mngers my not be in reducing deer popultions, but mintining them t desired levels. Such mintennce will likely fll on the shoulders of Trditionl hunters, reflecting their continued presence in the KQDC through cmp membership, socil ties, nd long-term fidelity. Overll, the vilble evidence on hunter enggement bers out Luloff nd collegues prediction: hunters re dpting to the chnged conditions of the herd, the hbitt nd the hunt nd sustin long-term commitment to this prticulr re. Specificlly, hunters continue to seek KQDC DMAP permits nd to hold the herd t or ner trget levels (Tble 1). We did not mesure the degree to which mesured improvements in deer chrcteristics hve contributed to their loylty. Conclusion The KQDC project is, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive lndscpe-level dptive mngement study of white-tiled deer impcts on forests communities in North Americ. Here, the investment in repeted monitoring of multiple metrics including deer popultions, browse impct, forest understory plnt communities, nd hunter ttitudes nd enggement provide the KQDC Ledership Tem with the informtion necessry to itertively dpt the mngement of the deer nd forest resources. The project lso demonstrtes tht the DMAP progrm cn chieve the objectives for which it ws creted, llowing KQDC lnd mngers to chieve specific, trgeted fine-scle gols for deer density nd impct within the fluctutions in corse-scle mngement of much lrger wildlife mngement unit. Thus fr, the dt strongly suggest this pproch hs succeeded in reducing browsing pressure on nd incresing the bundnce of dvnce regenertion; improving the size, bundnce, nd reproductive sttus of understory indictor plnts; eliminting the need for fencing of regenertion hrvests, nd incresing deer weight nd ntler chrcteristics. Results on sustined hunter enggement were mixed. Hunters continued to use DMAP permits nd kept deer densities within trget levels; however, hunter enggement ttending Ledership Tem meetings, bringing deer to check sttions, nd prticipting in pellet count surveys ws not sustined. The KQDC Ledership Tem relied completely on tools tht were techniclly vilble to ll: DMAP, check sttions, rodside counts, pellet counts, nd browse surveys. Other mngers in the stte used some of these tools s well, but no other mngers used ll the tools in n dptive context. Specificlly, even the KQDC lndowners used DMAP defult rtes on other portions of their lndholdings, nd no other lnd mngers used check sttions, hunter incentives, or rodside counts. Other prticipnts in DMAP mintined their coupon lloction t the defult level for s long s lndholdings were in DMAP, rther thn dpting pplictions bsed on reserch nd monitoring dt. The Pennsylvni Deprtment of Conservtion nd Nturl Resources is currently pilot-testing n dptive mngement pproch to DMAP bsed in prt on input from KQDC leders. As the KQDC project mtures, continued monitoring nd expnded reserch opportuni-

14 Borel Env. Res. Vol. 18 (suppl. A) Reduced impct of ungulte browsers in forest systems 63 ties will provide unprecedented opportunities to lern bout long-term recovery of plnt communities following chronic overbrowsing, deer response to chnging hbitt conditions, hunter ttitudes, nd the willingness nd bility of lnd mngers to invest in site-specific enggement of hunters. References Allombert S., Stockton S. & Mrtin J.L A nturl experiment on the impct of overbundnt deer on forest invertebrtes. Conserv. Biol. 19: Augustine D.J. & Frelich L.E Effects of white-tiled deer on popultions of n understory forb in frgmented deciduous forests. Conserv. Biol. 12: Bolker B.M Ecologicl models nd dt in R, 1st ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Brmble W.C. & Goddrd M.K Sesonl browsing of woody plnts by white-tiled deer in the ridge nd vlley section of centrl Pennsylvni. Jour. For. 51: Cochrn R.S. (ed.) Proceedings of ppers presented t the symposium: deer, forestry nd griculture: interctions nd strtegies for mngement. Plteu nd Northern Hrdwood Chpter, Allegheny Society of Americn Foresters, Wrren, PA. declest D.S Effect of white-tiled deer on songbirds within mnged forests in Pennsylvni. J. Wildl. Mnge. 58: declest D.S Relibility nd precision of pelletgroup counts for estimting lndscpe-level deer density. Humn Wildlife Interctions 7: Diefenbch D.R. & Fritsky R.S Developing nd testing rpid ssessment protocol for monitoring vegettion chnges on stte forest lnds. Pennsylvni Coopertive Fish nd Wildlife Reserch Unit, Pennsylvni Stte University. Frye R Deer wrs: science, trdition, nd the bttle over mnging whitetils in Pennsylvni. Penn Stte University Press, Stte College, PA. Fuller R.J. & Gill R.M.A Ecologicl impcts of incresing numbers of deer in British woodlnd. Forestry 74: Gibbon D. (ed.) Proceedings of the conference on the impct of deer on the biodiversity nd economy of the stte of Pennsylvni. Pennsylvni Audobon Society, Hrrisburg, PA. Gill R.M.A A review of dmge by mmmls in north temperte forests: 1. Deer. Forestry 65: Hely W.M Forge preferences of tme deer in northwest Pennsylvni cler-cutting. J. Wildl. Mnge. 35: Hobbs N.T Modifiction of ecosystems by ungultes. The Journl of Wildlife Mngement 60: Holling C.S Adptive environmentl ssessment nd mngement. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Horsley S.B. (comp.) Deer density effects on forest ecosystem: Pennsylvni story, results of 10-yer study. Proceedings, Summer Meeting Allegheny Section, Society of Americn Foresters. Horsley S.B., Stout S.L. & declest D.S White-tiled deer impct on the vegettion dynmics of northern hrdwood forest. Ecol. Appl. 13: Hough A.F A twenty-yer record of understory vegettionl chnge in virgin Pennsylvni forest. Ecology 46: Kirschbum C.D. & Ancker B.L The utility of Trillium nd Minthemum s phyto-indictors of deer impct in northwestern Pennsylvni, USA. For. Ecol. Mnge. 217: Knight T.M Effects of herbivory nd its timing cross popultions of Trillium grndiflorum (Lilicee). Am. J. Bot. 90: Knight T.M The effect of herbivory nd pollen limittion on declining popultion of Trillium grndiflorum. Ecol. Appl. 14: Kosck J The Pennsylvni Gme Commission : 100 yers of wildlife conservtion. The Pennsylvni Gme Commission, Hrrisburg, PA. Krueger L.M., Peterson C.J., Royo A. & Crson W.P Evluting reltionships mong tree growth rte, shde tolernce, nd browse tolernce following disturbnce in n estern deciduous forest. Cn. J. For. Res. 39: Littell R.C., Milliken G.A., Stroup W.W., Wolfinger R.D. & Schbenberger O SAS for mixed models, Second Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cry, NC. Long Z.T., Pendergst T.H. & Crson W.P The impct of deer on reltionships between tree growth nd mortlity in n old-growth beech-mple forest. For. Ecol. Mnge. 252: Luloff A.E., Finley J.C., Stedmn R.C., Mtrrit D. & Pierson T Kinzu Qulity Deer Coopertive Hunter Study Snd County Foundtion, Mdison, WI. Mrquis D.A The impct of deer browsing on Allegheny hrdwood regenertion. USDA Forest Service Reserch Pper NE-308, Northest Forest Experiment Sttion. Mrquis D.A. & Johnson R.L Silviculture of estern hrdwoods. USDA Forest Service Generl Technicl Report WO-55. Mrtin T.G., Arcese P. & Scheerder N Browsing down our nturl heritge: Deer impcts on vegettion structure nd songbird popultions cross n islnd rchipelgo. Biol. Conserv. 144: McCin R.J. & Lee R.G Adptive mngement: promises nd pitflls. Environmentl Mngement 20: McIntyre A Prticiptory ction reserch. Sge Publictions, Los Angeles. McNb W.H. & Avers P.E. (eds.) Ecologicl subregions of the United Sttes: section descriptions. USDA Forest Service, WO-WSA-5. McWillims W.H., Stout S.L., Bowersox T.W. & McCormick L.H Adequcy of dvnce tree-seedling regenertion in Pennsylvni s forests. North. Jour. Appl. For. 12:

Minnesota s Wild Turkey Harvest Fall 2016, Spring 2017

Minnesota s Wild Turkey Harvest Fall 2016, Spring 2017 Minnesot s Wild Turkey Hrvest Fll 2016, Spring 2017 Lindsey Messinger Frmlnd Wildlife Popultions nd Reserch Group Minnesot Deprtment of Nturl Resources Mdeli, Minnesot 15 August 2017 Summry of Seson Structure

More information

Daytime Habitat Selection by Resident Golden Eagles in Southern Idaho, USA

Daytime Habitat Selection by Resident Golden Eagles in Southern Idaho, USA Dytime Hbitt Selection by Resident Golden Egles in Southern Idho, USA Environmentl & Sttisticl Consultnts Chd LeBeu 1-04-14 Ryn Nielson, Eric Hllingstd, nd Dve Young cwlebeu@west-inc.com Introduction Risk

More information

Open Access Regression Analysis-based Chinese Olympic Games Competitive Sports Strength Evaluation Model Research

Open Access Regression Analysis-based Chinese Olympic Games Competitive Sports Strength Evaluation Model Research Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthmscience.e The Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journl, 05, 9, 79-735 79 Open Access Regression Anlysis-bsed Chinese Olympic Gmes Competitive Sports Strength Evlution

More information

A Measurement Framework for National Key Performance Measures

A Measurement Framework for National Key Performance Measures MINISTERIAL COUNCIL ON EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, TRAINING AND YOUTH AFFAIRS Performnce Mesurement nd Reporting Tskforce Working for qulity eduction outcomes A Mesurement Frmework for Ntionl Key Performnce

More information

Small Game Hunter Lead Shot Communication Study. Executive Summary. A cooperative study conducted by:

Small Game Hunter Lead Shot Communication Study. Executive Summary. A cooperative study conducted by: 8 Smll Gme Hunter Led Shot Communiction Study Executive Summry A coopertive study conducted y: Minnesot Coopertive Fish nd Wildlife Reserch Unit Minnesot Deprtment of Nturl Resources 9 Smll Gme Hunter

More information

2014 WHEAT PROTEIN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN

2014 WHEAT PROTEIN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN 2014 WHEAT PROTEIN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN Aron Wlters, Coopertor Ryford Schulze, Coopertor Dniel Hthcot, Extension Progrm Specilist Dr. Clrk Neely, Extension Stte Smll Grins Specilist Ryn Collett, Extension

More information

TECHNICAL BULLETINApril 2016

TECHNICAL BULLETINApril 2016 SYN-86 TECHNICAL BULLETINApril 216 Synovex One-Feedlot Implnts in Feedlot Steers: Phse IIIB Studies in Nersk nd Texs Zoetis Florhm Prk, NJ 7932 Summry Two Phse IIIB studies 1,2 were conducted in feedlot

More information

Characteristics, Expenditures, and Economic Impact of Resident and Nonresident Hunters and Anglers in North Dakota, , Season and Trends

Characteristics, Expenditures, and Economic Impact of Resident and Nonresident Hunters and Anglers in North Dakota, , Season and Trends Agriculturl Economics Report No. 389 June 1998 Chrcteristics, Expenditures, nd Economic Impct of Resident nd Nonresident Hunters nd Anglers in North Dkot, 1996-97, Seson nd Trends Tin D. Lewis Jy A. Leitch

More information

ERRATA for Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, 4th Edition (GBF-4)

ERRATA for Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, 4th Edition (GBF-4) Dvid Bernhrdt, P.E., President Commissioner, Mine Deprtment of Trnsporttion Bud Wright, Executive Director 444 North Cpitol Street NW, Suite 249, Wshington, DC 20001 (202) 624-5800 Fx: (202) 624-5806 www.trnsporttion.org

More information

Report. Honolulu City Council. The Proposed Sale of City Housing Properties

Report. Honolulu City Council. The Proposed Sale of City Housing Properties Report t o m ~ t 4 rfl +r~ +kn L~J LI IC V 0 Honolulu City Council ~2c - C rn on The Proposed Sle of City Housing Properties Prepred By The Council Tsk Force to Review Utiliztion of All City Property (Tsk

More information

Regards, David C. Grossman, M.D., M.P.H. Chair, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

Regards, David C. Grossman, M.D., M.P.H. Chair, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Thnk you for your interest in the U.S. Preventive Services Tsk Force (USPSTF or Tsk Force), n independent, volunteer group of ntionl experts in prevention nd evidence-sed medicine. Our mission is to improve

More information

Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of life Science, PO-Box N-1432 Ås, Norway.

Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of life Science, PO-Box N-1432 Ås, Norway. Presenttion in session H11.5 * The ehviour of horses in different pddock sizes, with nd without exercise G.H.M. Jørgensen * & K.E. Bøe. Deprtment of Animl nd Aquculturl Sciences, Norwegin University of

More information

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: The open-loop Ziegler-Nichols method. The open-loop Ziegler-Nichols method

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: The open-loop Ziegler-Nichols method. The open-loop Ziegler-Nichols method Exercise 6-3 Level Process Control EXERCISE OBJECTIVE In this exercise, you will perform PID control of level process. You will use the open-loop step response method to tune the controller. DISCUSSION

More information

1. God 2. Family 3. Career

1. God 2. Family 3. Career Attributes for Success 1. Congenil, Likes People 2. Positive Outlook, Visionry 3. Cpble, Willing 4. Motivted, Committed 5. Sincere, Professionl 6. High Integrity 7. Fmily Oriented Benefits of n MK Creer...

More information

ANNUAL SPECIAL EVENTS SPONSORSHIP

ANNUAL SPECIAL EVENTS SPONSORSHIP 2018-19 ANNUAL SPECIAL EVENTS SPONSORSHIP BY THE NUMBERS $160,000 TOTAL RAISED FROM SPECIAL EVENTS 480 NORFOLK COLLEGIATE PARENTS 2,965 NORFOLK COLLEGIATE ALUMNI 4,802 FOLLOWERS ON SOCIAL MEDIA Sponsorship

More information

Garden City Community Park - Bike Terrain Park Consultation Process

Garden City Community Park - Bike Terrain Park Consultation Process To: From: City of Richmond Prks, Recretion nd Culturl Services Committee Mike Redpth, Senior Mnger, Prks Report to Committee To V~-- \Wht A 20 x>r3. \ Dte: My 13, 2013 File: 06-2345-20- MNOR1NoI01 Re:

More information

Contents TRIGONOMETRIC METHODS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Contents TRIGONOMETRIC METHODS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS ontents UNIT 7 TRIGONOMETRI METHODS Lesson 1 Trigonometric Functions................... 462 1 onnecting ngle Mesures nd Liner Mesures.............. 463 2 Mesuring Without Mesuring.........................

More information

EMBASSY SWIMMING POOL & FITNESS SUITE Fitness Programme June - September 2017

EMBASSY SWIMMING POOL & FITNESS SUITE Fitness Programme June - September 2017 EMBASSY POOL & FITNESS SUITE Fitness Progrmme June - September 2017 7m Sturdy dy dy sdy nesdy sdy dy 7m - using the benefits of wter resistnce for low impct crdio nd muscle toning workout tht cn suit wide

More information

FREEWAY SYSTEM PROBLEMS AND DEFICIENCIES: PHYSICAL DESIGN, TRAFFIC SAFETY, AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION

FREEWAY SYSTEM PROBLEMS AND DEFICIENCIES: PHYSICAL DESIGN, TRAFFIC SAFETY, AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION Finl Drft s Approved by Technicl Subcommittee SEWRPC Plnning Report No. 7 A REGIONAL FREEWAY RECONSTRUCTION SYSTEM PLAN FOR SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN Chpter V FREEWAY SYSTEM PROBLEMS AND DEFICIENCIES: PHYSICAL

More information

2014 Victorian Shooting Championship

2014 Victorian Shooting Championship 2014 Victorin Shooting Chmpionship VPCI, in conjunction with the Stte Coches nd the Stte Umpires invite ll PFA licensed petnque plyers in the Stte of Victori to tke prt in the 2014 Victorin Shooting Chmpionship.

More information

APPLICATION OF POLISH CALCIUM SORBENTS IN CARBONATE LOOPING

APPLICATION OF POLISH CALCIUM SORBENTS IN CARBONATE LOOPING Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process. 49(), 203, 20 www.minproc.pwr.wroc.pl/journl/ Physicochemicl Problems of Minerl Processing ISSN 643-049 (print) ISSN 2084-4735 (online) Received April 3, 202; reviewed;

More information

Foraging Behavior of Fishes in Aquatic Plants

Foraging Behavior of Fishes in Aquatic Plants Forging Behvior of Fishes in Aqutic Plnts by Sherry L Hrrel, Eric D. Dibble, nd K. Jck Killgore PURPOSE: Forging behvior of juvenile bluegill (Lepomis mcrochirus) nd lrgemouth bss (Micropterus slmoides)

More information

An Indian Journal FULL PAPER ABSTRACT KEYWORDS. Trade Science Inc. The tennis serve technology based on the AHP evaluation of consistency check

An Indian Journal FULL PAPER ABSTRACT KEYWORDS. Trade Science Inc. The tennis serve technology based on the AHP evaluation of consistency check [Type text] [Type text] [Type text] ISSN : 097-7 Volume 0 Issue 0 BioTechnology 0 An Indin Journl FULL PAPER BTAIJ, 0(0), 0 [-7] The tennis serve technology bsed on the AHP evlution of consistency check

More information

INVESTIGATION 2. What s the Angle?

INVESTIGATION 2. What s the Angle? INVESTIGATION 2 Wht s the Angle? In the previous investigtion, you lerned tht when the rigidity property of tringles is comined with the ility to djust the length of side, the opportunities for useful

More information

First Aid in School Policy

First Aid in School Policy First Aid in School Policy Approved y the Governing Body of West Monkton Church of Englnd Primry School: Reviewed y Governors nd Agreed: Septemer 2017 At West Monkton we im to e n inspirtionl community,

More information

AHP-based tennis service technical evaluation consistency test

AHP-based tennis service technical evaluation consistency test Avilble online.jocpr.com Journl of Chemicl nd Phrmceuticl Reserch, 0, ():7-79 Reserch Article ISSN : 097-78 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC AHP-bsed tennis service technicl evlution consistency test Mio Zhng Deprtment

More information

Working Paper: Reversal Patterns

Working Paper: Reversal Patterns Remember to welcome ll ides in trding. AND remember to reserve your opinion until you hve independently vlidted the ide! Working Pper: Reversl Ptterns Working Pper In this pper I wnt to review nd (hopefully)

More information

Integration of modelling and monitoring to optimize network control: two case studies from Lisbon

Integration of modelling and monitoring to optimize network control: two case studies from Lisbon Aville online t www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedi Engineering 70 ( 2014 ) 555 562 12th Interntionl Conference on Computing nd Control for the Wter Industry, CCWI2013 Integrtion of modelling nd

More information

Ephemeral floodplain habitats provide best growth conditions for juvenile Chinook salmon in a California river. by Carson A.

Ephemeral floodplain habitats provide best growth conditions for juvenile Chinook salmon in a California river. by Carson A. Ephemerl floodplin hbitts provide best growth conditions for juvenile Chinook slmon in Cliforni river by Crson A. Jeffres Abstrct We rered juvenile Chinook slmon for two consecutive flood sesons within

More information

A fisheries management strategy robust to ignorance: rotational harvest in the presence of indirect fishing mortality

A fisheries management strategy robust to ignorance: rotational harvest in the presence of indirect fishing mortality 2357 RAPID COMMUNICATIONS / COMMUNICATIONS RAPIDES A fisheries mngement strtegy robust to ignornce: rottionl hrvest in the presence of indirect fishing mortlity Rnsom A. Myers, Susnn D. Fuller, nd Dniel

More information

PROTECTION FROM HAND-ARM TRANSMITTED VIBRATION USING ANTIVIBRATON GLOVES

PROTECTION FROM HAND-ARM TRANSMITTED VIBRATION USING ANTIVIBRATON GLOVES PROTECTION FROM HAND-ARM TRANSMITTED VIBRATION USING ANTIVIBRATON GLOVES VLADO GOGLIA IGOR ĐUKIĆ JOSIP ŢGELA Abstrct There re vrious wys of reducing the helth-hzrds of hnd-trnsmitted vibrtion. One of the

More information

Tubbs 06. Soft White Winter Wheat. Variety description

Tubbs 06. Soft White Winter Wheat. Variety description New Whet Vrieties Tubbs 06 Soft White Winter Whet EM 8993-E December 2009 Michel Flowers, C. Jmes Peterson, Andrew Hulting, John Burns, Stephen Guy, nd John Kuehner Vriety description Tubbs 06 is common

More information

VB-7253 Series. Application. Features. Applicable Literature

VB-7253 Series. Application. Features. Applicable Literature VB-7253 Series 1/2 to 2 Screwed NPT Stinless Steel Trim with Teflon Disc Stem Up Open, Two-Wy Vlves Generl Instructions Appliction VB-7253 series single set, stem down to close, two wy vlves control wter

More information

The Status of Nebraska Fishes in the Missouri River. 1. Paddlefish (Polyodontidae: Polyodon spathula)

The Status of Nebraska Fishes in the Missouri River. 1. Paddlefish (Polyodontidae: Polyodon spathula) University of Nebrsk - Lincoln DigitlCommons@University of Nebrsk - Lincoln Trnsctions of the Nebrsk Acdemy of Sciences nd Affilited Societies Nebrsk Acdemy of Sciences 1993 The Sttus of Nebrsk Fishes

More information

Intended Hydration Strategies and Knowledge of Exercise-Associated Hyponatraemia in Marathon Runners: A Questionnaire-Based Study

Intended Hydration Strategies and Knowledge of Exercise-Associated Hyponatraemia in Marathon Runners: A Questionnaire-Based Study Journl of Athletic Trining 2018;53(7):696 702 doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-125-17 Ó by the Ntionl Athletic Triners Assocition, Inc www.ntjournls.org Exertionl Het Illness Intended Hydrtion Strtegies nd Knowledge

More information

Response by anglers to a differential harvest regulation on three black bass species at Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma

Response by anglers to a differential harvest regulation on three black bass species at Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma 9 Response y nglers to differentil hrvest regultion on three lck ss species t Skitook Lke, Oklhom Jmes M. Long U.S. Geologicl Survey, Oklhom Coopertive Fish nd Wildlife Reserch Unit, Nturl Resource Ecology

More information

Exploring Impacts of Countdown Timers on Queue Discharge Characteristics of Through Movement at Signalized Intersections

Exploring Impacts of Countdown Timers on Queue Discharge Characteristics of Through Movement at Signalized Intersections Avilble online t www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedi - Socil nd Behviorl Scienc es 96 ( 2013 ) 255 264 13th COTA Interntionl Conference of Trnsporttion Professionls (CICTP 2013) Exploring Impcts

More information

August Forestry Commission Wales Public Funding of Ffynone and Cilgwyn Woodlands

August Forestry Commission Wales Public Funding of Ffynone and Cilgwyn Woodlands 357A2010 - Ffynone Woodlnds report - pv5:lyout 1 09/08/2010 14:12 Pge 1 August 2010 www.wo.gov.uk Forestry Commission Wles Pulic Funding of Ffynone nd Cilgwyn Woodlnds Forestry Commission Wles Pulic Funding

More information

2018 Sponsorship Opportunities

2018 Sponsorship Opportunities Thursdy Sturdy, September 27 29, 2018 Henry B. Gonzlez Convention Center Hytt Regency Sn Antonio Sn Antonio, Texs 2018 Sponsorship Opportunities Secure Your Spce Tody! Event co-sponsored the Auto Glss

More information

Standard Weight (W s ) Equation and Length Categories for Shovelnose Sturgeon

Standard Weight (W s ) Equation and Length Categories for Shovelnose Sturgeon North Americn Journl of Fisheries Mngement 18:9 7, 18 Copyright by the Americn Fisheries Society 18 Stndrd Weight (W s ) Eqution nd Length Ctegories for Shovelnose Sturgeon MICHAEL C. QUIST,* CHRISTOPHER

More information

* LANDING ROLLED CURB SIDEWALK RAMP TYPE R (ROLLED SIDES) * LANDING ** RAMP FULL CURB HEIGHT MAY BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE MAXIMUM SIDE FLARE SLOPE

* LANDING ROLLED CURB SIDEWALK RAMP TYPE R (ROLLED SIDES) * LANDING ** RAMP FULL CURB HEIGHT MAY BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE MAXIMUM SIDE FLARE SLOPE * MXIMUM LNDING IS 2.0% IN ECH DIRECTION OF TRVEL. LNDING MINIMUM DIMENSIONS 5' x 5'. ** MXIMUM RMP CROSS IS 2.0%, RUNNING 5% - 7% (8.3% MXIMUM). "NON-WLKING" RE * LNDING 24" CROSS FULL WIDTH PERMNENT

More information

Fitness, obesity and risk of heat illness among army trainees

Fitness, obesity and risk of heat illness among army trainees Occuptionl Medicine Advnce Access published July 14, 2014 Occuptionl Medicine doi:10.1093/occmed/kqu062 Fitness, obesity nd risk of het illness mong rmy trinees S. A. Bedno 1, N. Urbn 2,3, M. R. Boivin

More information

Chance. PARAMOUNT LDS 1st & 3rd Ward

Chance. PARAMOUNT LDS 1st & 3rd Ward FRONTIER DISTRICT MERIT BADGE DA Y

More information

An Analysis of the Visual Demands Associated with Aviation Maintenance Inspectors. The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 2

An Analysis of the Visual Demands Associated with Aviation Maintenance Inspectors. The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 2 An Anlysis of the Visul Demnds Associted with Avition Mintennce Inspectors Gregory W. Good 1, Json J. Nichols 1, Mnoj V. Subbrm 1, Vn B. Nkgwr 2, Ronld W. Montgomery 2 1 The Ohio Stte University College

More information

Wonderland Road South from Southdale Road to Highway 402 DRAFT Assessment and Evaluation of Road Cross-Section Concepts

Wonderland Road South from Southdale Road to Highway 402 DRAFT Assessment and Evaluation of Road Cross-Section Concepts APPENDIX F 1 Socio-Economic 1.1 Property nd Access Impcts to properties Potentil impcts to ccess to existing residences/usinesses Totl numer of properties impcted Impcts to residences (e.g., displcement)

More information

Stop the Bleed.

Stop the Bleed. I-CAER/LEPC PRESORT STD US POSTAGE PAID BATON ROUGE, LA PERMIT NO 05 A Winning Combintion d intereste e r u o y If top ing in S in enroll clss or the Bleed s to host eu would lik r business, ou clss t

More information

Announcements. CS 188: Artificial Intelligence Spring Today. P4: Ghostbusters. Exact Inference in DBNs. Dynamic Bayes Nets (DBNs)

Announcements. CS 188: Artificial Intelligence Spring Today. P4: Ghostbusters. Exact Inference in DBNs. Dynamic Bayes Nets (DBNs) CS 188: Artificil Intelligence Spring 2010 Lecture 21: DBNs, Viteri, Speech Recognition 4/8/2010 Written 6 due tonight Project 4 up! Due 4/15 strt erly! Announcements Course contest updte Plnning to post

More information

Ferskvannsavlusing small-scale tests: Short-term exposure tests to elucidate handling effects.

Ferskvannsavlusing small-scale tests: Short-term exposure tests to elucidate handling effects. Ferskvnnsvlusing smll-scle tests: Short-term exposure tests to elucidte hndling effects. The use of freshwter to control infesttions of the se louse Lepeophtheirus slmonis K on Atlntic slmon Slmo slr L.

More information

2018 Sponsorship Opportunities

2018 Sponsorship Opportunities Thursdy-Sturdy, September 27-29, 2018 Henry B. Gonzlez Convention Center L Quint Inn nd Suites Riverwlk Sn Antonio, Texs 2018 Sponsorship Opportunities Secure Your Spce Tody! Event sponsored nd orgnized

More information

Lesson 8: Application Technology

Lesson 8: Application Technology The type of ppliction equipment used must suit the type of ppliction. In this module, you ll lern the prts of the most common types of ppliction equipment used by ssistnt pplictors, s well s how to properly

More information

FOR OWNERS OF HORSE BUSINESSES

FOR OWNERS OF HORSE BUSINESSES W 371-B MANAGEMENT AND COST CONSIDERATIONS FOR OWNERS OF HORSE BUSINESSES Andrew P. Griffith, Assistnt Professor nd UT Extension Specilist Deprtment of Agriculturl nd Resource Economics BACKYARD VEGETABLES

More information

SWD Update. Elizabeth H. Beers Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center 1100 N. Western Ave. Wenatchee, Washington

SWD Update. Elizabeth H. Beers Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center 1100 N. Western Ave. Wenatchee, Washington SWD Updte Northwest Wholesle Orgnic Grower Meeting Cmpbell s Resort, Cheln, WA 5 Februry 213 9:3-1: m Elizbeth H. Beers Tree Fruit Reserch & Extension Center 11 N. Western Ave. Wentchee, Wshington US SWD

More information

WASTE ROCK MANAGEMENT AT SANGATTA COAL MINE A CULTURAL CHANGE. By Peter Scott HLA- Envirosciences Pty Limited

WASTE ROCK MANAGEMENT AT SANGATTA COAL MINE A CULTURAL CHANGE. By Peter Scott HLA- Envirosciences Pty Limited WASTE ROK MANAGEMENT AT SANGATTA OAL MINE A ULTURAL HANGE By Peter Scott HLA- Envirosciences Pty Limited WASTE ROK MANAGEMENT AT SANGATTA OAL MINE - A ULTURAL HANGE AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Deddi Hndiko Mtthew

More information

THERMOFLO FLUID PUMPS& SYSTEMS THERMOFLO FOR HEATING, COOLING AND WATER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS TO BS7074 SEALED SYSTEMS EXPANSION VESSELS PRESSURIZERS

THERMOFLO FLUID PUMPS& SYSTEMS THERMOFLO FOR HEATING, COOLING AND WATER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS TO BS7074 SEALED SYSTEMS EXPANSION VESSELS PRESSURIZERS THERMOFLO S E A L E D S Y S T E M S THERMOFLO SEALED SYSTEMS FOR HEATING, COOLING AND WATER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS TO BS7074 EXPANSION VESSELS PRESSURIZERS PUMPS& SYSTEMS WALL OR BASE MOUNTING PRESSURIZERS

More information

Chapter 5. Triangles and Vectors

Chapter 5. Triangles and Vectors www.ck12.org Chpter 5. Tringles nd Vectors 5.3 The Lw of Sines Lerning Objectives Understnd how both forms of the Lw of Sines re obtined. Apply the Lw of Sines when you know two ngles nd non-included side

More information

ABSTRACT VARIATION AMONG FISH SPECIES IN THE STOICHIOMETRY OF NUTRIENT EXCRETION. by Lisette Esmeralda Torres

ABSTRACT VARIATION AMONG FISH SPECIES IN THE STOICHIOMETRY OF NUTRIENT EXCRETION. by Lisette Esmeralda Torres ABSTRACT VARIATION AMONG FISH SPECIES IN THE STOICHIOMETRY OF NUTRIENT EXCRETION by Lisette Esmerld Torres This study investigtes how nutrient cycling rtes nd rtios vry mong fish species nd with body size,

More information

Design and Calibration of Submerged Open Channel Flow Measurement Structures: Part 3 - Cutthroat Flumes

Design and Calibration of Submerged Open Channel Flow Measurement Structures: Part 3 - Cutthroat Flumes Uth Stte University DigitlCommons@USU Reports Uth Wter Reserch Lbortory Jnury 1967 Design nd Clibrtion of Submerged Open Chnnel Flow Mesurement Structures: Prt 3 - Cutthrot Flumes Gylord V. Skogerboe M.

More information

d r a f t The City of Vaughan is undertaking a The following review was prepared by 6.0 Transportation 6.1 Background North Kleinburg-Nashville

d r a f t The City of Vaughan is undertaking a The following review was prepared by 6.0 Transportation 6.1 Background North Kleinburg-Nashville North Kleinburg-Nshville Secondry Pln 6.0 Trnsporttion 6.1 Bckground The City of Vughn is undertking Trnsporttion Mster Pln (TMP) Study s prt of the Officil Pln Updte. The TMP is being prepred to identify

More information

and that excessive pronation is one major cause of foot and leg problems of runners. The treatment modahties used on these runners are shown

and that excessive pronation is one major cause of foot and leg problems of runners. The treatment modahties used on these runners are shown Foot orthotic devices to modify selected spects of lower extremity mechnics* B. T. BATES,&dgger; Ph.D., L. R. OSTERNIG, Ph.D., B. MASON, M.S., AND L. S. JAMES, M.D., Eugene, Oregon From the Biomechnics-Sports

More information

Assessment of River Herring and Striped Bass in the Connecticut River: Abundance, Population Structure, and Predator/Prey Interactions

Assessment of River Herring and Striped Bass in the Connecticut River: Abundance, Population Structure, and Predator/Prey Interactions University of Connecticut DigitlCommons@UConn EEB Articles Deprtment of Ecology nd Evolutionry Biology 2009 Assessment of River Herring nd Striped Bss in the Connecticut River: Aundnce, Popultion Structure,

More information

IGF Research Project N Safer High Heels

IGF Research Project N Safer High Heels IGF Reserch Project 17868 N Sfer High Heels Survivl of compnies in the fshion nd sesonlly dependent sectors such s the footwer industry depends upon their ility to implement the ltest trends. Shoe ottoms

More information

Multiple Meaning Words: Kindergarten to Grade 2 More Teaching Tools at

Multiple Meaning Words: Kindergarten to Grade 2 More Teaching Tools at n prk n prk prk prk re of public lnd, s in city, tht is set side for rest nd enjoyment Let s got for wlk in the prk. re devoted specified purpose My prents compny is locted in business prk. field or stdium

More information

Supplemental Feeding of Bluegill as a Small Impoundment Enhancement for Largemouth Bass. Stephen Russell Woodard

Supplemental Feeding of Bluegill as a Small Impoundment Enhancement for Largemouth Bass. Stephen Russell Woodard Supplementl Feeding of Bluegill s Smll Impoundment Enhncement for Lrgemouth Bss by Stephen Russell Woodrd A thesis submitted to the Grdute Fculty of Auburn University in prtil fulfillment of the requirements

More information

APPNA SPRING MEETING CHICAGO, ILLINOIS RETAIL BAZAAR REGISTRATION MARRIOTT DOWNTOWN MAGNIFICENT MILE 540 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE

APPNA SPRING MEETING CHICAGO, ILLINOIS RETAIL BAZAAR REGISTRATION MARRIOTT DOWNTOWN MAGNIFICENT MILE 540 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE 1 PPN SPRING MEETING 2018 CHICGO, ILLINOIS PRIL 26 29, 2018 MRRIOTT DOWNTOWN MGNIFICENT MILE 540 NORTH MICHIGN VENUE RETIL ZR REGISTRTION 2 COMPNY NME CONTCT NME DDRESS RETIL ZR REGISTRTION PREFERRED PHONE

More information

Responses of fish communities to sustained removals of perch (Perca fluviatilis)

Responses of fish communities to sustained removals of perch (Perca fluviatilis) Responses of fish communities to sustined removls of perch (Perc fluvitilis) SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION Benjmin G. Ludgte nd Gerrd P. Closs Pulished y Deprtment of Conservtion PO Box -4 Wellington, New Zelnd

More information

Chapter 4 Group of Volunteers

Chapter 4 Group of Volunteers CHAPTER 4 SAFETY CLEARANCE, FREEBOARD AND DRAUGHT MARKS 4-1 GENERAL 4-1.1 This chpter specifies the minimum freebord for inlnd wterwy vessels. It lso contins requirements concerning the indiction of the

More information

Listening & Speaking. Grade 1. Supports. instructi GRADE. Develops oral and receptive language. 15- to 20-minute daily activities

Listening & Speaking. Grade 1. Supports. instructi GRADE. Develops oral and receptive language. 15- to 20-minute daily activities Grde 1 to Stte Correlted Stndrds GRADE Develops orl nd receptive lnguge 1 EMC 2416 15- to 20-minute dily ctivities Listening & Home School Connection resources Supports t s r i F g n i Red ding E- bo ok

More information

United States Patent (19)

United States Patent (19) United Sttes Ptent (19) Mobley (11) 45) Ptent Number: Dte of Ptent: Nov. 19, 1991 (54) BICYCLE RACK FORMOUNTING ON A VAN 76 Inventor: Mrk H. Mobley, P.O. Box 636, Norris, Tenn. 37828 21 Appl. No.: 436,492

More information

Different life histories of brook trout populations invading mid-elevation and high-elevation cutthroat trout streams in Colorado

Different life histories of brook trout populations invading mid-elevation and high-elevation cutthroat trout streams in Colorado Western North Americn Nturlist Volume 63 Number 2 Article 7 4-30-2003 Different life histories of brook trout popultions invding mid-elevtion nd high-elevtion cutthrot trout strems in Colordo Benjmen M.

More information

Using physiological tools to forecast male life-history types to aid in management of hatchery and wild Oncorhynchus mykiss

Using physiological tools to forecast male life-history types to aid in management of hatchery and wild Oncorhynchus mykiss Using physiologicl tools to forecst mle life-history types to id in mngement of htchery nd wild Oncorhynchus mykiss Don Lrsen nd Penny Swnson NOAA Fisheries Mollie Middleton nd Jon Dickey UW, School of

More information

PILOT PROGRAM FOR THE EVALUATION OF NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES PREPARED BY: WILMINGTON, MA ON UF PERMEATE

PILOT PROGRAM FOR THE EVALUATION OF NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES PREPARED BY: WILMINGTON, MA ON UF PERMEATE PILOT PROGRAM FOR THE EVALUATION OF NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES ON UF PERMEATE PREPARED BY: KOCH MEMBRANE SYSTEMS, INC. 850 MAIN STREET WILMINGTON, MA 01887 NANOPILT. D157 INTRODUCTION This progrm will outline

More information

1985 BFS CLINICS. BFS Clinic-Assembly in Kamloops, British Columbia. Westsyde High School. Bob Bridges is the Football Coach.

1985 BFS CLINICS. BFS Clinic-Assembly in Kamloops, British Columbia. Westsyde High School. Bob Bridges is the Football Coach. 1985 BFS CLINICS BFS Clinic-Assembly in Kmloops, British Columbi. Westsyde High School. Bob Bridges is the Footbll Coch. BFS Clinicin Rick Anderson detils BFS Nutrition Progrm t Lke Hvsu High School in

More information

Multiple Meaning Words: Grade 3 to 5 More Teaching Tools at

Multiple Meaning Words: Grade 3 to 5 More Teaching Tools at pool pool pool pool smll re of still wter, typiclly one formed nturlly Pools of wter formed on the street fter the rin. smll, shllow ptch of liquid lying on surfce There s pool of oil under our cr. deep

More information

Asbestos Management Program

Asbestos Management Program ( Asbestos Mngement Progrm < West Virgini University Morgntown, WV 26506 West Virgini University '(/' Asbestos Mngement Progrm Best Prctice Mnul 1 of 22 Tble Of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 1.2 1.3

More information

Unintentional Drownings Among New York State Residents,

Unintentional Drownings Among New York State Residents, Reserch Articles Unintentionl Drownings Among New York Stte Residents, 1988 1994 Mrilyn L. Browne, MS Elizbeth L. Lewis-Michl, PhD Alice D. Strk, MPH, DrPH SYNOPSIS Objective. This study exmines situtions

More information

Grade 6. Mathematics. Student Booklet SPRING 2011 RELEASED ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS. Record your answers on the Multiple-Choice Answer Sheet.

Grade 6. Mathematics. Student Booklet SPRING 2011 RELEASED ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS. Record your answers on the Multiple-Choice Answer Sheet. Grde 6 Assessment of Reding, Writing nd Mthemtics, Junior Division Student Booklet Mthemtics SPRING 211 RELEASED ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Record your nswers on the Multiple-Choice Answer Sheet. Plese note:

More information

Involuntary Resettlement Due Diligence Report. SRI: Integrated Road Investment Program Project 1

Involuntary Resettlement Due Diligence Report. SRI: Integrated Road Investment Program Project 1 Involuntry Resettlement Due Diligence Report My 2014 SRI: Integrted Rod Investment Progrm Project 1 Volume 1: Southern Province Rurl Rods Prepred by Rod Development Authority, Ministry of Highwys, Ports

More information

OFFSHORE USE OF FLOATING SHEERLEGS

OFFSHORE USE OF FLOATING SHEERLEGS Proceedings of the ASME 211 3th Interntionl Conference on Ocen, Offshore nd Arctic Engineering OMAE211 June 19-24, 211, Rotterdm, The Netherlnds OMAE211-49394 OFFSHORE USE OF FLOATING SHEERLEGS Vincent

More information

STOCK ASSESSMENT OF SHRIMP Pandalus borealis (KRØYER 1838) IN SKJÁLFANDI BAY NORTHERN ICELAND

STOCK ASSESSMENT OF SHRIMP Pandalus borealis (KRØYER 1838) IN SKJÁLFANDI BAY NORTHERN ICELAND P.O. Box 1390, Skulgt 4 120 Reykjvik, Icelnd Finl Project 2008 STOCK ASSESSMENT OF SHRIMP Pndlus borelis (KRØYER 1838) IN SKJÁLFANDI BAY NORTHERN ICELAND Josephus Choe Junior Mmie Ministry of Fisheries

More information

Copyright 1983 by ASME NEGATIVE INCIDENCE FLOW OVER A TURBINE ROTOR BLADE

Copyright 1983 by ASME NEGATIVE INCIDENCE FLOW OVER A TURBINE ROTOR BLADE THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 345 E. 47 St., New York, N.Y. 7 83-GT-23 ^+ The Society shll not be responsible for sttements or opinions dvnced in ppers or in G discussion t meetings of the

More information

Why? DF = 1_ EF = _ AC

Why? DF = 1_ EF = _ AC Similr Tringles Then You solved proportions. (Lesson 2-) Now 1Determine whether two tringles re similr. 2Find the unknown mesures of sides of two similr tringles. Why? Simon needs to mesure the height

More information

OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE Fish Passage Task Force DRAFT MEETING MINUTES

OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE Fish Passage Task Force DRAFT MEETING MINUTES Attending: The following ttended ll, or prt of, the meeting: OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE Fish Pssge Tsk Force DRAFT MEETING MINUTES June 16, 2017 Oregon Deprtment of Fish nd Wildlife Commission

More information

Minnesota Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices

Minnesota Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Minnesot Mnul on Uniform Trffic Control Devices MN MUTCD Jnury 2014 MINNESOTA MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES MN MUTCD Jnury 2014 Minnesot Deprtment of Trnsporttion Office of Trffic, Sfety,

More information

For citation purposes, the electronic version is the definitive version of this article:

For citation purposes, the electronic version is the definitive version of this article: Professionl I s s u e s Use of Mouthgurds Among 12- to 14-Yer-Old Ontrio Schoolchildren Kusr Sdi Fkhruddin, BDS, MSc; Hereni P. Lwrence, DDS, MSc, PhD; Dvid J. Kenny, DDS, PhD, FRCD(C); Dvid Locker, BDS,

More information

Fishery Manuscript Series No Review of Salmon Escapement Goals in Bristol Bay, Alaska, 2009

Fishery Manuscript Series No Review of Salmon Escapement Goals in Bristol Bay, Alaska, 2009 Fishery Mnuscript Series No. 09-05 Review of Slmon Escpement Gols in Bristol By, Alsk, 2009 y Timothy T. Bker, Lowell F. Fir, Frederick W. West, Gregory B. Buck, Xinxin Zhng, Steve Fleischmn, nd Jck Erickson

More information

Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Tabasco, Mexico. 2. CIAD A.C. Unidad Mazatlan, Mexico. 3. University of Arizona, Arizona, Tucson, USA

Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Tabasco, Mexico. 2. CIAD A.C. Unidad Mazatlan, Mexico. 3. University of Arizona, Arizona, Tucson, USA EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY OF RED HYBRID TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS SP.) ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE TILAPIA AND SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI) IN POLYCULTURE. Alejndro Mcdonld-Ver 1,2 Neil J. Duncn 2

More information

Performance Comparison of Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithms for Hard Real-Time Systems

Performance Comparison of Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithms for Hard Real-Time Systems Performnce Comprison of Dynmic Voltge Scling Algorithms for Hrd Rel-Time Systems Woonseok Kim Λ Dongkun Shin y Hn-Sem Yun y Jihong Kim y Sng Lyul Min Λ School of Computer Science nd Engineering Seoul Ntionl

More information

A Step, Stride and Heading Determination for the Pedestrian Navigation System

A Step, Stride and Heading Determination for the Pedestrian Navigation System Journl of Globl Positioning Systems (2004) Vol. 3,. 1-2: 273-279 A Step, Stride nd Heding Determintion for the Pedestrin Nvigtion System Jeong Won Kim GNSS Technology Reserch Center, Chungnm Ntionl University,

More information

Using physiological indices to estimate residualism rates in hatchery reared winter run steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Hood River, Oregon

Using physiological indices to estimate residualism rates in hatchery reared winter run steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Hood River, Oregon Using physiologicl indices to estimte residulism rtes in htchery rered winter run steelhed trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Hood River, Oregon Don Lrsen NOAA Fisheries Mollie Middleton nd Jon Dickey UW,

More information

Optimizing Ammonia with Traps to Manage Apple Maggot in Washington Wee Yee, Research Entomologist Pete Landolt, Research Entomologist

Optimizing Ammonia with Traps to Manage Apple Maggot in Washington Wee Yee, Research Entomologist Pete Landolt, Research Entomologist FINAL REPORT Projet Title: PI: Co-PI: Orgniztion: Optimizing Ammoni with Trps to Mnge Apple Mggot in Wshington Wee Yee, Reserh Entomologist Pete Lndolt, Reserh Entomologist USDA-ARS, Wpto, WA Ojetives:

More information

Rules of Hockey including explanations. Effective from 1 January 2015

Rules of Hockey including explanations. Effective from 1 January 2015 Rules of Hockey including explntions Effective from 1 Jnury 2015 Copyright FIH 2014 The Interntionl Hockey Federtion Rue du Vlentin 61 CH 1004 Lusnne Switzerlnd Tel. : + 41 21 641 0606 Fx : + 41 21 641

More information

Syngenta Soybean Insecticide Screening Study Beaumont, TX 2017

Syngenta Soybean Insecticide Screening Study Beaumont, TX 2017 I II III IV N Syngent Soyben Insecticide Screening Study Beumont, TX 2017 PLOT PLAN 20 1 LG 32 4 BX 19 8 GX 31 5 O 18 3 B 30 2 LGX 17 6 OX 29 7 G 16 1 LG 28 2 LGX 15 7 G 27 8 GX 14 3 B 26 6 OX 13 5 O 25

More information

Graphic Standards Guide

Graphic Standards Guide Grphic Stndrds Guide YOGA LOVE RUN PEACE 2 ABOUT This Grphic Stndrds Guide covers the bsic guidelines for the Lululemon Athletic s new grphic identity. The Guide provides summry of the primry fetures nd

More information

RESEARCH ARTICLE The role of vision in odor-plume tracking by walking and flying insects

RESEARCH ARTICLE The role of vision in odor-plume tracking by walking and flying insects 4121 The Journl of Experimentl iology 214, 4121-4132 2011. Published by The Compny of iologists Ltd doi:10.1242/jeb.036954 RESEARCH ARTICLE The role of vision in odor-plume trcking by wlking nd flying

More information

Renewable Energy xxx (2011) 1e10. Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect. Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy xxx (2011) 1e10. Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect. Renewable Energy Renewle Energy xxx () e Contents lists ville t SciVerse ScienceDirect Renewle Energy journl homepge: www.elsevier.com/locte/renene Wke effect in wind frm performnce: Stedy-stte nd dynmic ehvior F. González-Longtt

More information

Dorridge & District Residents Association A Walk From Dorridge to Blythe Valley Nature Reserve

Dorridge & District Residents Association A Walk From Dorridge to Blythe Valley Nature Reserve Dorridge & District Residents Assocition A Wlk From Dorridge to Bly Vlley Nture Reserve This is circulr wlk. It is wlk of round 5 miles from centre of Dorridge, though obviously, those nerer Four Ashes

More information

SOCKS Huge congrats to the winners of the SOCKS 1000 Challenge. Continued on Page 3

SOCKS Huge congrats to the winners of the SOCKS 1000 Challenge. Continued on Page 3 South Sound Se Hwkers Newsletter Issue 2 Februry 2019 SOCKS 1000 Huge congrts to the winners of the SOCKS 1000 Chllenge. Continued on Pge 3 centrl Council Updtes Denn Roe, South Sound SeHwker, won the

More information

2.1.1 and Monitoring Tools and Attract and Kill

2.1.1 and Monitoring Tools and Attract and Kill 2.1.1 nd 2.1.2 Monitoring Tools nd 2.2.3. Attrct nd Kill Discovery of the Aggregtion Pheromone of the Brown Mrmorted Stink Bug (Hlyomorph hlys) through the Cretion of Stereoisomeric Lirries of 1-Bisolen-3-ols

More information

RESEARCH ARTICLE Interlocking of chelae is a key factor for dominance hierarchy formation in crayfish

RESEARCH ARTICLE Interlocking of chelae is a key factor for dominance hierarchy formation in crayfish 2841 The Journl of Experimentl Biology 215, 2841-2848 212. Published by The Compny of Biologists Ltd doi:1.1242/jeb.7252 RESEARCH ARTICLE Interlocking of chele is key fctor for dominnce hierrchy formtion

More information

TOURNAMENT REGULATIONS OUTDOOR COMPETITIONS

TOURNAMENT REGULATIONS OUTDOOR COMPETITIONS TOURNAMENT REGULATIONS OUTDOOR COMPETITIONS Octoer 2012 INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY FEDERATION CONTENTS 1 Rules of competition 2 Tournment Officils 3 Tem entry 4 Pre-tournment riefing meetings 5 Composition of

More information