STATE OF NEVADA Jim Gibbons, Governor

Transcription

1 NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE BIG GAME STATUS

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3 STATE OF NEVADA Jim Gibbons, Governor DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE Ken Mayer, Director GAME DIVISION Larry Gilbertson, Chief Mike Cox, Big Game Staff Biologist Tony Wasley, Mule Deer Staff Biologist Kevin Lansford, Furbearer Staff Biologist Dawn Carter, Administrative Assistant Western Region Southern Region Eastern Region Regional Supervisors Mike Dobel Steve Kimble Larry Gilbertson Big Game Biologists Chris Hampson Pat Cummings Curt Baughman Carl Lackey Tom Donham Ken Gray Kyle Neill Mike Scott Kari Huebner Ed Partee Jeremy Lutz Jason Salisbury Caleb McAdoo Mike Podborny Russell Woolstenhulme Cover Photos by: Bill Homan, Larry Spradlin, and Tony Wasley This publication will be made available in an alternative format upon request. Nevada Department of Wildlife receives funding through the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration. Federal laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and sex [in educational programs]. If you believe you ve been discriminated against in any NDOW program, activity, or facility, please write to the following: US Fish and Wildlife Service or Director Division of Federal Assistance Nevada Department of Wildlife 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Mailstop: MBSP Valley Road Arlington, VA Reno, Nevada Individuals with hearing impairments may contact the Department via telecommunications device at our Headquarters at , or teletype to the following State Relay number

4 NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE BIG GAME STATUS NEVADA -~ WILDLIFE This Program Receives Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Grant W-48-R-41; Sub-Grant II, Big Game Management Compiled and Edited by: Mike Cox, Big Game Staff Biologist Tony Wasley, Mule Deer Staff Biologist Mike Dobel, Regional Supervising Biologist Larry Gilbertson, Game Division Chief Steve Kimble, Regional Supervising Biologist Kevin Lansford, Furbearer Staff Biologist Dawn Carter, Administrative Assistant _...-

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS BIG GAME STATUS STATEWIDE SUMMARY... SS1 SS7 MULE DEER... 1 Units : Northern Washoe and Western Humboldt Counties... 1 Units 021, 022: Southern Washoe County... 2 Units 031, 032, 034, 035: Western Humboldt County... 3 Unit 033: Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge; Washoe and Humboldt Counties... 4 Units 041, 042: Western Pershing and Southern Humboldt Counties... 5 Units : Eastern Pershing and Southern Humboldt Counties... 6 Unit 051: Santa Rosa Mountains; Eastern Humboldt County... 7 Units , 064, : Independence and Tuscarora Ranges; Elko County... 7 Unit 065: Pinyon Range; Southwestern Elko County... 8 Units , 091: Northeastern Elko County... 9 Unit 081: Goose Creek Area; Northeastern Elko County Units : Southern Elko and Northwestern White Pine Counties Units : Eastern White Pine County Units : Snake Range; Southeastern White Pine County Unit 121: North Egan, Cherry Creek Ranges; White Pine and Elko Counties Units : Southern White Pine, Eastern Nye and Western Lincoln Counties Units : Eureka and Eastern White Pine Counties Units 151, 152, 154, 155: Lander and Western Eureka Counties Units : North-Central Nye and Southern Lander and Eureka Counties Units : Northwestern Nye and Southern Lander Counties Units : Churchill, Southern Pershing and Western Lander Counties Unit 192: Carson River Interstate Herd; Douglas County Unit 194, 196: Carson Range and Peavine Mountain Interstate Herd; Washoe and Carson City Counties Unit 195: Virginia Range Herd; Storey, Washoe and Lyon Counties Units 201, 202, : Walker/Mono Interstate Deer Herd; Douglas, Lyon and Mineral Counties. 20 Unit 203: Mason and Smith Valley Resident Herds; Lyon County Units 211, 212: Esmeralda County Units : Northern Lincoln and Southern White Pine Counties Unit 231: Wilson Creek Range; Northeastern Lincoln County Units : Clover, Delamar, and Meadow Valley Mountain Ranges; Lincoln County Units : South Central Nye County Units : Clark and Southern Nye Counties Units 271, 272: Southern Lincoln and Northeastern Clark Counties Unit 291: Pinenut Mountain Herd: Douglas County PRONGHORN ANTELOPE Units , 021, 022: Washoe and Western Humboldt Counties Units 031, 032, 034, 035, 051: Humboldt County Unit 033: Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge; Washoe and Humboldt Counties Units 041, 042: Western Pershing and Southern Humboldt Counties Units 061, 062, 064, 071, 073: North Central Elko County i

6 Units 065, 142, portion of 144: Southern Elko County, Northern Eureka County Unit 066, Owyhee Desert: Northwestern Elko County Units 067, 068: Western Elko and Northern Lander and Eureka Counties Units 072, 074, 075: Northeastern Elko County Units 076, 077, 079, 081, 091: Northeastern Elko County Units 078, , 121: Southeastern Elko and Central White Pine Counties Units , 108, portion of 144: South Central Elko and Western White Pine Counties Units : Eastern White Pine County Units 115, 231, 242: Eastern Lincoln and Southern White Pine Counties Units 131, 145, 163, 164: Southern Eureka, Northeastern Nye, and Southwestern White Pine Counties Units , 245: Eastern Nye and Western Lincoln Counties Units 141, 143, : Eastern Lander and Eureka Counties Units 161, 162: Northern Nye, Southeastern Lander, and Southwestern Eureka Counties Units : Northwestern Nye and Southern Lander Counties Units : Churchill, Southern Pershing, Western Lander and Northern Mineral Counties Units 202, 204: Lyon and Mineral Counties Units 203, 291: Lyon, Douglas Counties Units 205, 206: Eastern Mineral County Units , 241: Lincoln and Southern White Pine Counties Unit 251, Central Nye County ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK Units 061, 071: Bruneau River and Merritt Mountain Area; Northern Elko County Units 062, 064, : Independence and Tuscarora Ranges; Western Elko and Northern Eureka and Lander Counties Units 072, 074: Jarbidge Mountains; Northern Elko County Unit 073: Stag Mountain Area; Elko County Unit 075: Snake Mountains; Elko County Units 076, 077, 079, 081: Thousand Springs, Goose Creek, and Pequop Mountains Area; Northern Elko County Units 078, 104A, : Spruce Mountain; Elko County Unit 091: Pilot Range; Eastern Elko County Unit : East Humboldt and Ruby Mountains; Elko County Units , 221, 222: Schell, Egan, and Snake Ranges; Eastern White Pine, and Northern Lincoln Counties Unit 121 and portion of Units 104 and 108: Cherry Creek, North Egan, Butte and Medicine Ranges; Northern White Pine County Units 131,132: White Pine, Grant and Quinn Canyon Ranges; Southern White Pine and Eastern Nye Counties Units : North-Central Nye and Southern Lander and Eureka Counties Unit 231: Wilson Creek Range; Lincoln County Unit : Delamar and Clover Mountains; Lincoln County Unit 262: Spring Mountains; Clark and Southern Nye Counties DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP Units 044, 182: East and Stillwater Ranges; Pershing and Churchill Counties Unit 045: Tobin Range; Pershing County Units 131 and 164: White Pine Range; Southern White Pine and Eastern Nye Counties ii

7 Unit 132: Grant Range; Eastern Nye County Unit 133, 245: Pahranagat and Mount Irish Ranges; Lincoln County Unit 134: Pancake Range; Nye County Unit 161: Toquima Range; Northern Nye County Units 162, 163: Monitor and Hot Creek Ranges; Nye County Unit 173: Toiyabe Range; Northern Nye County Unit 181: Fairview Peak, Slate Mountain, and Sand Springs Range; Churchill County Unit 183: Clan Alpine Range; Churchill County Unit 184: Desatoya Range; Churchill and Lander Counties Unit 202: Wassuk Range; Mineral County Unit 204: Pine Grove Range; Lyon County Unit 205: Gabbs Valley Range, Gillis Range, Pilot Mountains; Eastern Mineral County Unit 206: Excelsior Range; Mineral County Unit 211: North, Monte Cristo Range; Esmeralda County Unit 211: South, Silver Peak Range and Volcanic Hills; Esmeralda County Unit 212: Lone Mountain; Esmeralda County Unit 221: South Egan Range; Lincoln County Unit 223, 241: Hiko, Pahroc, and Delamar Ranges; Lincoln County Unit 243: Meadow Valley Mountains; Lincoln County Unit 244: Arrow Canyon Range; Northern Clark County Unit 252: Stonewall Mountain; Nye County Unit 253: Bare Mountain and Specter Range; Southern Nye County Unit 261: Last Chance Range; Southeastern Nye County Unit 262: Spring Mountains (La Madre, Red Rock and South Spring Mountains) and Bird Spring Range; Western Clark County Unit 263: McCullough Range and Highland Range; Southern Clark County Unit 264: Newberry Mountains; Southern Clark County Unit 265: South Eldorado Mountains; Southeastern Clark County Unit 266: North Eldorado Mountain;: Southeastern Clark County Unit 267: Black Mountains; Eastern Clark County Unit 268: Muddy Mountains: Clark County Unit 271: Mormon Mountains; Lincoln County Unit 272: Virgin Mountains and Gold Butte; Northeastern Clark County Unit 280: Spotted Range; Northwestern Clark County Unit 281: Pintwater Range; Northwestern Clark County Unit 282: Desert Range and Desert Hills; Northwestern Clark County Units 283, 284: East Desert Range and Sheep Range; Northern Clark County Unit 286: Las Vegas Range; Clark County CALIFORNIA BIGHORN SHEEP Unit 012: Calico Mountains and High Rock Canyon; Western Humboldt and Washoe Counties Unit 014: Granite Range; Washoe County Unit 022: Virginia Mountains; Washoe County Unit 031: Double H, Montana and Trout Creek Mountains; Humboldt County Unit 032: Pine Forest Range and McGee Mountain; Humboldt County Unit 033: Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge; Washoe and Humboldt Counties Unit 034: Black Rock Range; Humboldt County Unit 035: Jackson Mountains; Humboldt County iii

8 Unit 051: Santa Rosa Range; Humboldt County Units 066, 068: Snowstorm and Sheep Creek; Western Elko and Northern Lander and Eureka Counties ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN SHEEP Unit 074: The Badlands; Elko County Unit 091: Pilot Peak; Elko County Unit 101: East Humboldt Range; Elko County Unit 102: Ruby Mountains; Elko County Unit 114: North Snake Range Mount Moriah; Eastern White Pine County MOUNTAIN GOAT Unit 101: East Humboldt Mountains; Elko County Unit 102: Ruby Mountains; Elko County Unit 103: South Ruby Mountains; Elko and White Pine Counties MOUNTAIN LION Western Region Areas: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 18, 19, 20, and Eastern Region: Areas 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and Southern Region: Areas 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and BLACK BEAR Western Region iv

9 SUMMARY BIG GAME STATUS STATEWIDE SUMMARY MULE DEER The 2009 hunting season resulted in the harvest of 6,837 deer. Hunter success for resident rifle hunters was 40%, the same as Although 2009 resident rifle hunter success was relatively low at 40%, the statewide percentage of 4-points or better across all harvest was at an all-time high at 46%. The 46% 4- point or better is likely the result of 2 different factors; poor production and recruitment observed in many areas in 2007 and 2008 reduced the availability of 1- and 2-year old bucks for harvest, and good older age-class representation. Since the implementation of split rifle seasons in many areas in 2007, draw odds have remained low for the 16-day early hunts at 2:1 to 4:1 and, on average, 4 to 5 times higher for the 11 day late hunts. As a result of the hotter drier conditions in the early hunts, hunter success is typically half of what hunters enjoy in the later hunts. Analysis in 2008 demonstrated that statewide hunter success was approximately 3 to 4 percent lower as a result of going to an early/late season split. However, as a result of the lower hunter success, many more hunters can be provided an opportunity to go afield with friends or family and pursue Nevada s most abundant big game animal. Limited post season surveys resulted in 21,600 deer classified statewide up from approximately 13,500 in Statewide fawn production as indicated by fall surveys improved slightly from the last 2 years but continues to remain below 50 fawns:100 does and is still amongst the 6 lowest statewide fawn ratios on record. Spring surveys resulted in the classification of 34,400 deer, 10,000 more than was classified in the spring of Despite the low observed production in the fall, fawn recruitment was up considerably at 34 fawns:100 adults compared to the 27 fawns:100 adults classified in the spring of 2009 and nearly at the long-term statewide average of 35 fawns:100 adults. Good body condition resulting from record June precipitation and mild winter range conditions are likely contributors to the low winter losses and the resulting good recruitment. The increase in recruitment observed in 2009 has resulted in a modest increase in the statewide mule deer population estimate. Although the 2010 statewide mule deer population estimate is virtually the same as in 2009, many of the state s management areas are experiencing changes in their population levels. However, population declines observed in some areas are being offset by increases in other areas and the end result is a slight statewide increase. Biologists are optimistic that good body condition, low winter mortality, and mild winter conditions in most areas will help contribute to increased production in the spring of PRONGHORN ANTELOPE Nevada pronghorn hunters continue to enjoy outstanding pronghorn hunting opportunity and subsequent harvest rates. A total of 2,734 tags was available this past year to hunt pronghorn with an average of 8 applications per available tag. During 2009 resident rifle hunters harvested 1,465 buck antelope and 230 pronghorn with horns shorter than the ears. Resident rifle hunters recorded an average hunter success rate of 77 percent with many units registering success rates in excess of 80 percent. Harvest questionnaire data shows that over 50 percent of the bucks harvested had horns 14 inches or longer and 36 percent recorded bucks with horns 15 inches or longer. Division biologists observed a total of 9,304 pronghorn while conducting their annual composition surveys. These surveys yielded ratios of 39 bucks:100 does:38 fawns. Buck ratios remain similar to last year at high levels indicating a conservative harvest approach. Fawn ratios rose dramatically in most of the northwestern and northeastern portion of the state but remained low in Nye, White Pine and southern Elko Counties. Overall, fawn ratios rose from what was observed in 2008 and will provide for an increase in the statewide pronghorn population. SS-1

10 SUMMARY Nevada s estimated statewide pronghorn population increased by 6 percent this year and is at an all time high of 26,000 animals. Increased fawn production and recruitment in many of the larger pronghorn populations in the northwest and northeast allowed for this increase. With pronghorn populations at record levels NDOW biologists will continue to monitor herds and recommend solutions to keep them in check with the proper carrying capacity of the range. With this in mind a 16 percent increase in doe tags is being recommended this year and NDOW biologists may also consider trapping and transplanting activities in those herds that lack suitable winter range. Tag numbers recommended for horns shorter than the ears hunts are intended to remove does at a level that will either prevent further increases or in some cases reduce overall numbers. ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK The sale of 2,972 elk tags in 2009 resulted in the harvest of 1,420 elk compared to 2,723 tags sold last year with a harvest of 1,319 elk. The 2008 elk harvest consisted of 697 bulls and 724 antlerless elk. The quality of bulls in the harvest remains high with more than 67% of bulls reported as being 6-points-orbetter. Harvest strategies are designed to maintain population objectives with a combination of bull harvest and intensive cow harvest directed towards individual unit population objectives. In units where elk populations are below objectives, elk harvest management is designed to allow those populations to increase. The Department's Elk Management on Private Lands Program continued to be a great success and benefit to landowners with 66 elk-incentive tags sold with estimated revenue generation of more than $500,000 for private landowners again this year. Record elk survey samples were obtained in some areas this year. A total of 9,222 elk was classified during aerial winter composition surveys; yielding statewide sex and age ratios of 32 bulls:100 cows:31 calves compared to the previous year when 7,351 animals were classified, yielding ratios of 39:100:38. Calf recruitment was fair in 2010 but still allowed for population increases in most units. The 2010 statewide spring adult elk population estimate is 13% higher than last year with 12,300 elk estimated compared to 10,900 last year. Nevada s elk harvest management continues to be based on meeting population objectives within the guidelines of the state s Elk Species Management Plan. Statewide population increases resulted in an increase in recommended tag quotas for the 2010 season. Hunters lucky enough to receive an elk tag for 2010 should enjoy good hunting conditions with overall healthy elk populations and good availability of mature bulls for harvest. DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP Nevada continues to be the leader in providing quality desert bighorn hunting opportunities in North America. The Nevada Department of Wildlife issued a record number of 193 tags in the 2009 desert bighorn hunt. Hunter success continued to be high at 89% of hunters harvesting a ram. Hunters averaged less time in the field when compared to the last few years at 5.2 days hunted in The statewide average age of harvested rams in 2009 was 6.2 years with an average unofficial B&C score of over 153. Field biologists in the 2009 statewide desert bighorn survey classified over 3,500 animals. The calculated lamb ratio of 31 lambs:100 ewes indicates that observed lamb recruitment was lower than the 38 lambs:100 ewes observed in the survey last year. Population estimates by hunt units vary across the state, with 49% increasing, 22% decreasing, and 29% not changing. The 2010 statewide desert bighorn population estimate is the highest ever recorded at 7,600 animals which is an increase of 4% from last year s estimate of 7,300. Restoration efforts of bighorn sheep populations into historic Nevada ranges continued this past year with releases in the Delamar and Meadow Valley Mountains of Lincoln County, Southern Stillwater Range in Churchill County, and the Virgin Gold Buttes of Clark County. These achievements would not be possible without the efforts of past and present NDOW biologists working along with dedicated, passionate, and active sportsman's conservation organizations. SS-2

11 SUMMARY ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN SHEEP All recent focus has been on the tragic dieoffs of the East Humboldt Range and Ruby Mountain Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep herds. NDOW biologists and veterinarian confirmed in December 2009 a bacterial pneumonia event that was running its course in both herds. As of mid April 2010, 102 known mortalities have been found among both herds. Both sexes, and mature and immature animals alike had succumbed to the disease. As with any bighorn dieoff, it will take a few years through aerial and ground surveys and follow up on radiomarked animals to get a more accurate assessment of the actual mortalities that occurred in Units 101 and 102. The statewide 2010 Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep population is estimated to be below 400 compared to the 2009 estimate of 560. Similar to what was seen during the past disease event, it is anticipated poor lamb recruitment in Units 101 and 102 will be realized in the next several years to come, initially suppressing population growth. The Department of Wildlife is conducting ongoing monitoring efforts to help better understand the extent this disease outbreak has had on the populations and to attempt to identify causal agents or catalysts that may have been involved. The statewide survey sample size of 175 Rocky Mountain bighorn (excluding Unit 101 and 102) yielded ratios of 68 rams:100 ewes:40 lambs. The individual lamb ratios were highly variable among the different herds with the lowest occurring on Mount Moriah (17 lambs:100 ewes) and the highest involving the Unit 091 herd (96 lambs:100 ewes). Eleven ram tags were available for 2009 and all 11 of the hunters were successful. The average age of rams harvested was 7.9 and the average B&C green-score was 171 & 5/8. The largest ram (11 years-old) was harvested in Unit 101 and was measured at 195 & 4/8. This is a tremendous animal and new record for that unit but also a harsh reminder of the devastating loss of the East Humboldt herd. On the bright side, the Unit 091 population continues to perform well, expanding not only on Pilot Mountain but with newly constructed water developments in the Leppy Hills, this subherd is also doing well. CALIFORNIA BIGHORN SHEEP Over 10,000 applications were received this past year for 48 California bighorn tags. Resident hunters faced odds of 131:1 while nonresidents faced odds averaging 1,141:1. During the 2009 California bighorn season a total of 48 hunters harvested 47 rams for a 98 percent success rate. The average age of all harvested rams was slightly over 7 years. The average Boone and Crockett score compared favorably with past years at 155 inches. Biologists conducted composition surveys on all hunted California bighorn herds during A total of 835 bighorn was classified as 191 rams, 431 ewes and 213 lambs for a ratio of 44 rams:100 ewes:49 lambs. Ram ratios declined slightly from what was observed in 2008 while the overall average lamb ratio remained the same as what was observed during the previous year. The 2010 statewide population estimate is 1,900 California bighorn sheep and is the highest on record showing a 6 percent increase from last year. No problems or major die-offs were noted in any populations this past year. High population levels and good ram ratios will allow for an increase in tags during the 2010 season. Overall, biologists are recommending a 7 percent increase in California bighorn tags this year. MOUNTAIN GOAT There were 28 mountain goat tags in 2009 including; one PIW tag, 24 resident tags, and three nonresident tags. Hunter success increased slightly from 93% in 2008 to 96% in In 2009, hunters checked in 19 billies and 8 nannies. Nanny harvest, expressed as a percent of the total harvest, has increased for four consecutive years and at 30% in 2009 was the highest reported and nearly twice the long-term average of SS-3

12 SUMMARY 17%. In 2009, average age of harvested animal was 7.7 years in unit 101, 4.5 years in unit 102, and 8.0 years in unit 103. Average age of harvested animal in unit 101 has increased for five consecutive years and at 7.7 is well above the long-term average of 4.9 years. Average age of harvested animal in unit 102 is relatively stable at 4.5 years but slightly below the five-year average of 4.8 years. Horn length was well above the long-term average in both units 101 and 103, while right at the long-term average in unit 102. Surveys were conducted in February 2010 and 190 goats were observed between units 101 and 102. In unit 101, 88 goats were observed yielding a ratio of 17 kids:100 adults. In unit 102, 102 goats were observed yielding a ratio of 34 kids:100 adults. Although 17 kids:100 adults is too low to demonstrate population growth, 34 kids:100 adults is more than adequate to allow a population to grow. However, this year, goat populations experienced increased mortality caused by bacterial pneumonia. Prior to this year all three units (101, 102, and 103) had been exhibiting a stable to slightly upward trend. However, this year, populations are believed to be exhibiting a substantial decline (estimated at 30 percent). In 2009 the odds of drawing a goat tag were 176:1 for residents and 794:1 for nonresidents. As a result of the ongoing disease event in the East Humboldt and Ruby Mountains, the number of goat tags in 2010 should decrease moderately relative to last year. However, applicants lucky enough to draw one of these tags should still have an opportunity for a hunt of a lifetime in the remote, beautiful, high elevation terrain inhabited by mountain goats in Northeastern Nevada. MOUNTAIN LION The (2009) mountain lion hunting season resulted in an overall lion mortality of 170 lions. Sport hunter harvest accounted for 131 lions or 77% of the total lions taken. The 10- and 5-year average for statewide sport harvest of lions is 143 and 129, respectively. The 2009 sport harvest surpassed the 2008 harvest overall by 10%. This fluctuation in harvest falls well within normal ranges and is generally tied to hunting conditions for the winter months. Lions removed for the protection of livestock, human safety or natural resource protection, such as deer and bighorn sheep, increased by 5 lions to 31 in The depredation harvest represents 18% of the overall mortalities. The increase in depredation lions over the last couple years is mainly due to several Predation Management Projects implemented by sportsmen s dollars to reduce the impact of predation on ungulate populations, mainly deer and bighorn sheep. Six of those lions were taken from Predation Management Project 18 in Hunt Unit 014, the Granite Range, for the enhancement of mule deer herds. Three other lions were taken to protect bighorn sheep on Mount Moriah where lion predation had been identified on the resident herd. The other 22 depredation lions were removed for the protection of livestock or human safety. The remaining nine lions (6%) were killed incidentally or hit by vehicles. Sport harvest was 43% of the statewide limit of 306 mountain lions. Males constituted 54% of the total 2009 sport harvest compared to the 20-year average of 58%. Northeastern Nevada WEATHER AND CLIMATE EFFECTS Significant storms in late May and early June of 2009 resulted in excellent habitat conditions in much of Elko County. Spring and summer precipitation created favorable summer range conditions. Snow pack levels and moisture content for the winter of continue to remain below the long-term average for the Ruby Mountains and adjacent mountain ranges. The winter of was a relatively mild winter. conditions in Eureka County improved in the short term with good leader growth on browse and overall good forage production and increased water availability following near record precipitation in June This was preceded by consecutive years of drought in 2007 and In Lander County, the northern half of units 141 and 152 experienced a relatively mild and open winter. The southern portion of units 152,154, and 155 experienced a much harder winter. Deep snow and cold temperatures persisted until late March. SS-4

13 SUMMARY conditions in the White Pine County portion of Northeast Nevada improved in 2009 in response to above-average precipitation. This was a welcome change following severe drought from mid-2006 through The National Weather Service recorded 115% of average precipitation at Ely during For the period April through July, 124% of average moisture was received. This resulted in improved vegetative cover and nutritional value of the forage, as well as, better overall water distribution for big game animals. The recent winter brought more than twice the average snowfall to the Ely area. Over 90 inches have been recorded since last October. Consistently cold temperatures resulted in an extended period of snow-cover for much of the unit-group. As of mid-april the water-year precipitation total is approximately 120% in the Ely area. The snow-pack is in excellent condition for this stage of the spring. Prospects for further habitat improvements are also excellent. With 7 of the past 10 years bringing drought, longer term improvements in climatic conditions are needed to reverse the habitat degradation that has occurred. Northwestern Nevada Most water basins in north-western Nevada show snowfall and precipitation totals that are below average as of April 1, As an example, Cedarville, California reported this past February to be the driest on record. Drought conditions have been a recurrent theme over the last four years in most of the counties in north-western Nevada while portions of Northern Humboldt County have received below average precipitation during seven of the past ten years. The only reprieve from the dry conditions this past year occurred when 3 to 4 inches of rainfall fell between the 1 st and 22 nd of June Dry conditions returned for the remainder of the summer and very little moisture was received into the fall. Although, the nearrecord rainfall in June helped in the short-term to alleviate some of the effects of the drought, much more moisture is needed to reverse the cumulative impacts from consecutive years of below average precipitation. Southern Nevada (MOJAVE DESERT) The National Weather Service (NWS) reported below normal precipitation totals throughout the Mojave Desert region in The annual moisture deficit was due to the absence of storm systems in January and March and an inactive monsoon season (June September). Moreover, the annual precipitation total (1.59 ) from the NWS official weather recording station at McCarran International airport indicates 2009 was the eighth driest year on record. In addition, NWS reported 2009 tied for the second warmest year on record. The warmth in 2009 was primarily attributed to higher low temperatures (higher average low temperature). In April 2010, environmental conditions in the Mojave Desert region in southern Nevada are greatly improved relative to Based on rain gauge data collected by Clark County Regional Flood Control District in cooperation with United States Geological Survey and National Weather Service, Las Vegas and outlying areas in Clark County experienced several fall and winter storm systems over nearly a four-month period from December 2009 through early March Thus far in 2010 (January March), NWS in Las Vegas reported precipitation receipts at 173% of normal. In its seasonal drought outlook, NWS has not identified the likely development of drought conditions during the period April 1, 2010 through June In April 2010, vegetative conditions are improved. However, increased precipitation receipts during the preceding fall and winter months have promoted widespread establishment of exotic invasive annuals. The resultant high accumulation of fine fuels coupled with dry lightning strikes associated with the early summer monsoon season, should increase the potential for wildland fire occurrence and severity. Southeastern Nevada According to WRCC/DRI, in 2009 Lincoln and southern White Pine Counties received approximately 78% of the previous 10-year average annual precipitation. BLM rain can data obtained from 26 areas throughout Lincoln County indicates that the total was approximately106% of the previous 10-year average. The yearto-date totals show Lincoln County to be at approximately 154% of average so far in The summer of 2009 was somewhat below average with monsoonal moisture coming in localized areas, with higher elevation summer ranges generally receiving higher amounts of rainfall. After a relatively dry fall, SS-5

14 SUMMARY December was about average with regard to precipitation. Lincoln County received above average precipitation during January and February while March was close to average. Lincoln County can have very diverse weather conditions due to the change in latitude and elevation from north to south. The northern end of Lincoln County contains the higher elevation mountain ranges and tends to receive higher amounts of winter precipitation. The southern end of Lincoln County is lower elevation Mojave Desert terrain that typically receives more of the monsoonal moisture. According to WRCC/DRI, Ely received approximately 51% of average annual precipitation in The northern portion of Area 22 is generally subject to similar weather as Ely. The Egan and Schell Creek Ranges received lower-than-average precipitation. Area 23 received average moisture, which resulted in moderate range conditions during the fall months. September, October, and November were all drier than average, but still received some precipitation. Big game animals should have entered winter in good condition. The late winter and spring of 2010 has been cooler and wetter than recent years with heavy snow still found on most north and east facing slopes. Range conditions appear moderate to good across Lincoln County at this time. Although 2009 was drier than average through the northern portion of the area, the southern portion of the area was average to slightly above average. Much of southeastern Nevada is subject to monsoonal storms during the summer months. The timing of precipitation coming during the summer months plays an important role in benefitting many forage species. In general, the invasive annual grasses are cured out during this time which helps native or other beneficial plants to compete with exotic annual grasses. This tends to help areas of burned pinyon-juniper recover and produce quality forage for wildlife and livestock. Central Nevada Data published by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) indicate that central Nevada has experienced average to above average moisture receipts since June of Favorable moisture and temperature patterns through the summer and fall of 2009 greatly benefited habitat conditions and improved the body condition of animals that had suffered in 2006, 2007, and parts of 2008, through some of the worst conditions seen in central Nevada for some time. Moisture during this time of the year is critical for providing a boost to the nutrient content of forage, which allows mule deer and other wildlife to enter the winter in good condition. While November saw very little precipitation, moisture receipts returned to near average from December through March potentially setting the stage for a continuation of increased productivity of central Nevada game populations. Although winter conditions resulted in somewhat higher over-winter mortality in some populations than has been the case in the previous few winters, the increased productivity of surviving animals as well as improved habitat conditions should far outweigh these relatively minor losses. Although game populations in central Nevada are currently reaping the benefits of improved climatic conditions, the cumulative impacts of drought experienced regularly over the past few years will take some time to be overcome. These favorable conditions will need to continue into the foreseeable future in order to see any significant increases in central Nevada game populations. SS-6

15 SUMMARY Table 1. Water basin climate data from SNOTEL monitoring stations throughout Nevada and the Sierra Nevada Mountains for snow water equivalent of snowpack as of 22 April 2010 and total water year precipitation from 1 October April 2010 in inches (Natural Resources Conservation Service). BASIN Snow Water Equivalent Total Precipitation Data Site Name Unit(s) Current Average % of Avg Current Average % of Avg NORTHERN GREAT BASIN Disaster Peak Sheldon TRUCKEE RIVER Mt Rose Ski Area Big Meadow CARSON RIVER WALKER RIVER JARBIDGE/SNAKE RIVER Pole Creek R.S BRUNEAU RIVER Big Bend 061/ Bear Creek 071/ Seventysix Creek 071/ OWYHEE RIVER Fawn Creek Jack Creek Upper Laurel Draw Taylor Canyon 068/ LOWER HUMBOLDT RIVER Big Creek Summit Buckskin Lower Granite Peak Lamance Creek UPPER HUMBOLDT RIVER Draw Creek Dorsey Basin 101/ Green Mountain Lamoille # CLOVER VALLEY Hole-in-Mountain EASTERN NEVADA Berry Creek Diamond Peak Ward Mountain SS-7

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17 BIG GAME HERD STATUS REPORTS

18 MULE DEER MULE DEER Units : Northern Washoe and Western Humboldt Counties Report by: Chris Hampson Harvest Following 2 consecutive years of a 16-day split season scenario in 2007 and 2008, a nearly month long season structure was reinstated in most hunt units within Washoe County in The rifle, muzzleloader and archery hunting seasons in hunt Unit 015 were moved to the month of December back in The area is critical winter range for the interstate mule deer herd migrating from Lassen County, California. The season was moved to the later timeframe in order to provide hunters with the highest deer densities and the best possible chance of being successful. The hunter success rate for resident rifle hunters within Unit Group was 54% in Fifty-six percent of the hunters reported harvesting bucks with 4 points or better. Both of these figures are near long-term averages. Harvest objectives or the number of deer expected to be harvested from each unit or unit group was met or exceeded in all hunt units in Management Area 1. An example of this is in unit group where NDOW expected 107 bucks to be killed and hunters from all weapons classes ended up harvesting 117 mule deer bucks. Post-season surveys were conducted during the second week of November Surveys were delayed due to bad weather. A total of 162 bucks, 429 does, and 277 fawns was observed within Management Area 1. The sample provided an average composition ratio of 38 bucks:100 does:65 fawns. In addition, California biologists classified another 253 mule deer in California hunt unit X5B and the western portion of unit 015. California biologists survey the interstate deer units in the fall because many of the deer have not yet migrated into Nevada and are usually on the California side of the state line in November. Fawn ratios observed during the fall surveys were very good and ranged between 73 and 76 fawns per 100 does. This is excellent recruitment for mule deer herds in the northwestern portion of the state. The higher recruitment observed this year is thought to be due to the better conditions following an exceptional month of precipitation in June. Between 2 and 3 inches of rainfall occurred during this timeframe. The much need rainfall allowed for a short-term improvement in habitat conditions from June through mid August. Infrequent rainfall through the remainder of the summer and into the fall caused habitat conditions to once again deteriorate. Most water sources and large lakebeds were completely dry or had very low water levels by the end of September. Forage quality had also deteriorated following 3 months of little to no precipitation. Composition data from this past fall showed increased buck ratios in most hunt units in Washoe County. However, some of the buck ratios are thought to be skewed high due to sample bias. In hunt unit 014, the survey was cut short due to high winds and snow flurries. The bad weather canceled the survey and prevented biologists from surveying the southern half of the unit. The survey sample size was reduced for this reason. Spring composition surveys were delayed significantly by a series of continuous cold fronts moving through western Nevada in late February and March. Despite the almost constant delays, surveys were finally completed one day at a time and over a 3 week period. Actual survey hours were reduced due to the inclement weather. All units in Management Area 1 were at least partially surveyed. A total of 1,213 mule deer was classified with a composition ratio of 51 fawns per 100 Adults. The large increase in the number of animals classified this spring was due primarily to deer being heavily concentrated on winter ranges in Units 014 and 015. The fawn to adult ratio shows an increase of 11 fawns per 100 adults over what was observed in Hunt units within Management Area 1 had fawn:adult ratios ranging between 48 and 52 fawns per 100 adults. This represents very good fawn recruitment for mule deer in the western portion of the state. 1

19 MULE DEER Drought conditions continued to be felt throughout western Nevada during much of The exception was during early summer when most areas within Washoe County received over 2 plus inches of rainfall during the month of June. conditions following this exceptional weather event improved in the short-term. The timing of the moisture was important as it provided both does and fawns with improved forage and water through most of the summer. Fawn survival through this period was high and recruitment levels in are very strong. However, hot dry conditions returned and only 0.5 inch of rainfall was received during July, August and September. conditions had once again deteriorated by the end of September. Although, mule deer herds in Washoe County experienced increased fawn recruitment this past year, many of the large lakes and important water sources are currently dry or have very low water levels. The low water levels are the result and cumulative effects from several consecutive years of below average precipitation. The winter of has once again been below average for both precipitation and snowfall and the predicted spring runoff is expected to be below normal. Unless we receive significant moisture later this spring and into the summer, habitat conditions within the western portion of the state could once again be in very poor condition this coming summer and fall. The mule deer predator control project in Unit 014 started in mid December 2004 when 24 mule deer were fitted with ear-tag transmitters to allow for better follow-up. Wildlife Services started removing lions and coyotes from the project area soon afterwards. The project has now finished its fifth year and the data collected will be analyzed over the next several months. Mule deer recruitment rates have thus far been somewhat variable from year to year. Survey sample sizes have generally shown increases over the past few years. However, one must be careful when looking at just the number of animals classified during surveys as it can change dramatically depending on survey and snow conditions. Recruitment rates for mule deer within Management Area 1 increased by an average of over 10 fawns per 100 Adults in This will result in increasing trends for most deer herds in the northwestern portion of the state. Quota recommendations will generally mimic these trends. Units 021, 022: Southern Washoe County Report by: Chris Hampson Harvest The season structure for hunting in Unit 021 mimics that of hunt Unit 015. The 2 hunt units both represent critical winter range for interstate deer herds out of California. The season was changed back in 2007 in order to afford hunters the best possible chance of being successful in harvesting a deer. The mule deer herd in unit 022 is made up of mostly resident mule deer and the hunting season is currently under the nearly month long season format that begins in early October. In 2009, resident rifle hunters in Unit 021 had a hunter success rate of 59%. Unit 022 hunters had a success rate of 47%. Both of the units saw improvements in the 2010 hunter success rates compared with recent years. NDOW projected that 45 deer would be harvested by all weapons types from Management Area 2 in Sportsmen were more successful this year than expected and harvested 13 additional bucks during the various archery, muzzleloader, and rifle seasons. Fall surveys conducted by California Fish and Game biologists classified a total of 893 mule deer with an average computed ratio of 27 bucks:100 does:58 fawns. Surveys were conducted in both California Hunt Zones X6B and X7A in November No fall surveys were flown in Unit 022 in Nevada. 2

20 MULE DEER Spring mule deer surveys were flown by the Nevada Department of Wildlife biologists and covered portions of Unit 021 in Nevada. The survey classified a total of 289 mule deer and had a composition ratio of 43 fawns per 100 adults. The 43 fawns per 100 adult s recruitment rate is considered very good recruitment for this interstate mule deer herd. The NDOW spring survey in Unit 022 classified a total of 231 mule deer. The computed ratio for the sample was 41 fawns per 100 adults. The recruitment rate observed this year is 4 fawns per 100 adults above what was observed during the 2009 spring survey. Although, the winter of was near average on the California side of the line, there was sufficient snowfall in the upper elevations in California to force more mule deer to winter on the Nevada side of the line in hunt Unit 021. According to the Nevada Water Supply Outlook Report, as of April 1, 2010, most basins in northwestern Nevada are below average for both water year precipitation and snowfall. Storm fronts that provided western Nevada with additional moisture in early April will help to increase these precipitation totals. However several consecutive drought years have left most lakes and water sources with low water levels or flows. The predicted spring runoff is expected to be below average in most portions of western Nevada. Much more precipitation is needed in order to reverse the cumulative effects of several consecutive dry years. The Petersen Mountains have had a long fire history. For the second year in a row, wildfires have impacted important mule deer habitat in the Petersen Mountains in Unit 021. The recent fires burned over 10,000 acres of critical deer winter range. Important sagebrush and scattered bitterbrush communities were lost in the fires. A cooperative effort between the BLM Carson City District, Nevada Department of Wildlife, California Fish and Game, The Mule Deer Foundation, and the Woodland Village Homeowners Association provided the funding and much of the labor to re-seed over 70% of the burned area. The restoration project was completed in February Additional work will be completed this spring as well as over the next few years. The mountain lion control project in the Virginia Mountains of Unit 022 continues. To date, a total of 6 lions have been removed from the north end of the range. The project was initiated in an effort to reduce lion predation on a low density California bighorn population. Mule deer herds within Management Area 2 are expected to experience static to slight increasing trends in Quota recommendations for the Management Area 2 deer herds for the 2010 hunting seasons will be similar to those from Housing development, proposed energy development, and a recently proposed tree farming operation are just some of the issue that will continue to impact mule deer habitat within Management Area 2 over the next decade. Mule deer habitat and areas to hunt mule deer will continue to shrink as these types of projects are implemented. Mule deer numbers will continue to shrink in the longterm as more and more habitat is lost or disturbed. Units 031, 032, 034, 035: Western Humboldt County Reported by: Ed Partee Aerial surveys were conducted during both fall and spring in Management Area 3 this past year. During mid November 2009, a post-season helicopter flight was conducted. A total of 545 deer was classified which was slightly below the 2008 survey of 602 deer. Dry conditions appeared to have spread deer out which increased search time. Overall, ratios obtained from these surveys were 30 bucks:100 does:67 fawns. The past 5-year average for these units was 38 bucks:100 does:59 fawns. Buck ratios were down slightly from the past 5-year average but remain near objective levels. Fawn ratios are up slightly from the 5-year average. 3

21 MULE DEER A spring helicopter survey was conducted during mid March A total of 811 deer was classified; yielding a ratio of 42 fawns:100 adults. Fawn recruitment was up slightly when compared to the past 5- year average. Management Area 3 continues to show the effects of lasting drought conditions. In June of 2009 substantial moisture was received which improved range conditions over the short term. However, by late fall, habitat conditions had declined with a lack of water availability and poor forage conditions. Fortunately no additional habitat loss occurred from wild land fires during the summer of Several habitat projects continue in Management Area 3. Several sagebrush plantings occurred during the spring of 2009 through spring 2010 in an attempt to reestablish areas of sage brush that have been lost in past fires. Other projects include green-striping methods that are designed to protect those areas that have not been affected by wild land fires. Population estimates for Management Area 3 has remained relatively stable over the last 3 years. These populations are still substantially lower than historic highs primarily due to a long term decline in range conditions. The primary limiting factor for these populations remains adequate winter range. Many of the traditional winter use areas have been converted to annual grass due to fires. Drought conditions will continue to hamper the recovery of burned areas. Unit 033: Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge; Washoe and Humboldt Counties Report by: Chris Hampson Harvest Harvest figures indicate another tough year for hunters that drew the early season rifle tag on the Sheldon. Hunter success rates during this early season remained very low when compared with long-term averages. Extremely dry and warm conditions due the extended drought have made early season hunting very difficult. Lower deer numbers over the past few years have also played a role in the decreased hunter success rates. Tag quotas over the past few years have decreased accordingly. Late season tagholders had much higher success rates the past 2 years than their early season counterparts. In 2008, the hunter success rate for the late season resident rifle hunters was 50%. This year the success rate for the late season increased to 63% with a 56% 4 point or better in the harvest. The 2009 late season success rate was near the long-term average for the Sheldon. However, early season hunters continue to struggle. Overall, hunters on the Sheldon harvested 50 bucks during the 2009 season, just 1 short of the NDOW harvest objective of 51. The statewide average hunter success rate remained static at 40%. Mule deer numbers on the Sheldon have declined since the winter of Drought conditions are now into their fourth consecutive year. Resident rifle quotas on the Sheldon have been reduced approximately 49% since the 2006 hunting season and have mimicked this decline. The Sheldon mule deer herd has struggled in recent years due to the very dry conditions. Most large lakes and other water sources have been completely dry or suffered reduced flows due to the long-term drought. Forage plants important to mule deer continue to show signs of stress due to the lack of moisture. Post-season composition surveys on the Sheldon focused efforts on Badger Mountain, Catnip Mountain, and Fish Creek Mountain. There were 291 mule deer observed with a ratio of 36 bucks:100 does:72 fawns. Mule 4

22 MULE DEER deer were once again associated with the mountain mahogany tree cover at the upper elevations of the Sheldon. Spring surveys located mule deer on extreme winter range in Virgin Valley and Sagebrush Creek. The Little High Rock area and the north end of the Calicos in hunt Unit 012 were also surveyed. Recent collaring work on mule deer from Badger Mountain on the Sheldon has identified these areas as important winter range. A total of 154 mule deer was located during spring surveys and the sample provided a composition ratio of 43 fawns per 100 adults. This is 8 fawns per 100 adults higher than what was observed in Most water basins in western Nevada show snowfall and precipitation totals that are below average as of April 1, Drought conditions have been a recurrent theme on the Sheldon as most lakes and important water sources are dry or have low water levels. Vegetative quality and condition has deteriorated due to the extended drought. The only reprieve from the dry conditions this past year was in the month of June when nearly 3.9 inches of rainfall fell between the 1 st and 22 nd of June. Due to the lack of soil moisture and dry conditions, the much needed moisture was quickly absorbed by the dry soil. Dry conditions returned for the remainder of the summer and very little moisture was received into the fall. Although, the near-record rainfall in June helped in the short-term to alleviate some of the effects of the drought, much more moisture is needed in order to reverse the cumulative impacts from several consecutive years of below average precipitation. The low water levels in most lakes and reservoirs are an indication of just how dry it has been over the past several years. The carrying capacity of the Sheldon mule deer herd was significantly reduced due to several large fires that occurred over the past 25 years. Critical mule deer summer range was lost on Badger Mountain, Catnip Mountain, Devaney Mountain and Alkali Peak. These fires burned approximately 50 to 60% of the important mule deer summer range on the Sheldon. Important mountain mahogany, sagebrush and bitterbrush cover was lost in the fires. The burned areas have not fully recovered and do not currently provide mule deer with the quality forage and escape/thermal cover that was once available. This significant reduction in quality mule deer habitat will limit the Sheldon mule deer herd well into the future. Several consecutive years of drought have impacted forage quality and water distribution for mule deer on the Sheldon. Mule deer numbers on the Sheldon have declined during the past 4 very dry years. Although, recruitment on the Sheldon showed an improvement this past year, habitat conditions have deteriorated over the past several years and current snow accumulations will not be sufficient to refill lakes and improve water flows to springs and seeps. Forage quality has been poor in recent years. Unless, the Sheldon receives significantly more moisture this coming spring and summer, habitat conditions are expected to remain fair to poor this year. The population model for the Sheldon mule deer herd shows a stable trend. Quota recommendations are expected to be similar to the previous year. Units 041, 042: Western Pershing and Southern Humboldt Counties Report by: Kyle Neill No post-season surveys were conducted in A brief (one hour) helicopter survey was conducted on 5 March 2010 in Unit 042 in the Eugene and Majuba Mountains and in the north end of the Trinity Range. Ground surveys were conducted for 2 days in March 2010 in the Selenite and Seven Troughs Ranges of Unit 041. Combined survey observations resulted in 51 deer being classified that resulted in a fawn:adult ratio of 38:100. 5

23 MULE DEER Little quality mule deer habitat currently remains in this unit group. Mule deer habitat in western Pershing County has declined considerably following wildfires from and 2008, which converted good mule deer habitat into annual grasslands. Continued grazing and the current drought cycle have not allowed for the recovery of mule deer habitat in this area. The 2009 mule deer population estimate for Units 041, 042 remains at 750 animals. This herd s population trend has been declining by an average of 2% every year since 1999 when the population was estimated at 1,000 animals. Biologists believe that wildfires coupled with drought cycles have led to poor forage quantity and quality for mule deer. These conditions have ultimately influenced fawn recruitment, which has a long-term average of 35 fawns:100 adults and has averaged 33 fawns:100 adults over the last 5 years. The 2010 fawn ratio of 38 fawns:100 adults is slightly better than maintenance level recruitment. However, this herd s population trend will continue to remain stable to slightly declining under current habitat conditions. Units : Eastern Pershing and Southern Humboldt Counties Report by: Kyle Neill Harvest Results For the 2009 season, Units reverted back to a single season for the Any Legal Weapon Hunt Split season harvest strategy for Hunt 1331 was instilled for the 2007 and 2008 seasons. There were no post-season surveys conducted in these units during the fall of In early March 2010, aerial surveys were conducted in Unit 043 (east side of the Humboldt Range from Limerick Canyon north to I-80). Subsequent aerial surveys occurred on 14 March 2010 in Units (4 hours 20 minutes helicopter time). Spring survey efforts yielded a sample of 586 mule deer with a recruitment ratio of 43 fawns:100 adults. Spring fawn ratios continue to remain greater than the long-term average of 40 fawns:100 adults. In October 2009, BLM-Winnemucca conducted a horse gather in Units 045 and 046 encompassing Pumpernickel, Goldbanks and South Buffalo Allotments. Gather efforts resulted in 376 horses being rounded-up. The 2009 gather will help alleviate competition and over use of Summit Spring located in the Smesler Pass area. Poor winter range conditions continue to persist throughout the whole unit group. Lower elevations have been largely converted into annual grasslands following the wildfires of 2000, 2001 and Forage recovery in the lower elevations also continues to remain low due to drought cycles and continued grazing from domestic livestock at normal stocking rates. Additionally, the winter range in Unit 043 is thought to be the most degraded by over utilization of domestic sheep, that heavily graze all of the lower elevations in the fall months on the east side of the Humboldt Range. However, quality summer range enables mule deer to enter the winter months in good to excellent body condition. The 2010 mule deer population estimate for eastern Pershing County is 3,200 animals and is equivalent to the all time high estimate that was calculated in This herd has maintained a 6% average rate of increase since This steady rate of population increase can be attributed to recruitment rates that have averaged 46 fawns:100 does for the last 5-years. Other indicators of herd growth can be correlated to percent 4-point or better bucks harvested for all hunts. The 2009 value was 47% and has averaged 47% 6

24 MULE DEER for the past 3-years. The long-term figure for percent 4-point or better bucks harvested is 42%. Also, spring survey sample size has averaged 575 animals over the last 5-years, which is considerably greater than the long-term average of 415 animals surveyed during the spring. There are concerns that this herd is at or above carrying capacity, given that the herd is at an all time estimated population high. Poor winter range conditions in combination with a hard winter may cause significant losses to this herd in the near future. Unit 051: Santa Rosa Mountains; Eastern Humboldt County Report by: Ed Partee Post-season helicopter flights were conducted in mid November. A total of 213 deer was classified this year which is up from the 2008 survey of 161. Ratios obtained from these surveys were 32 bucks:100 does:73 fawns. The buck ratio is down slightly from the 5-year average of 39 bucks:100 does: 67 fawns. Spring helicopter flights were conducted during mid March. A total of 649 deer was surveyed which approximates last year s survey totals. The spring fawn ratio for this survey was 48 fawns:100 adults. This recruitment rate is near the past 5-year average of 46 fawns:100 adults. Snow conditions were lacking in most of the areas surveyed. There was no additional loss of mule deer habitat in this unit over the past year. A significant amount of critical winter range has been lost to wildfire in Unit 051 over the last decade. Rehabilitation efforts have met with minimal success due to drought conditions. Winter moisture has been below average this year resulting in a very dry spring with a lack of green-up. Spring and summer moisture will be needed to improve habitat conditions. The population estimate for Unit 051 has dropped from what we saw last year. Buck ratios have fallen slightly and winter mortality has had a little increase. The past years may have had a slight inflation of the estimates which are being brought down to show more of what is occurring. The last few years snow conditions for this unit have been minimal. With the lack of green-up that was experienced this spring, summer moisture will be needed to sustain these populations. This unit may experience minor increases and decreases, however, increases may not be much over current levels. With the drought conditions that have taken place over the last few years, production this year may be a little lower then what was observed last year. Forage conditions are stressed due to the lack of moisture. Units , 064, : Independence and Tuscarora Ranges; Elko County Report by: Ken Gray A spring helicopter survey was conducted in March A total of 4,405 deer was classified; yielding a fawn:adult ratio of 42 fawns:100 adults. This was 12 fawns:100 adults above the past 10-year-average and was the highest spring fawn ratio observed in 10 years in Area 6. Significant storms in late May and early June of 2009 resulted in excellent habitat conditions on deer fawning and summer ranges which persisted throughout the summer and fall months. Deer came into the winter in excellent condition. The winter of was mild with little snow accumulations at the mid and lower elevations. The abundant spring rain combined with timely fall precipitation also produced 7

25 MULE DEER good forage conditions on the intermediate and winter ranges with abundant liter growth on the shrub species and winter green-up on the grass species. Between the years of 1999 and 2007, over 1,370,864 acres of rangeland have burned in Area 6, much of which was important deer habitat. Fortunately, less than 1,500 acres have burned in 2008 and The Marsh Creek Bench, which burned in the summer of 2006, is showing remarkable recovery and should be productive for wintering and migrating deer within 5 to 10 years. Other burned transition ranges, especially in the North Tuscarora Range, are also showing positive recovery. The Department of Wildlife seeded approximately 800 acres within the Dunphy Hills with a seed mix of desirable winter forage species in The areas seeded were part of a massive cheatgrass die-off that has occurred throughout the low elevation winter ranges. In addition the Department aerially seeded the 1,100 acre North Boulder Valley Seeding project in hopes of increasing the success of this 2008 project. Also, about 1,300 acres of land in the Argenta Rim area was aerially seeded with sagebrush and forage kochia. This important winter range for both the Area 6 and Area 15 deer herds burned in 2007 but supported enough bare ground to warrant seeding. Finally, an effort led by the Elko BLM and Nevada Muley s resulted in the planting of approximately 3,000 sagebrush seedlings and 600 forage kochia seedlings on the south end of the Izzenhood Range. Approximately 30 volunteers participated in this project. No additional predator management activities, above existing normal levels, occurred in this management area this past year. The Area 6 Deer Herd population estimate increased by approximately 800 deer over last year s estimate. Good fawn recruitment facilitated by excellent forage conditions combined with the mild winter were responsible for most of this increase. It is believed that the Area 6 Deer Herd is within the carrying capacity of their winter range which is estimated to support between 6,000 and 7,500 deer. Continued aggressive habitat restoration efforts are needed to increase the winter habitat carrying capacity for deer in this management area. However, if fire suppression priorities and techniques are not addressed, and fires continue to burn out of control in this area, this deer herd will continue to spiral downward to the point that there will be little hope of ever restoring it. The Area 6 Deer Herd is capable of increasing rapidly due to the excellent summer habitat and high fawn producing capabilities associated with this area. This was the case this past year when the population increased by 12%. However, the poor winter range will dictate long-term population levels as it has done for most of the past decade. The recommended buck quota will be up from last year s quota due to the increase in population. Very few antlerless tags will be recommended since the deer population is within the carrying capacity of the winter range. Unit 065: Pinyon Range; Southwestern Elko County Report by: Russell Woolstenhulme A Post-season survey was conducted for the first time in many years in this Unit. A total of 159 deer was classified yielding age and sex ratios of 23 bucks:100 does:58 fawns. 8

26 MULE DEER Long-term habitat conditions for deer are poor in Unit 065 due to the tremendous amount of habitat that has been lost to fires since A reseeding project of the 3000 acre Bailey fire took place in the fall/ winter of rehabilitation in burned areas that once served as important deer habitat would help increase carrying capacity and facilitate overall mule deer production and survival. Poor habitat conditions have resulted in population levels that are below historic levels. The trend of this deer population is believed to be stagnant. The area is managed as a Quality hunt area and is capable of producing good bucks. The quota in this unit has been based on similar numbers of tags as in previous years. Units , 091: Northeastern Elko County Report by: Kari Huebner Harvest Results A split in the Any Legal Weapon hunt was again held in the 071 Unit Group for the 2009 hunting season. The biggest change that occurred was in the late season with hunter success rising to 63% compared with 51% in 2008 and the 4-point or better bucks rose to 61% compared to 43% in The late archery season saw just the opposite occur in 2009 with hunter success dropping to 9% compared to 28% in Post-season helicopter surveys resulted in the classification of 1,563 deer; yielding sex and age ratios of 18 bucks:100 does:50 fawns. Spring surveys were flown in late March and early April. A total of 1,643 mule deer was classified during the survey; yielding a ratio of 36 fawns:100 adults. Deer habitat in this unit group has been reduced following the tremendous wildfires that have occurred in the area since Invasive weeds such as cheatgrass and mustard have invaded some of these areas and replaced much of the native vegetation that previously existed. However, even in areas where weed invasion has not occurred and perennial grasses and forbs are found, it will take years for the shrubs, mainly sagebrush and bitterbrush, to recover and expand back into these burned areas. A good majority of the Area 7 deer herd winters south of Interstate 80 in the Pequop Mountains. Unfortunately as many of these deer attempt to make it to their winter range from Jarbidge and outlying areas, they are often struck by vehicles either on Highway 93 or Interstate 80. Fifteen deer were collared in the fall of 2008 and we are learning a great deal about their migration and the movement corridors they are using to get to winter range. This information is helping both the Nevada Department of Wildlife and the Nevada Department of Transportation work collaboratively on current and future projects to reduce the amount of vehicle mortality that is occurring. By next fall 2 overpasses and 3 underpasses should be in place to facilitate deer movement across Highway 93 and significantly reduce vehicle-deer collisions. Although over winter survival was good for fawns this winter, fawn ratios going into the winter were below average. This year s recruitment rate of 36 fawns:100 adults was slightly below the previous 5-year average of 38 fawns:100 adults. It was the first time the spring fawn ratio increased in the last 4 years. The population model for Unit Group ,091 predicts a pre-hunt adult mule deer population slightly lower than the previous year. 9

27 MULE DEER Unit 081: Goose Creek Area; Northeastern Elko County Report by: Kari Huebner Post-season helicopter surveys resulted in the classification of 292 mule deer in Unit 081; yielding sex and age ratios of 27 bucks:100 does:37 fawns. Spring surveys were not conducted. This deer herd s winter range and some summer range were significantly impacted by the West Fork Fire in The fire burned 154,943 acres of primary winter range. The fire burned very hot and left few islands of habitat. Although the area was intensely seeded the first winter following the fire, it will be several years until the brush community recovers in this area. Overall this is a relatively small deer resource in terms of resident deer populations with some migration from both Idaho and Utah. The magnitude of this migration is dependent on weather conditions during the hunting season and timing of the hunt. This year in attempt to take advantage of these later migrations the muzzleloader and any legal weapon hunts have been scheduled later than previous years. The intended result was to harvest more of the migratory herd and lessen the harvest on the small resident deer populations in the area. It appears the hunter success remained consistent with previous years however the percentage of 4-points was considerably higher with the later any legal weapon season. This herd has been managed as a trophy area in the past and with current challenges such as the reduction of winter range, the tags will be expected to remain conservative. Units : Southern Elko and Northwestern White Pine Counties Report by: Caleb McAdoo Harvest Results The long-term average hunter success for the early any legal weapon season is approximately 25%. For 2009, the hunter success for this season was 26% percent. The late season hunter success typically varies with weather conditions, as both snow fall amount and timing play a key role in late season hunter success, which is typically over 50 percent. However, the 2009 late season hunter success was only 42 percent. The hunter success for the resident any legal weapon antlerless hunt was 50% yielding a harvest of 476 antlerless mule deer. For specific 2009 hunting season results, please refer to Harvest Tables in the Appendix Section. An aerial post-season herd composition survey was conducted in January 2010 and 7,739 deer were classified. The age and sex ratios derived from this survey were 24 bucks:100 does:44 fawns. The observed young:adult ratio derived from this survey was 35 fawns:100 adults. A spring helicopter survey was also conducted in March of During this survey, 9,407 deer were classified yielding a ratio of 31 fawns:100 adults. This is up 11 fawns:100 adults from last year s spring survey and down 4 fawns:100 adults from the January 2010 survey. Area 10 was spared from catastrophic wildfires in the summer of 2009; however, some small acreage fires did occur. Spring and summer precipitation created favorable summer range conditions. Snow pack levels and moisture content for the winter of continue to remain below the long-term average for the Ruby Mountains and adjacent mountain ranges. The winter of was a relatively mild winter resulting in increased fawn survival. 10

28 MULE DEER The Department of Wildlife along with land management agencies, are maintaining past chaining projects and are developing future projects which will increase the habitat potential for mule deer. The Area 10 population continues to account for approximately 20 percent of the statewide mule deer population and is up 6 percent from last year s population estimate. The increase is likely a result of good spring and summer precipitation and a relatively mild winter resulting in increased fawn recruitment. Until last year, population estimates in Area 10 had increased for 7 of the last 8 years. Good age class representation is observed throughout the buck segment of the population and hunters should continue to see many mature bucks. Barring extreme weather conditions or catastrophic wildfires, we should continue to be optimistic about future trends of the Area 10 deer herd. Units : Eastern White Pine County Report by: Curt Baughman An aerial post-season herd composition survey was conducted in December 2009 and January A total of 1,543 deer was classified yielding sex and age ratios of 26 bucks:100 does:41 fawns. The spring 2010 survey was flown in March in combination with the elk survey. The total sample of 2,653 deer yielded a ratio of 25 fawns:100 adults. This was an improvement from the 19 fawns:100 adults observed during the spring 2009 survey which tied 1993 and 1994 for the second lowest recruitment on record and was 17 points below the previous 10-year average ( ) recruitment of 36 fawns:100 adults. The lowest recruitment on record was the ratio of 15 fawns:100 adults documented during the spring survey in Precipitation levels improved in 2009 following 2-1/2 years of severe drought. Precipitation totals recorded in Ely by the National Weather Service were 115% of average for the calendar year. More importantly, 124% of average moisture was recorded for the April through July period. Moisture totals for those same periods were 47% in 2007 and 28% in The increased 2009 moisture brought improvements in forage, cover and water distribution that allowed mule deer to make gains in body condition. Deer entered the winter in improved condition which would prove to be useful. The recent winter brought above average precipitation and more than twice the average snowfall to the Ely area. Over 90 inches have been recorded since last October. Cold temperatures persisted through the winter with no significant periods of moderation. Snow covered most areas from mid December through mid March. Conditions were slightly more moderate in the northern parts of the unit-group. As of mid-april 2010, water-year moisture totals stand at close to 120%. The current snowpack has seen little melting and should provide an extended run-off and further improvements in habitat values for mule deer in Long-term habitat potential for mule deer is slowly declining due to the encroachment of pinyon and juniper trees upward into mountain brush zones and downward onto bench areas. In some areas, degradation from severe drought has resulted in loss of native vegetation and expansion of cheatgrass and noxious weeds. Large-scale projects designed to control the encroachment of trees without imposing long-term impacts to shrub communities will be needed to reverse this trend. This deer population expanded between 2004 and 2007 due to improved habitat conditions and favorable fawn recruitment. A severe drought extended from mid-2006 through This resulted in sharply reduced fawn recruitment and a significant population decrease. The improved habitat conditions of 2009 came too late to have a large influence on 2009 productivity. However, without the habitat improvements of 2009, the past winter could have been very negative for mule deer. The 2010 spring fawn ratio indicates a stable to slightly increasing population trend. With improving habitat conditions in the short 11

29 MULE DEER term, fawn production in 2010 should improve over that of Quota recommendations for 2010 seasons should be somewhat higher than the very low quotas of Units : Snake Range; Southeastern White Pine County Report by: Curt Baughman Harvest Results The total approved 2009 buck quota (including youth) was 292 tags following 491 tags in 2008 and 511 tags in The 2009 reported harvest was 70 bucks and 26 antlerless deer which follows 144 bucks and 50 antlerless deer in The 2007 reported buck harvest was 217. Both quotas and hunter success rates have been decreasing in recent years. In 2009, hunter success was 21% for the early rifle hunt and 11% for the late hunt. This follows early rifle season success rates of 32%, 44% and 49% for respectively. Late-season resident muzzleloader hunters enjoyed 45% success in 2009 and took as many bucks as resident any-legal-weapon hunters did. Averaged hunter success for all buck-only hunts was 22% in 2009, 30% in 2008, 42% in 2007 and 41% in As this deer herd has become smaller in recent years it appears that the presence of Great Basin National Park may be having a greater influence on hunter success rates. Hunting is not permitted in the Park, which covers about 120 square miles of Unit 115. An aerial post-season herd composition survey was flown in late December 2009/January The sample of 320 deer yielded sex and age ratios of 47 bucks:100 does:35 fawns. Ratios of 32 bucks:100 does:29 fawns were observed during the 2008 postseason survey. The spring 2010 aerial survey took place in March. A sample of 584 deer was classified with a ratio of 32 fawns:100 does. This was a little better than the 17 fawns:100 does observed in the spring The 2009 ratio was the third lowest fawn recruitment on record and follows 22 fawns:100 does (the fourth lowest) in The 2010 fawn:100 adult ratio of 21 was 7 points below the previous 10-year average ( ) recruitment of 28 fawns:100 adults. conditions improved in 2009 in response to above-average precipitation. This was a welcome change following severe drought from mid-2006 through The National Weather Service recorded 115% of average precipitation at Ely during For the period April through July, 124% of average moisture was received. This resulted in improved nutrition, cover and water distribution for mule deer. The recent winter brought more than twice the average snowfall to the Ely area. Consistently cold temperatures resulted in an extended period of snow-cover for much of the unit-group. As of mid-april the water-year precipitation total is approximately 120% in the Ely area. The snow-pack is in excellent condition for this stage of the spring. Prospects for further habitat improvements are also excellent. With 7 of the past 10 years bringing drought, longer term improvements in climatic conditions are needed to reverse the habitat degradation that has occurred. Long-term habitat potential for mule deer is slowly declining due to the encroachment of pinyon and juniper trees upward into mountain brush zones and downward onto bench areas. In some areas, recurrent drought has resulted in loss of native vegetation and expansion of cheatgrass and noxious weeds. Large-scale projects designed to control the encroachment of trees without imposing long-term impacts to shrub communities will be needed to reverse this trend. In addition, Southern Nevada Water Authority has purchased several ranches on the west side of Unit 115 and now holds grazing permits on allotments containing important mule deer habitat. It is hoped that improved grazing practices can provide benefits to mule deer. Since 1999 this unit-group has experienced below average fawn recruitment in all but 3 years. The population trend was downward from 2001 to 2005 followed by some recovery between 2005 and 2007 and 12

30 MULE DEER another decline since that time. The improved habitat conditions of 2009 arrived too late to provide much of a boost to fawn production, but did allow deer to improve body condition and make it through the recent winter without suffering substantial losses. The fawn recruitment observed this spring indicates that the herd has stabilized. This year s population model predicts a population estimate very similar to the 2009 estimate. Although the buck:100 doe ratio remains high, quota recommendations for 2010 will be similar to 2009 levels so that falling hunter success rates can stabilize. Further short-term improvements in habitat conditions should result in increased productivity of this mule deer herd in Unit 121: North Egan, Cherry Creek Ranges; White Pine and Elko Counties Report by: Russell Woolstenhulme No post-season mule deer composition survey was conducted this year in Unit 121. Spring mule deer composition surveys were conducted from the helicopter during March The Cherry Creek Range and North Egan Range were surveyed primarily along the East Benches. A total of 1600 deer was classified in Unit 121, yielding a ratio of 27 fawns:100 adults. This is the second highest spring count in the unit. The Unit 121 herd estimate is similar to last year. Spring precipitation during 2009 was very good creating great summer range conditions across much of Unit 121. The winter of continued with good precipitation which should be beneficial to the deer range. improvement projects and small fires in the unit are providing some improved habitat conditions for deer by reducing pinion-juniper cover and increasing potential for increased forbs and shrubs in some areas. The spring fawn ratio of 27 fawns:100 adults resulted in a population estimate very similar to last year. If moisture regimes continue to be normal or above normal, improved range conditions could cause a favorable response in the deer herd. Unit 121 has so far avoided major impacts to deer habitat from range fires and man-made disturbances. Pinion/juniper encroachment is of some concern but small fires and habitat projects are slowing the effects. Mule deer carrying capacity is being improved by these small improvements. Barring any unforeseen setbacks, deer populations could return to an upward trend that has been documented over the last few years. Units : Southern White Pine, Eastern Nye and Western Lincoln Counties Report by: Mike Podborny There was no post-season herd composition survey conducted. The previous post-season survey was conducted by helicopter in January 2007 with 460 deer classified; yielding ratios of 31 bucks:100 does:60 fawns. The spring survey was conducted by helicopter in March There were 1,215 deer classified; yielding a ratio of 36 fawns:100 adults. This compares to the spring 2009 survey of 339 deer classified from the ground with a ratio of 30 fawns:100 adults. This was the first spring aerial survey conducted since 2005 when 353 deer were classified and was the highest spring sample since The abundant snow that covered all mountain ranges forced deer to low elevations along the migration trail making them easily accessible during the survey. conditions improved in 2009 with abundant spring and summer rains resulting in increased forage production and water availability for wildlife following the drought of 2007 and The long-term quality and quantity of summer ranges are slowly being reduced by Pinion/Juniper forests taking over 13

31 MULE DEER brush zones thereby lowering the carrying capacity for mule deer. Although this deteriorating condition also affects winter range, it is believed the effect on summer range has a greater impact to the deer herd. No major fires have occurred since 1999 but smaller fires in upper elevations in the last few years may benefit deer habitat over the long term. The abundant snow in the mountains concentrated deer on low elevation spring ranges and made them easily available for classification. The spring sample was the highest in 21 years and the deer appeared healthy. The data also documented that the further south the deer migrated, the lower the fawn survival. This corresponds to the winter storms dropping heavy wet snow on the southern winter ranges which often receive very little snow. The reported harvest was above the expected harvest and hunter success was high with the number of 4-point or better bucks in the harvest also high. The moderate spring recruitment in 2010 increased for the second consecutive year and resulted in a population increase. A post-season composition survey is needed to measure the buck ratio which by all indications should be high but has not been verified for 3 years. Units : Eureka and Eastern White Pine Counties Report by: Mike Podborny A post-season herd composition survey was conducted in November 2009 with a clear sky and no wind. The bucks were with the does because the rut was ongoing but warm open conditions with no snow increased the difficulty of finding deer in some areas. There were 866 deer classified yielding ratios of 35 bucks:100 does:58 fawns. The last post-season helicopter survey in December 2007 was conducted with very good conditions including cold temperatures and good snow cover and resulted in the classification of 1,900 deer; yielding age and sex ratios of 31 bucks:100 does:41 fawns. A spring survey was conducted in March 2010 by helicopter with 1,133 deer classified; yielding a ratio of 32 fawns:100 adults. In 2009 and 2008 the spring surveys resulted in fawn to adult ratios of only 21:100 and 19:100 respectfully. conditions improved in the short term with good leader growth on browse and overall good forage production and increased water availability following near record precipitation in June This was preceded by consecutive years of drought in 2007 and Over the long term deer habitat is being reduced by pinion/juniper forests crowding out the highly productive mountain brush zones with the browse community maturing and becoming less productive. There were no major wildfires in Major wildfires occurred in 1999, 2001 and 2007 in Units 141 and 142. These fires burned and converted extensive brush zones into monocultures of cheatgrass and other annual weeds reducing the value of these areas for deer and other wildlife. The cumulative effect of these fires has been a reduced capacity of the range to support deer. Post-fire seeding efforts to restore the most critical portions of these fires have been partially successful. A very large molybdenum mine is being proposed for Mt. Hope in Unit 143. The mine will impact deer habitat in the immediate area of the mine site but is not expected to cause a major decrease of the deer herd in Unit 143. The post-season sample was the lowest since 1980 and the last 2 years spring samples are 2 of the lowest back to back helicopter samples ever. Previous survey sample sizes were generally consistent in Management Area 14 from year to year with only slight differences related to survey timing conditions. The 2010 spring survey conditions were excellent with abundant snow in the mountains concentrating deer at lower elevations. These conditions resulted in high to record high spring samples in several other central Nevada deer populations but not in Area 14. The drought of 2007 and 2008 resulted in record low spring production for 2 years and may have negatively affected adult survival as well. The base population was therefore adjusted downward using lower survival rates in the computer model. Although the base 14

32 MULE DEER population estimate was lowered for Area 14, the post-season herd composition survey documented a buck ratio of 35 bucks:100 does. The 2-year drought was broken with above-average precipitation in the late spring and early summer of The 2010 spring recruitment increased to a moderate level and should at least help to stabilize the Area 14 deer herd this year. Units 151, 152, 154, 155: Lander and Western Eureka Counties Report by: Jeremy Lutz Harvest Results The following analysis is for the 2009 Resident Any Legal Weapon Hunt which was changed to a split season with an early and late hunt in The number of first choice applicants for the early and late hunts was 382 and 139, respectively. The total number of first choice applicants was 521 in 2009 and 529 in 2008 compared to 488 in 2006 without a split season. The odds of drawing a tag in the early hunt were 4 to 1 compared to 11 to 1 for the late hunt with a limited tag quota. For specific 2009 hunting season results, please refer to Harvest Tables in the Appendix Section. Post-season aerial composition flights were conducted in November and December of 2009 and included the Battle Mountains, Fish Creeks, Shoshones, Simpson Parks and north Toiyabes. There were 1,177 deer classified during the survey; yielding ratios of 30 bucks:100 does:60 fawns and is the second highest sample since The previous post-season survey was conducted in November 2008 with 772 deer classified; yielding ratios of 31 bucks:100 does:76 fawns. Spring surveys were conducted from the ground during March Areas surveyed were the Shoshones, Toiyabes and the Simpson Parks. The Battle Mountains and Fish Creeks were not surveyed due to time constraints. A samples of 807 deer was classified; yielding a ratio of 41 fawns:100 adults. The previous year s survey was conducted from the ground in March of A sample of 544 deer was obtained; yielding a ratio of 32 fawns:100 adults. conditions for deer in Area 15 continue to improve over the long term. The Battle Mountain BLM is currently working on the last 2 remaining allotment evaluations, the Battle Mountain and Argenta allotments. Proper grazing management plans in these allotments should help alleviate grazing resource conflicts. These are scheduled to be completed by late The north Toiyabes and Simpson Parks have shown good habitat recovery on springs, riparian s and forage availability with the removal of 1700 horses in Survey data and habitat conditions indicate that deer have started to utilize areas that were overrun by feral horses in previous surveys. Two habitat projects were completed in 2009 in Lander and Eureka counties in the Shoshone Mountains. The 2007 Sansinena fire burned approximately 29,000 acres of summer and winter habitat for mule deer on the Argenta Rim. This area now contains a robust perennial grass and annual weed community with little to no shrub component. In January and February of 2010 about 1400 acres was aerial seeded with sagebrush and forage kochia and over 600 sagebrush seedlings were planted in high wildlife use areas. The success of these projects will depend on adequate spring and summer moisture. The Area 15 adult deer population experienced a mild winter in the northern units with green up starting in early February. Record samples were obtained on winter ranges in Unit 152 with the availability of grasses and forbs on lower elevations. Above average fawn ratios consisting of 40 fawns: 100 adults should allow for population growth in 152. The southern Units 154 and 155, experienced a much harder winter with deep snow conditions that persisted until late March. Green up had not occurred during March and 15

33 MULE DEER deer were much harder to find. Deer came into the winter in great shape. Above average precipitation in early summer proved instrumental for deer surviving through the winter. Overall fawn ratios of 35 fawns:100 adults for Unit 155 will allow this population to remain stable. The 2010 deer population estimate for Area 15 is approximately 6% higher than last year. Units : North-Central Nye and Southern Lander and Eureka Counties Report by: Tom Donham Harvest Results 2009 was the third consecutive year of the Any Legal Weapon early/late split mule deer hunt. In 2007, the season changed from a single 23-day season to a split 16-day early/late season for both Management Area 16 and 17. The split season is intended to allow those willing to deal with larger crowds and comparatively more difficult hunting conditions a greater chance of obtaining a deer tag on a regular basis, while at the same time offering a hunt later in the fall with significantly smaller crowds for those sportsmen willing to wait longer between deer tags. In 2009, the draw odds for the early season were 3 to 1. Early season success was 44% with a harvest of 40% 4-points or better. In comparison, 2008 saw 46% success with a harvest of 34% 4-points of better. The draw odds for the late season were 12 to 1. Hunter success in the 2009 late hunt was 69% with a harvest of 67% 4-points or better. In 2008, late season hunter success was 78% with a harvest of 89% 4-points or better. The comparatively easy access to higher elevations in much of Area 16 allows for higher hunter success in Area 16 compared to Area 17 where the late season success is much more dependent winter weather conditions to make deer more accessible. Post-season compositions surveys were conducted during late November and early December 2009 in Units 161, 162, and 163. Unit 164 was not included in the survey due to limited time and the low density of animals occurring in the unit. A total sample of 786 deer was classified resulting in observed ratios of 34 bucks:100 does:57 fawns. Following 2 years of lowered production in central Nevada deer herds, the impressive production rates in 2009 were very welcome. The observed buck ratio was slightly above expected levels. A spring composition survey was conducted in late March The spring sample of 1,215 deer classified during the spring survey period represents the second highest sample obtained since The observed ratio of 35 fawns:100 adults indicates that although over winter fawn loss over was approximately 17%, recruitment was still noticeably above the previous 10-year average. The previous spring survey took place during late March 2009 when a total of 409 deer was classified as 318 adults and 91 fawns. Due to regularly occurring drought periods during the past several years, reduced recruitment rates have caused the MA 16 mule deer herd to remain fairly static overall. Extremely poor climatic conditions which occurred from the fall of 2006 through the late fall of 2007 resulted in an even more drastic reduction in recruitment which caused a decrease in deer numbers throughout central Nevada during that time period. Fortunately, the past year has seen a return of favorable climatic conditions to central Nevada resulting in boosted production and recruitment rates and an increase in deer populations over the short-term. Currently, conditions in central Nevada are encouraging, and all types of wildlife are benefitting from improved habitat conditions. Impacts caused by previous drought cycles will take some time to reverse, and conditions will need to remain favorable for the foreseeable future if central Nevada deer herds are to increase significantly. The Area 16 pre-hunt population estimate is approximately 4,000 adult animals, which reflects a 9% increase over

34 MULE DEER Units : Northwestern Nye and Southern Lander Counties Report by: Tom Donham Harvest Results 2009 was the third consecutive year of the Any Legal Weapon early/late split mule deer hunt. In 2007, the season changed from a single 23-day season to a split 16-day early/late season for Management Area 16 and 17. The split season is intended to allow those willing to deal with larger crowds and comparatively more difficult hunting conditions a greater chance of obtaining a deer tag on a regular basis, while at the same time offering a hunt later in the fall with significantly smaller crowds for those sportsmen willing to wait longer between obtaining deer tags. In 2009, the draw odds for the early hunt were 3 to 1. Early season success was similar to that in 2008 with 31% success and a harvest of 33% 4-points or better. Draw odds for the late season were 5 to 1. The late season saw a success rate of 46% with a harvest of 67% 4-points or better, which was also very similar to success rates and harvest of 4-points or better in Unlike Area 16 with more road access, the comparative success of the Area 17 late hunt depends more on cooler temperatures and/or sufficient precipitation to make deer more accessible for harvest. Post-season aerial composition surveys were not conducted in Management Area 17 (MA 17) during the reporting period. A spring aerial composition survey was conducted in late March A total sample of 668 deer was classified as 478 adults and 190 fawns. Similarly to MA 16, due to improved climatic conditions, recruitment levels increased noticeably over those experienced over the past few years. The last post-season survey accomplished in Area 17 took place in late During the survey, a sample of 1,810 mule deer was classified as 343 bucks, 1145 does, and 322 fawns. The sample size was the largest that has been obtained during a post-season survey since The previous spring composition survey was conducted in late March of 2008, when a very modest sample of 509 mule deer was classified as 426 adults and 83 fawns. Extremely dry conditions experienced throughout central Nevada from the fall of 2006 through the late fall of 2007 greatly impacted mule deer populations and their habitats. Record low production and recruitment rates caused a noticeable decline in deer numbers throughout the central portion of the state. The comparatively low number of yearling bucks entering the population in 2008, and to a lesser degree, in 2009, resulted in reduced quotas. Fortunately, this past year has seen a return of favorable climatic conditions to central Nevada resulting in boosted production and recruitment rates and an increase in deer populations over the short-term. Currently, conditions in central Nevada are encouraging, and all types of wildlife are benefitting from improved habitat conditions. Impacts caused by previous drought cycles will take some time to reverse, and conditions will need to remain favorable for the foreseeable future if central Nevada deer herds are to increase significantly. The MA 17 pre-hunt population estimate is approximately 5,000 adult animals, which reflects an 11% increase over 2009 levels. 17

35 MULE DEER Units : Churchill, Southern Pershing and Western Lander Counties Report by: Jason Salisbury A ground survey occurred in the spring of 2010 resulting in the classification of 169 mule deer. The sample consisted of 120 adults and 49 fawns, resulting in a ratio of 41 fawns: 100 adults. Areas surveyed within the Area 18 herd include the Clan Alpine, Stillwater, and Desatoya Mountain Ranges and Lahontan Valley. The Area 18 mule deer herd has had to cope with vast areas of dense pinyon-juniper with little to no understory to support browsing mule deer. conditions are improving because of the recent accumulated moisture, resulting in a perennial grass green-up. A continued pattern of moisture needs to occur to sustain current range conditions. The maturation of the browse community joined with the pinyon juniper canopy closing around it will cause the browse community to be less productive in the future for mule deer. A project has been identified on the western slope of the Desatoya Mountains. This particular project is 2,700 acres and will target pinyon and juniper removal within the Big Den, Little Den area. This treatment will involve hand treatment as well as a masticator machine designed to grind up trees. This opening up of the canopy should allow for improved flow around spring sources as well as increasing the overall browse component. Past fires that have occurred in pinyon and juniper woodland within the Clan Alpine and Stillwater Mountain Ranges has shown to benefit mule deer. Within 10 years preceding the fire, mule deer as well as brush species are reoccupying the area. Brush species are providing needed requirements for the sustainability of the mule deer herd. The Area 18 herd experienced a mild winter in Increased vigor of bunch grasses followed precipitation received in late winter. Spring and summer moisture is important to allow for improved leader production as well as the promotion of forbs and grasses, making up the vegetative component for mule deer in Area 18. The mule deer population within Area 18 has remained stable due to general maintenance level recruitment. This year s adult to fawn ratio should allow for a slight increase in population growth. The buck segment of the population is well represented in all age classes and hunters should have the opportunity to find mature bucks within this population. Unit 192: Carson River Interstate Herd; Douglas County Report by: Carl Lackey A post-season survey flight took place in January Survey results were fair and very similar to last year with 142 deer classified and ratios of 17 bucks:100 does:56 fawns. The spring survey was flown during March resulting with 165 deer classified and a ratio of 50 fawns:100 adults. Winter fawn loss was modeled at 9%. Low buck ratios along the Carson front seem to be the norm during surveys. The reasons for this may include: the toe-slopes and alluvial fans which would account for most of the winter range are now occupied by housing developments; which in turn means the deer that would normally be observed during a survey are either amongst the homes feeding on ornamentals or they are at higher elevations and among the trees. Regardless, point-class distribution in the harvest record indicates a higher percentage of bucks in the population than what is observed during surveys. The majority of deer surveyed in Unit 192 are found in the northern part of the unit. There were no significant changes to the habitat in 2009 occupied by this deer herd. The majority of this 18

36 MULE DEER herd uses the eastern slopes of the Carson Range as critical winter range, migrating over from California summer range, but there is a portion of the herd that remains in Nevada year-round as resident deer. Urbanization along the Carson Front continues to encroach upon winter range traditionally used by the Carson River deer herd and is the single most important issue facing deer herds in the Carson Range. This loss is recognized not only as a direct loss of available habitat but also as stress-free space free from human recreational activities, and loss of thermal cover. What habitat that does remain above the homeline is in fairly good condition. The modeled pre-hunt population estimate is between animals. Overall this deer herd is in decline and has been for at least 2 decades, mostly due to the expanding urban interface. Regardless, survey and harvest data indicate this deer herd has probably maintained itself over the last year. Fawn production and recruitment rates have been at or above maintenance levels, yet the population has remained stable to declining, indicating it is probably at carrying capacity for the habitat. Changes to the season structure for the 2008 season did not affect the overall harvest in this unit over the last 2 years. Unit 194, 196: Carson Range and Peavine Mountain Interstate Herd; Washoe and Carson City Counties Report by: Carl Lackey Biologists completed a late post-season composition survey flight in early January 2009 and classified 251 deer with a ratio of 18 bucks:100 does:45 fawns. A spring survey flight was accomplished in March 2009 classifying 598 deer with a ratio of 34 fawns:100 adults. These results give a modeled winter fawn loss of 7%. Survey timing and conditions were the probable reasons for the decrease in the buck ratio as there were no other contributing factors to account for the difference from last year s results, which vary year to year. Noteworthy is the fact that harvest records contain a point-class distribution indicative of a buck segment in the population higher than that observed during surveys. As in past surveys the majority of deer in Unit 194 were found at tree-line and from Highway 431 north to Verdi. The deer in Unit 196 usually concentrate on the south facing slopes of Peavine Mountain. Housing development and the accompanying human recreation associated with it are the most important issues facing the Carson Front deer herds. Although there were no noteworthy fires or other catastrophic habitat changes in 2009, there have been recent fires in Units 194/196 which have had significant impacts on the landscape. The damage to mule deer winter range caused by these fires is exacerbated by the expanding urban interface. Population Estimates and Trend Based on fawn production and winter survival this deer herd, known as the Loyalton-Truckee/Verdi Interstate herd, is probably operating at carry capacity and has been doing so for the past 2 decades. The population limit placed on this deer herd by human encroachment/development is decreased every year because of the decline in available winter range. The 2010 modeled pre-hunt population estimate of animals includes Nevada s resident deer within the herd, a proportion estimated at 20-30%. Over the last few years this deer herd has appeared healthy with adequate fawn recruitment rates and generally good age cohort distribution. Despite this, the long-term trend in numbers however continues downward, mostly due to habitat loss and fragmentation, and is mirroring carry capacity. This unit remains a much desired area to hunt deer for locals and non-residents, with high success rates and good point-class distribution. Changes to the season structure (split seasons) for this unit has not had a significant effect on the overall harvest since the inception of a split season in

37 MULE DEER Unit 195: Virginia Range Herd; Storey, Washoe and Lyon Counties Report by: Carl Lackey Formal post-season and spring surveys have not been completed for Unit 195 since The majority of land in this unit is privately owned and therefore difficult to manage for wildlife. Additionally, a significant portion is being developed, commercially and residentially. The resulting fragmentation and loss of habitat, along with increased traffic on U.S 395 has decreased this once migratory herd to a resident herd. Population Estimates and Trend The population estimate for this deer herd is derived only from harvest statistics. Deer are fairly common along the Truckee River corridor on mostly private lands. Hunter success indicates an adequate number of deer for the tags sold. The population estimate for the unit is between animals and is thought to be stable at this time. A crude population estimator based on total buck harvest and derived from a Colorado Department of Wildlife model was used to generate this estimate. Units 201, 202, : Walker/Mono Interstate Deer Herd; Douglas, Lyon and Mineral Counties Report by: Jason Salisbury The Nevada Department of Wildlife conducted fall surveys in early January and resulted in the classification of 975 mule deer. The sample consisted of 158 bucks, 572 does, and 245 fawns for a ratio of 28 bucks: 100does: 43 fawns. The Nevada Department of Wildlife uses directed search patterns to locate groups of deer. Spring ground surveys were conducted by California fish and Game personnel in late March The compositions of these animals were classified as 684 adults and 107 fawns for a computed fawn ratio of 16 fawns: 100 adults. Spring green up was prevalent which aided in locating mule deer on toe slopes and benches. Heavy winter precipitation accumulated in the late winter months of 2010 and resulted in sustained snow depths. Snow lessened following increase daytime temperatures occurring in early March. The increase in late winter and spring precipitation has allowed for short term green-up which will permit mule deer the opportunity to replenish needed nutrition. The Area 20 herd is broken up into 2 distinct wintering groups made up of the East and West Walker herds. The East Walker wintering herd occupies the Pine Grove Hills and the West Walker herd occupies the Sierra Front and Wellington Hills. The East Walker herd lives primarily in a pinyon juniper dominated woodland winter range that receives limited moisture resulting in a degraded browse community. The West Walker area receives increased moisture receipts allowing for a better browse community. Consequently, the West Walker herd can experience extreme temperature periods and snow depths which results in added fawn mortality. On a year to year basis following mild winters the fawn ratios on the West Walker herd are 30% higher than the East Walker segment. projects needed to improve deer winter ranges include reducing the pinyon and juniper woodland densities allowing for a positive response to brush communities. Presently, migration corridors exist in the Wellington Hills area, Unit 201, and allow mule deer to migrate through to the winter ranges. However, migration corridors are starting to becoming negatively impacted by increased urbanization. 20

38 MULE DEER The observed fawn count for the springtime represents a 53% over-winter loss which is hard to believe. Two varying survey techniques were used; one fall survey was conducted from the helicopter while the other was conducted from the ground. The fawn recruitment rate for 2010 is 16 fawns: 100 adults and results in a declining population trend. The 2010 fawn recruitment rate may have to be increased in the population model to average out the variances that occurred between fall and spring surveys. The timing of this hunt allows for a high level hunter success. The 5-year average for the Area 20 hunt is 60% which is 21% higher than the 2009 percent success rate for the rest of the units in the state. The prehunt adult deer population estimate for the Walker River interstate herd is approximately 5,200 animals. Nevada s apportionment of the herd is approximately 30% based upon the percentage of the herd that occupies winter range in Nevada. Harvest objectives are then distributed between Unit groups 201 & 204 and Unit groups 202, 205 and 206. This is a 45% and 55% split, respectively. Deer in Unit 205 are actually yearlong residents but harvest levels are not significant enough to warrant a separate management approach. Unit 203: Mason and Smith Valley Resident Herds; Lyon County Report by: Jason Salisbury Survey No surveys were conducted in Mule deer habitat is limited within Mason and Smith Valley s. Deer habitat in Unit 203 is threatened by the increasing trend of converting brush and other escape and food resources into onion and garlic fields. Without adequate thermal and escape cover the mule deer population cannot consistently increase in population trend with this constant manipulation of habitat. Furthermore, ongoing housing development and infrastructure within Mason and Smith Valleys will eventually impact this herd s population. An important number of mule deer exist on the Mason Valley Wildlife Management Area which serves as a safe haven for mule deer population located within in the valley. Currently there is no model developed to track herd population dynamics. The mule deer herd that occupies Mason and Smith Valley has declined from what was observed in the 1990 s but has remained stable since The 1331 any legal weapon hunt can be an indicator of stability. The 2009 overall hunter success rate was 39% and 4-point or better bucks harvested were 35%. The percentage of 4-point or better buck harvested is 25% greater than last year s estimate. Both hunter success and 4-point or greater percentages are slightly below their 10-year averages of 48% hunter success and 37% of 4-point or better bucks harvested for all hunts. Units 211, 212: Esmeralda County Report by: Tom Donham Currently, no formal surveys are conducted in Management Area 21 (MA 21). Past survey efforts have not resulted in sufficient sample sizes for use in monitoring population dynamics. Based upon harvest data, random observations, and informal surveys, the MA 21 mule deer population has remained at relatively low levels for quite some time. Since the late 1990 s, very dry conditions experienced more years than not have impacted production and recruitment rates throughout much of Esmeralda County. In addition, conversion of sagebrush habitats to pinyon and juniper woodland as well 21

39 MULE DEER as the loss of productivity of browse species due to aging has impacted the amount and quality of available habitat. Considering recent climatic conditions, as well as the increased production and recruitment rates shown in other herds in central Nevada in 2009, the MA 21 population is expected to have experienced similar increases in production and recruitment. The turn to more favorable climatic conditions has benefited degraded range conditions in Esmeralda County, and the mule deer population should benefit, at least in the short term. Presently, the population estimate is approximately 350 adult animals. Units : Northern Lincoln and Southern White Pine Counties Report by: Mike Scott Post season aerial surveys were completed during December 2009, and resulted in the classification of 1,313 deer. The sample consisted of 236 bucks, 714 does, and 363 fawns which results in a ratio of 33 bucks:100 does:51 fawns. Yearling bucks comprised 31% of the bucks observed. The previous sample was obtained in December 2008 and consisted of 250 bucks, 608 does, and 274 fawns which results in a ratio of 41 bucks:100 does:45 fawns. Spring surveys were conducted in March 2010 and resulted in the classification of 1,632 deer consisting of 1,196 adults and 436 fawns which results in a ratio of 36.5 fawns per 100 adults. Area 22 continues to have multiple habitat issues including expansion of Pinyon/Juniper, senescent shrubs, water transfers, high numbers of feral horses, heavy off-road traffic, a large powerline along a major migration corridor and across winter range, new proposals for renewable energy in crucial winter range, and large acreages of wilderness where beneficial projects are precluded. Above average precipitation during the winter of should result in good range conditions during the spring of The population is stable compared to last year with a 2010 computer-generated population estimate of 4,900 adult animals. Unit 231: Wilson Creek Range; Northeastern Lincoln County Report by: Mike Scott Post-season aerial surveys were conducted during December 2009 and resulted in the classification of 1,353 deer. These consisted of 246 bucks, 747 does, and 360 fawns which provides a ratio of 33 bucks and 48 fawns per 100 does. Yearling bucks comprised 50% of the bucks observed, compared to 28% from the previous years survey. The previous survey was conducted during December 2008 and resulted in the classification of 1,626 deer. These consisted of 315 bucks, 821 does, and 490 fawns which results in a ratio of 38 bucks:100 does:60 fawns. Spring surveys were conducted during March 2010 and resulted in the classification of 1,310 deer consisting of 989 does and 321 fawns, which provides a ratio of 33 fawns per 100 adults. Mule deer habitat in Area 23 faces many real and potential threats. A large-scale wind energy facility is proposed for the high elevation summer ranges of Table Mountain and Mt. Wilson, water transfers, high numbers of feral horses, continued expansion of Pinyon/Juniper, shrub senescence, heavy off-road traffic, and development of private lands in crucial winter ranges all have potential to affect mule deer habitat. 22

40 MULE DEER Heavy snows that stayed on the ground for several months during the winter likely took a toll on fawns in Area 23. conditions should be good during the spring of 2010 due to above-average precipitation during the winter of Two water developments are scheduled to be built in Area 23 in 2010 that should benefit mule deer. Population Estimates and Trend The population is stable compared to last year with a 2010 computer-generated population estimate of 3,100 adult mule deer. Units : Clover, Delamar, and Meadow Valley Mountain Ranges; Lincoln County Report by: Mike Scott Post-season aerial surveys were conducted in January 2010 and resulted in the classification of 310 deer consisting of 77 bucks, 157 does, and 76 fawns. These numbers provide a ratio of 49 bucks:100 does:48 fawns. Yearling bucks comprised 31% of the bucks classified. The previous sample was obtained in January 2009 and resulted in a total of 322 deer classified. Of these, 77 were classified as bucks, 155 classified as does, and 90 classified as fawns. Spring aerial surveys were conducted in March 2010 and resulted in a total of 390 deer observed. Of these 299 were classified as adult and 91 classified as fawns which provides a ratio of 30 fawns per 100 adults. conditions should be good during the spring of 2010 due to above-average precipitation during the winter of Heavy snows that covered much of the area likely had a detrimental effect on fawns. Area 24 has somewhat limited mule deer habitat due to an abundance of dense Pinyon/Juniper forests, with little understory. Areas that burned in previous years appear to be recovering well and should provide reasonable forage for mule deer. High numbers of feral horses still roam the Clover and Delamar Mountains, despite BLM s reduction in the AML to zero. Population Estimates and Trend The 2010 population estimate is 750 adult animals, compared to 800 in Units : South Central Nye County Report by: Tom Donham Presently, neither post-season nor spring surveys are conducted in these units. The last surveys conducted in the area occurred in 1998 and failed to yield a sufficient sample for analysis. Management Area 25 (MA 25) has a limited amount of good quality mule deer habitat. The greatest amount and best quality habitat, and therefore the majority of the deer population, in MA 25 occurs in Unit 251. Due to regularly occurring drought periods, impacts from excessive numbers of feral horses, pinyon and juniper expansion, and aging of browse species, the mule deer population in Unit 251 has remained static at relatively low numbers for some time. Based upon the increased production and recruitment seen in other central Nevada herds due to the recent turn to more favorable climatic conditions, the deer population in MA 25 should have seen similar increases. Upcoming feral horse gathers are scheduled to take place in Unit 251, and should provide even 23

41 MULE DEER more relief to wildlife species and their habitats. The MA 25 mule deer population currently is experiencing a slightly increasing trend. Presently, the population estimate for Units is approximately 350 adult animals. Units : Clark and Southern Nye Counties Report by: Patrick Cummings Mule deer habitat in Area 26 is marginal; consequently, deer densities are low and below levels that warrant annual or periodic aerial surveys. The lack of composition data precludes development of a useful model that would demonstrate herd population dynamics and generate population estimates. Area 26 is in proximity to Las Vegas and other growing cities. Recreational pursuits that include OHV and mountain bike use and the resultant proliferation of roads and trails coupled with suburban sprawl, serve to degrade mule deer habitat. In the Spring Mountains, mule deer habitat is also impacted by feral horses and burros. In June 2004, the Humbolt-Toiyabe National Forest issued a Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact for Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Motorized Trails Designation Project. The decision to implement alternative 5 (with modifications) as summarized in the respective Environmental Assessment involves minimal closure of newly established roads. Thus, the recently authorized management prescription for motorized trails ensures the status quo for the foreseeable future. The mule deer population in Area 26 likely experienced a decline as result of drought conditions that have persisted from November 2005 through November During this period, mule deer coped with reduced availability of quality forage, and subsisted largely on cured and woody vegetation low in digestibility and nutritive value. Thus, the consequences of mule deer in Area 26 surviving on a lower nutritional plane were reduced reproduction and recruitment. As of this writing in April 2010, environmental conditions are greatly improved due to the several fall and winter storm systems that occurred over nearly a 4-month period from December 2009 through early March In its seasonal outlook, the National Weather Service has not identified the likely development of drought conditions during the period April 1, 2010 through June Units 271, 272: Southern Lincoln and Northeastern Clark Counties Report by: Mike Scott No mule deer surveys were conducted in Units 271 or 272 during the reporting period. Mule deer densities are low enough that standard surveys do not result in enough data for analysis. The harvest strategy is based on hunter demand and success. Mule deer habitat is limited in Area 27. Better mule deer habitat is found in the Virgin Mountains; however, it is still a low density mule deer area. Both units are within Mojave Desert ecotypes with Pinyon/Juniper found at higher elevations. Water is very limited and mule deer are generally found in areas not far from water, at least during the warmer times of the year. Large-scale wildfires likely 24

42 MULE DEER opened up some habitat in recent years, which appears to be recovering. Above-average precipitation during the winter of should result in good habitat conditions in Area 27. Unit 291: Pinenut Mountain Herd: Douglas County Report by: Carl Lackey No formal surveys were conducted in this unit. General observations and anecdotal reports indicate that this herd is stable over the short-term but has declined significantly over the long-term. Loss of habitat and access to available and adequate habitat in this unit continue to keep the deer population at low levels. Expansion of the pinyon forest over the past few decades, increased human recreational activity and increased urbanization on the perimeter with corresponding traffic have all contributed to loss of habitat and the decline of mule deer in Unit 291. Significant portions of the unit contain monocultures of pinyon-juniper, much of which is dead. improvement projects have been recommended to reduce the pinyon-juniper coverage, yet short of a catastrophic habitat regime change affecting thousands of acres, the deer herd will not increase significantly in numbers. There is no modeled population estimate for this herd. This population is believed to be stable, but has the potential to increase under more ideal habitat conditions. Many of the deer, particularly in the northern part of the management area, are resident deer. The 2010 population for Area 29, estimated at 500 adult animals, based on buck harvest, is well below the historic levels recorded for the Pinenut Mountains and may well be below carrying capacity. The loss of travel corridors, due to Highway 395 traffic and housing development from Topaz Ranch Estates up along the eastern side of Carson Valley, into the unit are the primary cause for this. Still, it is an area that offers a local hunting opportunity with a good buck point-class available and decent hunter success. This is evidenced by demand in the form of 363 first-choice applications for the 84 available tags combining all hunts. 25

43 PRONGHORN PRONGHORN ANTELOPE Units , 021, 022: Washoe and Western Humboldt Counties Report by: Chris Hampson A total of 902 pronghorn was classified during helicopter composition surveys in Management Areas 1 and 2. The composition ratios obtained from the September surveys averaged 31 bucks:100 does:46 fawns. In 2008, the average ratio for the 2 management areas was 36 bucks:100 does:44 fawns. The buck ratio objective of 28 bucks per 100 does was met in Unit Group and Unit 015 in Buck ratios remain above management objectives in hunt Unit 011 and Unit Group 021, 022. Pronghorn fawn recruitment was observed to be much improved in The average fawn ratio for the hunt units in Northwestern Nevada increased from an average of 44 fawns per 100 does in 2008 to 57 fawns per 100 does this past year. Improved habitat conditions due mostly to the near record rainfall received during the month of June helped to increase fawn survival this past summer and fall. Most areas within Washoe County received over 2 inches of rainfall during the month. The area most affected by the drought conditions over the past few years has been Unit Group Fawn ratios within this unit group averaged just 30 fawns per 100 does in 2007 and Due to the improved habitat conditions, the unit group averaged 54 fawns per 100 does in Table Post-season pronghorn composition for Washoe County Unit Bucks Does Fawns Total Bucks:100 Does:Fawns :100: :100: :100: :100: Totals :100: Totals :100:44 conditions throughout much of Washoe County improved considerably following a near record setting rainfall in June of However, drier conditions returned and most areas within Washoe County had become very dry by late summer. This past winter has provided a few significant storms that dropped considerable moisture, however, as of March 1 st 2010, the basins in the western portion of the state show total precipitation and snowfall totals that are well below average. In fact, the Northern Great Basin which covers much of Northwestern Nevada is the driest Basin in the state when comparing average snowfall and overall precipitation totals. One of the best examples of just how dry it has been over the past several years is the fact that most large lakebeds in northern Washoe County are completely dry. Large lakes and reservoirs such as Crooks Lake and Carter Reservoir in Unit 011 were almost completely dry this past summer. Swan Lake and the lakebeds on Rock Springs Table on the Sheldon were also once again dry by late summer. Pronghorn have had to adjust to the extended drought conditions by moving to areas with reliable water sources and the best available forage. Upper elevation habitats such as those in the Granite Range are in better condition but the lower elevation habitats even within the same mountain range remained dry. 26

44 PRONGHORN Despite, the near record rainfall in June, western Nevada is in the midst of experiencing yet another below average water year. This translates into the fourth consecutive dry year for northern Nevada. As of March 1, 2010 the Northern Great Basin in Northwestern Nevada remains well below average for both snow pack and total precipitation values. The Nevada Water Supply Outlook Report shows precipitation totals for the basin at 74% of average while snowpack totals are just 68% of average. The stream flow forecast for the area predicts that flows will be just 60% of average. Cedarville, California has reported the driest month of February on record. The Bureau of Land Management removed over 1900 horses from the Calico Mountains Complex this past fall. The gather was critically important in order to relieve the intense competition between horses and wildlife for food, water and space. The competition between pronghorn and horses was significantly intensified during the severe drought years of 2007 and The gather and removal of the horses will help all wildlife living in the area. Hopefully, in the future the BLM will be able to keep horse numbers within Appropriate Management Levels so that competition between horses and wildlife are kept at a minimum. Pronghorn throughout northwestern Nevada responded favorably to the increased moisture and improved habitat conditions this past year. Recruitment values improved significantly in those areas that had been hardest hit by the extended drought. The only hunt unit to see a slight decrease in recruitment this past year was Unit 011. Affects of the extended drought were obvious in the unit as most lakes and water sources were completely dried up by late summer. Unit 011 had been the most drought resistant area over the past several years and normally receives more moisture than surrounding hunt units. More moisture is desperately needed to refill the large lakes and pit tanks that went dry during late summer Pronghorn populations in Units 011 and 015 continue to do well. Recruitment values have continued to be very strong in both of these herds. Total buck harvest during the 2009 hunting season exceeded objectives in both of these hunts units. Population estimates show increases of between 8 and 11% in Recruitment values for the Unit Group increased significantly to 54 fawns per 100 does this past year. The lower elevations within this large unit group have suffered the most during the extended drought period. In 2007 and 2008, the average fawn ratio for this unit group was just 30 fawns per 100 does. The pronghorn population will show an 8% increase this year, however, due to the poor recruitment observed over the previous 2 years, yearling bucks will make up a higher proportion of the buck segment. The predicted harvest for this unit-group was 104 animals. A total of 103 bucks were harvested during the 2009 hunting season. Fawn recruitment within Unit Group 021, 022 also increased this past year. The average fawn ratio increased to 51 fawns per 100 does in 2009 from 33 fawns per 100 does the previous year. The increased recruitment values will result in an increase of 10% in the 2010 population estimate for this unit group. The harvest objective for this unit group was 18 bucks; hunters harvested a total of 20 bucks during the 2009 season. Housing development, energy development and an overall increase in human activity continue to be the bi-gest threats to this pronghorn population. Difficulties with accessing public hunting areas within portions of this unit group continue to be an issue. Winter survival is expected to be fairly high due to the fact that most winter ranges were devoid of snow for much of the winter. There were occasional snow events that dumped snow on pronghorn winter ranges, but most areas opened up soon afterwards. More snow and rain is needed this coming spring to help replenish water levels in lakes and to help increase flow s at other water sources. conditions may once again deteriorate if the below-average precipitation continues through the 27

45 PRONGHORN spring and early summer. Due to the improved recruitment, Washoe County pronghorn populations will experience increasing trends in Units 031, 032, 034, 035, 051: Humboldt County Report by: Ed Partee Post-season aerial composition surveys were conducted in Management Areas 3 and 5 during the middle of September and the beginning of October The total number of antelope observed during these surveys was down again this year due to the late timing of the surveys. Pronghorn were not as concentrated as they have been during past surveys which have historically been conducted during early September. Antelope were in smaller groups and more dispersed. Table Post-season pronghorn composition for Humboldt County Unit Bucks Does Fawns Total Bucks:100 Does:Fawns :100: :100: :100: Totals :100: Totals :100:40 The total number of animals surveyed this year was below last year s survey and much lower from 2 years prior. Despite the lower number of individuals surveyed fawn ratios increased and are near the past 5-year average. Buck ratios however, remain below the 5-year average in Units 032, 034, and Both 031 and 051 have ratios which are consistent with the 5-year average. Due to the late timing of the flights pronghorn were more dispersed which made it difficult to find large groups. Drought conditions continue to impact forage quality within Management Areas 3 and 5. Over the last 2 years winter moisture has been well below-average throughout Humboldt County. Lack of moisture has left many of the pit tanks and water sources dry throughout the summer months. Spring green up has also been marginal over the last 2 years. Many of the grasses and forbs that pronghorn utilize have been impacted by the lack of winter moisture. Population estimates for both Management Areas 3 and 5 are showing increases. Unit 031 is experiencing good fawn ratios which have helped increase this population. The rest of area 3 is also showing an increase in its population. These units have also seen an increase in the fawn ratio with good survival. Winter concentrations are not as bad as what is being observed in Unit 031, however, with the increase that take place on a yearly basis we may start to see these affects taking place here as well. Area 5 is seeing some increases like that of area 3. However, these increases are not as major as those in area 3. Fawn ratios have had a major jump from the 5-year average which has helped this population increase. This unit is very large with plenty of habitat available for expansion. There is a strong possibility that some of this herd on the east side of this unit may be wintering in either Oregon or in area 6. Future collaring projects may be able to identify these movements. With the recent addition to horns shorter than the ears hunt for area 3, very little effect on the population segment has been observed. Several consecutive years may be needed for this hunt to have an impact on this population. 28

46 PRONGHORN Unit 033: Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge; Washoe and Humboldt Counties Report by: Chris Hampson Due to several consecutive years of drought, pronghorn distribution has changed dramatically in over the past few years. Most water sources including lakebeds, pit tanks and spring sources had dried up or suffered significantly reduced flows by late summer Pronghorn had to adjust to the loss of available water sources and were forced to move to areas where water and better forage were still available. This change in pronghorn distribution has also changed the areas where NDOW biologists have conducted their surveys. A good example of this is on Rock Springs Table, where in normal precipitation years, the lakebeds on top of the table are full or have water available to pronghorn. In recent years, these lakebeds have been dry and pronghorn have moved off of the table completely by late summer. This area has historically been flown during post-season surveys and several hundred pronghorn are normally classified from this location. NDOW has not flown this area in recent years due to the lakebeds being completely dry and the pronghorn no longer inhabiting the area during late summer. Post-season composition surveys were conducted on the Sheldon during the second week of September Areas surveyed were Catnip Mountain, Catnip Reservoir, Round Mountain and Horse Heaven. The survey classified a total of 358 pronghorn which had a computed ratio of 33 bucks:100 does:36 fawns. This is a slight increase in recruitment compared with the average fawn ratio of just 27 fawns per 100 does that was observed between 2006 and However, the recruitment observed this year is just slightly above maintenance levels. Buck ratios are thought to be skewed slightly lower this year due to the fact that surveys were conducted in the areas where hunting pressure is usually high. In years when normal precipitation fills lakebeds and other water sources, areas that are more remote and that receive less hunting pressure are also surveyed so that reliable buck ratios for the pronghorn population can be obtained. The 33 bucks per 100 does classified during this year s surveys is still above harvest objectives. conditions improved following the near-record setting rainfall received in June Between June 1 and June 22 nd the Sheldon received 3.9 inches of rainfall. However, the extreme dry conditions returned and from June 23 rd thru September 30 th the area only received another.5 inch of moisture. Unfortunately, the amount of moisture in June was not enough to reverse the impacts of several consecutive years of drought. Major lakebeds on the Sheldon remained dry throughout the late summer and fall of Pronghorn distribution during the summer months has changed considerably over the past few years as they adjusted to the lack of water and dry conditions. The winter of has thus far been below-average for water year precipitation and snowfall. The Snotel site from the Guano Rim area on the Sheldon shows just 4.4 inches of precipitation since October 1, This is just 74% of normal for this time of year. The snow water content is just 68% of average for this date. Last year at this time the same Snotel site had 5.1 inches of precipitation. During the ten-year period from 1999 to 2008, the Sheldon received below-average precipitation receipts during 7 of the 10 years. The water year is also below-average and the outlook for significant moisture this spring and summer is doubtful. The current below-average precipitation totals project another dry year on the Sheldon. conditions will more than likely remain fair to poor unless significant moisture is received this coming spring and summer. Runoff from melting snow is expected to be minimal and many water sources are expected to be dry again during the summer of In 2009, a total of 364 horses was gathered from the Sheldon refuge with 192 horses being sent to the adoption agent. The remaining animals were turned back on to the refuge after fertility treatments 29

47 PRONGHORN were administered. Another 80 burros were also captured and given up for adoption. Similar captures are again planned for the refuge in September Although recruitment figures for this past year showed an increase of around 9 fawns per 100 does, the Sheldon pronghorn populations continues to struggle with persistent drought and poor habitat conditions. Forage quality and water availability are once again expected to be poor in The population estimate for this herd will remain stagnant due to these conditions. Units 041, 042: Western Pershing and Southern Humboldt Counties Report by: Kyle Neill Ground composition surveys were conducted during mid-september in Units 041, 042 over a 4-day period. Table 1. Pronghorn composition survey results for Units 041 and 042. Year Bucks Does Fawns Total Bucks:100 Does:Fawns :100: :100:46 5-year average :100:47 The 2009 survey sample calculated into age and sex ratios of 48 bucks:100 does:46 fawns. Both the 2009 post-season buck and fawn ratios were considered high and are near their respective 5-year averages. This past summer, C-Punch Ranch irrigated its newly constructed agricultural fields in Granite Springs Valley. Fortunately, little to no antelope use was documented on these fields during this reporting period. However, this agricultural area is presumed to influence distribution of antelope in the future. Big game guzzlers that were constructed several years ago in the Trinity and Antelope Ranges are now being regularly utilized by pronghorn. Additionally, a new big game guzzler for antelope is scheduled to be constructed sometime in mid-june This new big game guzzler will be located in the north eastern portion of the Trinity Range. This guzzler is expected to further expand pronghorn use in the northern Trinity Range and animals that encompass the Poker Brown Wash area. Since 1990, this population has shown an increasing trend. Mild winters and high recruitment rates fueled high population growth in 2006 and The 2008 recruitment rate of 32 fawns:100 does resulted in a stable population. The 2009 fawn ratio of 46 fawns:100 does was at the past 5-year average and should provide for an increasing trend in this population. Field observations from this past winter indicated low overwinter fawn mortality. Once again, western Pershing County s antelope herd will continue to grow. The 2010 population estimate is 1,600 animals and is a 6% increase from what was reported last year. 30

48 PRONGHORN Units 061, 062, 064, 071, 073: North Central Elko County Report by: Ken Gray A ground survey was conducted in the Unit Group in September of A sample of 930 pronghorn was obtained; yielding sex and age ratios of 36 bucks:100 does:53 fawns. The sample size was the second largest ever obtained. The buck ratio was 5 fawns below the 10-year-average. The fawn ratio was slightly above the 10-year-average (Table 1). Table 1. Observed buck ratios, fawn ratios and sample size for pronghorn in Units Parameter Average Bucks:100 does from fall surveys Fawns:100 does from fall surveys Sample size from fall surveys Significant storms with ample moisture in late May and early June of 2009 provided for excellent vegetative conditions for the summer and fall months. Antelope went into the winter in good condition. The winter of was mild and snow did not accumulate on the winter ranges. The combination of antelope entering the winter in good condition and the open mild winter facilitated high winter survival. No major fires burned during the summer of 2009 in this unit group. The high sample size obtained during this year s survey indicated the population was higher than estimated. It is believed that the doe harvest during the antlerless hunts for the past 11 years has been slightly overestimated while the number of fawns killed has been underestimated. A slight correction in the harvest for the past several years, combined with good fawn recruitment, has resulted in approximately a 250 animal increase in the population estimate. The antelope population is slightly over the estimated carrying capacity of the winter range. Harvest recommendations will attempt to keep this population within the confines of their limited winter range. Units 065, 142, portion of 144: Southern Elko County, Northern Eureka County Report by: Russell Woolstenhulme Post-season herd composition surveys were conducted from the ground in December A total sample of 209 antelope was obtained; yielding sex and age ratios of 43 bucks:100 does:36 fawns. In 2008 the sample of 381 antelope resulted in ratios of 37:100:34. Approximately 35,000 acres of habitat burned within this unit group during the summer of The Webb and Sneekee fires in particular affected range used by antelope during the summer and fall months. Several fires have burned areas that were previously burned during fires in These burns are expected to provide good summer and fall habitat in the future. Most of the important antelope winter habitat in this unit group was unaffected by the burns. Winter habitat is a limiting factor within this unit group which may limit herd growth potential and create depredation problems in Unit 144 as antelope continue to disperse further into Eureka County. 31

49 PRONGHORN Population estimates for this unit group have increased over the past few years. Fawn and buck ratios were both up in the short-term, and the population is showing long-term growth. Unit 066, Owyhee Desert: Northwestern Elko County Report by: Ken Gray A helicopter survey was conducted within this unit in August of A sample of 264 antelope was obtained; yielding sex and age ratios of 34 bucks:100 does:28 fawns. The 9 antelope water developments constructed on the Owyhee Desert were used extensively by antelope during the summer of Most other water sources were dry. The Owyhee Desert segment of the population continues to struggle with low fawn production. While the Owyhee Desert portion of the population has remained static, the pronghorn populations on the west side of the Snowstorm Range and in the Petan Ranch area have slowly increased for the past several years. Overall this year s population estimate increased by 10% from last year. Units 067, 068: Western Elko and Northern Lander and Eureka Counties Report by: Ken Gray A winter ground survey was conducted in January A sample of 887 pronghorn was obtained; yielding ratios of 49 bucks:100 does:35 fawns (Table 1). The buck ratio was 6 bucks:100 does above the 10-year-average. The fawn ratio was 11 fawns:100 does higher than last year s ratio and was slightly higher than the 10-year-average. Table 1. Observed Buck Ratios, Fawn Ratios and Sample Size for Pronghorn in Units Parameter Average Bucks:100 does from fall surveys Fawns:100 does from fall surveys Sample size from fall surveys 887 1, Significant storms during late May and early June, 2009 contributed to good range conditions for the summer and fall months. Antelope arrived on winter range in good condition. The combination of healthy antelope and a mild open winter facilitated high winter survival. The large seeding projects that were implemented during the past 13 years are being used extensively by wintering antelope. Antelope are especially utilizing the forage kochia associated with these seeded areas. Antelope winter use on forage kochia has averaged between 20% and 40% in some areas over the past 6 years. The Izzenhood seeding project implemented by the Elko BLM, along with the 32

50 PRONGHORN Bobs Flat, Dunphy Hills and Sheep Creek Range seedings have been extremely important for wintering antelope. The 1,100 acre seeding project that was implemented by NDOW and the TS Ranch in the northern end of Boulder Valley in January of 2009 designed to improve degraded winter range for antelope was partially successful. The entire area was aerially reseeded again in January of 2010 in an attempt to further improve the success of this seeding. The antelope population size is similar to last year s estimate. The 2009 harvest levels were successful at maintaining this population at approximately 1,100 antelope. The recommended quotas for the 2010 season will attempt to maintain this population at current levels. Units 072, 074, 075: Northeastern Elko County Report by: Kari Huebner Surveys resulted in 696 antelope being classified in mid-august. The resulting sex and age ratios for the sample were 23 bucks:100 does:31 fawns. The buck ratio is down from 36 bucks:100 does last year, however the fawn ratio showed an increase after 5 years of decreasing ratios. Fawn recruitment is still 25 percent lower than the ten-year average of 39 fawns:100 does. This survey is typically conducted between the archery and rifle season in this unit group due to the migration of antelope out of the northern end of Unit 072 into Idaho during and after the rifle season. This survey is normally collected from the ground however this year s higher sample size can be attributed to an aerial survey being conducted. This unit group was affected greatly by wildfire in 2007 and A large amount of area burned in the northern end of Units 072 and 074 (Murphy, Scott Creek, and East Slide Rock Ridge Fires-nearly 700,000 acres), and a smaller area in Unit 075 (The Hepworth Fire-38,000 acres). The long-term effects of these fires may be beneficial as perennial grasses dominate the recovering burned areas, however the negative short-term effect will be less brush available on winter ranges. Overall, this pronghorn herd appears to be stable. The combination of the lack of timely summer precipitation and poorer quality winter range due to fires have contributed to lower fawn survival than expected for this herd. Hopefully, with the extensive seeding efforts in Nevada and Idaho on the burned areas, the herd s carrying capacity will increase and expand in future years. Units 076, 077, 079, 081, 091: Northeastern Elko County Report by: Kari Huebner Post-season surveys in August and September resulted in 204 antelope being classified. The resulting sex and age ratios for the sample were 46 bucks:100 does:27 fawns. The buck ratio was the same as last year, however the fawn ratio increased for the first time in 3 years, up 42 percent from last year s ratio of 19 fawns:100 does. 33

51 PRONGHORN Major fires impacted this herd in The West Basin and Eccles Fires (81,741 acres) affected a good portion of Unit 076, and the West Fork Fire (162,151 acres) burned the majority of Unit 081. The longterm effects of these fires should be beneficial to pronghorn as perennial grasses dominate the recovering burned areas, however the negative short-term effect will be less brush available on winter ranges. Overall, this pronghorn herd appears to be stable to slightly increasing. This herd had been increasing in the northern areas of Unit 076 with expected movement of antelope from Idaho. This is more than likely a result of the large amount of area that burned in these units during the summers of 2000, 2001, and again in The area has been seeded heavily and perennial grasses are coming back well. Extensive seeding efforts on the 2007 burned areas in the northern Unit 081 are also showing increases in antelope numbers. Units 078, , 121: Southeastern Elko and Central White Pine Counties Report by: Caleb McAdoo All but Unit 078 was surveyed from the ground in late November and Early December. A total of 528 animals was classified, yielding sex and age ratios of 40 bucks:100 does:20 fawns. The spring of 2009 provided significant moisture; however, it appears the timing of that moisture was too late to facilitate fawn survival. The timing and amount of spring precipitation did result in significant spring growth of grass and forbs in late May and June, however, summer moisture was lacking and subsequently, so was the production of summer forbs and grasses. Despite having good spring moisture in 2009, water availability throughout the year continues to be an issue for both animal water requirements and forage production. Antelope have been especially challenged in areas where they face stiff competition from wild horses for the little water that is available. The Department of Wildlife is in the process of identifying and developing water developments in these unit groups which would provide more consistent water sources for pronghorn on a year-round basis. The 2009 population estimate for the 078, , & 121 Unit Group is almost unchanged from last year. Although good precipitation occurred the spring of 2009, low recruitment in both 2008 and 2009 appear to be preventing this population from continuing its previously observed growth trend. Fawn ratios for 2008 and 2009 are well below the long-term average of 30 fawns:100 does. Despite the poor recruitment observed in the last few years, the population demonstrates a positive long-term trend. This trend was bolstered by high fawn ratios in 2004 and Units , 108, portion of 144: South Central Elko and Western White Pine Counties Report by: Caleb McAdoo Units 101, 102, 104, 108, and 144 B were surveyed from the ground in late November and early December. A total of 556 animals was classified, yielding a ratio of 43 bucks:100 does:23 fawns. 34

52 PRONGHORN The spring of 2009 provided significant moisture; however, it appears the timing of that moisture was too late to facilitate fawn survival. The timing and amount of spring precipitation did result in significant spring growth of grass and forbs in late May and June, however, summer moisture was lacking and subsequently, so was the production of summer forbs and grasses. Despite having good spring moisture in 2008, water availability throughout the year continues to be an issue for both animal water requirements and forage production. Antelope have been especially challenged in areas where they face stiff competition from wild horses for the little water that is available. The current population estimate for the , & 108 Unit Group is up slightly from last year. The long-term pattern is an upward trend, due to pronghorn releases (+86 in 2003) and good to fair levels of fawn recruitment in recent years. The dry range conditions in 2007 likely resulted in the low fawn recruitment observed in The fawn recruitment in 2008 was one of the lowest observed in the last 25 years. Despite the slight increase in this year s population estimate, this unit group s population is likely very similar to last year and so the increase is more indicative of an adjustment in the estimate than actual population growth. Units : Eastern White Pine County Report by: Curt Baughman Harvest Results Two new hunts were initiated in There were 8 resident tags for a Sept. 25 Oct. 4 buck-only muzzleloader hunt. The application rate was 5 applicants per tag with 3 tag holders being successful. A 24-tag resident horns-shorter-than-ears any-legal-weapon hunt (Sept. 6 Sept. 20 season) was also offered which saw 90 applicants with 19 successful hunters. The 2009 post-season survey was conducted from both the ground and the air between Oct 2009 and March Coverage was limited in Spring and Antelope Valleys. The sample of 498 pronghorn yielded sex and age ratios of 37 bucks:100 does:25 fawns. The 2008 post-season survey sample of 976 pronghorn resulted in sex and age ratios of 35 bucks:100 does:16 fawns. Herd composition averaged 36 bucks:100 does:33 fawns for the previous 10 years ( ). Although fawn recruitment was below average for the third consecutive year, the 25 fawns:100 does documented during the 2009 survey was an improvement from the record low 16 fawns:100 does observed during both the 2007 and 2008 postseason surveys. Following 2.5 years of severe drought, habitat conditions improved in Precipitation recorded in Ely by the National Weather Service totaled 124% of average for the April through July period and 115% for the year. The condition of vegetation improved, which allowed pronghorn to begin a recovery of body condition. Water distribution was greatly improved by June rains which filled many catchment ponds. It was good that pronghorn entered the winter in good condition. The past fall and winter brought above-average precipitation and twice the usual snowfall to the Ely area. Areas north of Ely received less and areas south received more. The combination of snowfall and persistent cold produced substantial snow-cover that was continuous in many areas from mid-december through mid- March. Most valley bottoms were not spared. In spite of these conditions, spring observations documented improved fawn recruitment over the previous 2 years. As of early April the water-year 35

53 PRONGHORN precipitation total for Ely stands at over 110%. Storms continue to add moisture to an above-average snowpack. conditions should continue to improve during the upcoming spring period. A wind energy facility with 90+ turbines is being planned for a portion of Spring Valley that is heavily used by pronghorn. The BLM has received an application for an additional, even larger site just north of the first. It is unknown how pronghorn will respond to the development of wind energy facilities in these areas. Following a period of stable to increasing population trend from 2001 through 2006, this pronghorn population declined in subsequent years due to adverse climatic conditions. Pronghorn fawn recruitment has been below-average for the past 3 years, including the 2 lowest on record. Although conditions for pronghorn became more favorable in 2009, the improvements came too late to translate into strong 2009 production and a complete reversal of the population decline. The 2010 population estimate is slightly below the 2009 estimate and may correspond to a slight reduction in some quotas for the 2010 hunts. In spite of the long recent winter, pronghorn should be in better condition than they were a year ago. Production in 2010 should improve over that of restoration projects may result in increased potential for this unit-group to support pronghorn if the benefits are not offset by negative climatic factors. Seven of the past 10 years have seen belowaverage moisture for this unit-group. Units 115, 231, 242: Eastern Lincoln and Southern White Pine Counties Report by: Mike Scott Ground surveys were conducted for pronghorn in this hunt unit during October and November A total of 209 antelope was classified, consisting of 52 bucks, 126 does, and 31 fawns. This total provides a ratio of 41 bucks:100 does:25 fawns. The antelope were found using more of the pinyon-juniper invaded habitat this year, making observation difficult. Many more antelope were observed but were unable to be classified. conditions during the survey were good due to moderate summer and fall precipitation, however, the dry spring conditions during the spring of 2009 likely led to the lower observed fawn ratio. BLM has recently done large habitat projects, designed to improve habitat for sage grouse, in Lake, South Spring, and Hamlin Valleys that may eventually benefit pronghorn. BLM also failed to gather exorbitant numbers of feral horses that are having a dramatic detrimental effect on pronghorn habitat and water sources. It is likely that BLM s failure to keep feral horses at or even near AML will have a lasting detrimental effect on these new projects. Continued expansion of pinyon-juniper into pronghorn habitat is likely also having some effect on pronghorn habitat. BLM did however clear multiple sites for installation of new water developments, and purchased the materials for these new guzzlers. NDOW and BLM are new trying to find ways to get these new projects constructed. Population Status, and Trend The computer-generated population estimate for 2010 lower than that of

54 PRONGHORN Units 131, 145, 163, 164: Southern Eureka, Northeastern Nye, and Southwestern White Pine Counties Report by: Mike Podborny Post-season herd composition surveys were conducted from the ground in September and October There were 490 antelope classified, a record sample; yielding sex and age ratios of 28 bucks:100 does:30 fawns. There were an additional 70 antelope not classified during the survey. In 2008 the sample was 106 antelope yielding age and sex ratio of 29 bucks:100 does:23 fawns. The 10-yearaverage ( ) fawn ratio was 26 and has ranged from 5 to 40 during that same time period. The Southwest Intertie Project (SWIP) is a large 500 kv power line proposed from Idaho to Las Vegas and will cross through Jakes Valley in Unit 131. This power line when constructed should have minimal impacts to antelope but disturbance of habitat will occur. There were 490 antelope classified and an additional 70 observed but not classified during the postseason survey. This indicates the population estimate of 500 in 2009 may have been conservative. The 2010 computer model was adjusted to reflect a higher base population with an increasing trend due to good fawn recruitment for this herd. This antelope herd has increased in the past 20 years due to ingress of antelope from other areas, transplants, increasing habitat due to water developments and some favorable weather conditions. The larger population size and associated increased distribution has resulted in an increased use of alfalfa fields by antelope over the years. Fencing of some fields and the installation of guzzlers to provide additional water away from fields has lessened the impacts of antelope on private land. As these antelope populations continue to increase in this area, the challenge will be to employ management that minimizes conflicts with private land. Units , 245: Eastern Nye and Western Lincoln Counties Report by: Mike Podborny There were no post-season antelope surveys conducted in 2009 in this unit group. The previous survey was conducted in September and October 2008 with 190 antelope classified; yielding sex and age ratios of 51 bucks:100 does:23 fawns. Four water developments in Garden and Coal valleys were rebuilt by the NDOW Guzzler Crew in These water developments will secure a reliable water source for antelope and other wildlife. The Southwest Intertie Project (SWIP) is a large 500 Kv power line proposed from Idaho to Las Vegas and will bisect several valleys in this unit group. The potential impacts to antelope are anticipated to be minimal. The Caliente Nuclear Train Route proposed by the Department of Energy (DOE) from Utah to Yucca Mountain which would have bisected Units 132 and 133 apparently will not be built due to the withdrawal of Yucca Mountain as the nation s Nuclear Repository. In January 2008, 184 antelope were captured in Unit 068 north of Interstate 80 and released in Coal and Garden valleys of Unit 133. It appears the release was successful in increasing the number of antelope in both Sand Spring Valley in Unit 133 and unfortunately, in the agricultural fields near Rachel 37

55 PRONGHORN in Unit 245. Adjacent antelope populations averaged 30 fawns:100 does this year and this rate was used to generate the computer modeled population estimate. The excellent forage conditions that existed during the summer from abundant rain in June should have supported the moderate fawn recruitment and population increase estimated for this unit group. Units 141, 143, : Eastern Lander and Eureka Counties Report by: Jeremy Lutz Post-season antelope surveys were conducted from the ground in September, October, November, and January of Areas surveyed included Crescent Valley, Grass Valley, Antelope Valley, Reese River Valley, and the Simpson Park Mountains. There were 522 animals classified during post-season surveys yielding sex and age ratios of 58 bucks:100 does:56 fawns. The previous year s sample (2008) was 585 antelope classified; yielding ratios of 45:100:54. conditions for antelope continue to improve across much of Lander and Eureka counties. The Battle Mountain BLM is in the final stages for completing the remaining 2 allotment evaluations, the Argenta and Battle Mountain allotments. Completion is set for Two habitat projects were completed in 2010 in Lander and Eureka counties in the Shoshone Mountains. The 2007 Sansinea fire burned approximately 29,000 acres of summer and winter habitat for antelope on the Argenta Rim. This area now contains a robust perennial grass and annual weed community with little to no shrub component. In January and February of 2009 approximately 1400 acres were aerial seeded with sagebrush and forage kochia and over 600 sagebrush seedlings were planted in high wildlife use areas. Success on these projects depends on adequate spring and summer moisture. The 2009 hunter success rate of 78% was even higher than last year (71%). This year s post-season survey sample size was the second largest recorded for this management unit group. The northern half of Units 141 and 152 experienced a relatively mild and open winter. Green-up on grasses and forbs along with a lack of persistent snow cover led to favorable conditions for antelope this winter. This should result in good fawn recruitment and adult survival. The southern portion of Units 152,154, and 155 experienced a much harder winter. Deep snow and cold temperatures persisted till late March without any available green-up. Antelope were always found in sagebrush covered valleys and open south facing slopes. Fawn recruitment and adult survival is expected to be fair for the southern units. The overall fawn ratio for the past 5 years for this management unit was 44 fawns:100 does. This was an above average ratio resulting in good population growth. The population estimate for this management unit has increased due to above-average fawn ratios and mild winters. Units 161, 162: Northern Nye, Southeastern Lander, and Southwestern Eureka Counties Report by: Tom Donham During September and October 2009, a total of 82 pronghorn was classified as 19 bucks, 54 does, and 9 fawns in Units 161 and 162. The observed fawn ratio of 17 fawns:100 does is somewhat below the previous 9-year average of 21 fawns:100 does. The previous post-season composition survey took place in 2008 when a total of 102 pronghorn was classified as 34 bucks, 53 does, and 15 fawns. 38

56 PRONGHORN conditions in central Nevada have suffered due to drought conditions experienced on a regular basis for nearly a decade. In addition to impacts caused by drought, range conditions in many areas of central Nevada have suffered due to large numbers of feral horses. Some relief was provided to portions of the area when the Bureau of Land Management removed 205 feral horses during January and February The horses were removed from the Stone Cabin HMA, a portion of which lies within Unit 162. If feral horse numbers are kept in check following these gathers, improvements to forage quantity and quality as well as to critical water sources should benefit pronghorn herds. Additional feral horse gathers are planned for the near future in central Nevada, but due to lawsuits filed by prohorse groups in response to most capture plans, these captures may or may not take place. The completion of 3 water developments in the southern portion of Unit 162 could benefit pronghorn that have been impacted by the downward trend of natural spring sources caused by feral horses and drought. The water development projects were begun in 2005 by the USFS, and to date, only one development has been completed. Unfortunately, the USFS has not fenced the water development that was built, and feral horses are currently utilizing it, which is increasing horse use in the very area where the development was supposed to have provided relief to resident pronghorn. During the mid 1980 s favorable climatic conditions allowed pronghorn populations to expand throughout central Nevada, including Units Drought conditions experienced during most years from the late 1980 s thru the mid 1990 s slowed, and in some instances reversed this growth. While pronghorn populations remained relatively stable from the late 1990 s thru the early 2000 s, severe drought conditions experienced during 2002 and 2003 once again took a toll on these herds. Drought conditions can result in poor body condition of adult animals due to reduced nutrition, resulting in underweight fawns, as well as reducing fawn hiding cover during the time when they are most susceptible to predation. Unfortunately, dry conditions have occurred during more years than not during the past 9 years. Improved conditions experienced in 2009 may have set the stage for an increase in central Nevada pronghorn herds, but conditions will need to remain favorable for some time in order for this to occur. The Unit pronghorn herd has suffered very low production throughout the past decade, and overall the herd continues to experience a downward trend in most areas. Despite the slight downward trend, this year s published population estimate is the same as last year s because the population estimate in 2009 was believed to be slightly low, and was increased accordingly through the modeling process. Although pronghorn continue to struggle due to poor habitat conditions throughout most of Units 161 and 162, an increase in numbers over the past several years has occurred around agricultural areas in Big Smoky Valley, Unit 161. This increase can be attributed to transplants of pronghorn in neighboring units, as well as the availability of higher quality forage and more reliable access to water in these areas during critical periods. Units : Northwestern Nye and Southern Lander Counties Report by: Tom Donham No formal post-season survey was conducted in Management Area 17 during the fall of Despite the lack of a formal post-season survey, observations of pronghorn during random encounters throughout the summer in MA 17 indicate the herd in this area also experienced reduced production in The previous post-season composition survey was conducted from the ground in the fall of During that survey a total sample of 35 pronghorn was classified as 9 bucks, 21 does, and 5 fawns. 39

57 PRONGHORN Three water developments have been installed in Unit 172 over the past several years and pronghorn have benefited from the reduction of competition with feral horses and livestock at natural waters. These waters have also allowed pronghorn to utilize habitats and associated forage that are unavailable to feral horses and livestock for a large part of the year due to a lack of natural water. The water developments have become even more important to the population during the recent series of drought periods. From 1988 to 2003, a total of 173 pronghorn was released into Ione Valley, Unit 172. Following these releases, many animals dispersed into adjoining areas, which slowed the growth of the MA 17 pronghorn herd, but at the same time, benefited surrounding areas. During much of the past decade, the MA 17 pronghorn herd experienced somewhat better production than other central Nevada herds, which allowed this population to show moderate growth while others did not. Unfortunately, during the past 3 years this has not been the case. Currently, the MA 17 herd is experiencing the same lowered production rates as other central Nevada herds. Unless the improvement in climatic conditions experienced in 2009 continues into the foreseeable future, the MA 17 pronghorn herd is expected to continue to struggle. Similarly to other central Nevada herds, while the pronghorn population struggles throughout much of MA 17, increases in numbers are occurring in and around agricultural areas. Population increases in agricultural areas in Unit 184 have begun to stimulate population growth in the northern reaches of Unit 172, which is reflected in the slightly increased population estimate for this year. Due to the fact that pronghorn regularly move between Nye, Esmeralda, Mineral, and Churchill counties, it is very difficult to develop a population estimate for this area. Currently, the Unit pronghorn population appears to be experiencing a slightly increasing trend due to ingress. Units : Churchill, Southern Pershing, Western Lander and Northern Mineral Counties Report by: Jason Salisbury A post-season composition survey was conducted from the ground in Units during the fall of A total of 368 pronghorn was classified as 91 bucks, 187 does, and 90 fawns. The resulting ratios were 49 bucks:100 does:48 fawns. This year s survey is a record survey for these unit groups. The sample recorded this year is a 59% increase when compared to the previous year. conditions are improving significantly because of an increase in late winter and early spring precipitation. Upper elevation toe slopes and mountain sides are experiencing significant green up. The improved moisture receipts should dramatically improve forage conditions and water availability at spring sources for this antelope herd. Future water resources are needed to allow for continued expansion and growth. Some pronghorn populations within Churchill County rely solely on winter livestock water haul sites. These water haul sites are not dependable water sources for this expanding herd. Future water developments are needed to provide dependable water sources as well as reducing competition with livestock. The Bureau of Land Management is currently working on a plan to prescribe herbicide usage within the Edwards Creek Valley to control Cheat grass. Following the herbicide treatment, native grasses as well 40

58 PRONGHORN as forage kochia will be planted in large green strips to control future incidents with fire. If forage kochia becomes established in this seeding it will provide an alternative food source for the Area 18 pronghorn herd. Pronghorn numbers within Churchill County have steadily increased over the past 7 years. The future outlook for this herd is promising. Continued fawn ratios in the high forties will allow for continued growth of this herd. This year s sample size coupled with a 91% hunter success rate indicates a healthy buck ratio and will provide ample pronghorn for harvest well into the future. Additionally the 2009 harvest indicates 54% of the bucks harvested were 15 and greater in size with the statewide average running around 36%. The 2010 population estimate is a 30% increase over the 2009 estimate. This increase is based on antelope observed during fall surveys. It is believed that the Area 18 pronghorn herd was slightly underestimated in previous years. Units 202, 204: Lyon and Mineral Counties Report by: Jason Salisbury Survey A total of 71 pronghorn was classified during a late February ground survey in The sample consisted of 21 bucks, 43 does, and 7 fawns. The resulting ratio consists of 49 bucks:100 does:16 fawns. The 2010 fawn ratio is the second consecutive year of low fawn production. For several years now below average precipitation has negatively affected the quality of forage on both summer and winter ranges. Feral horse gathers were conducted in the Bodie Hills and Aurora Peak and a total of 200 feral horses was removed. This should lessen competition for forage and water resources. The horse roundup occurred primarily on antelope summer range, which is in the upper elevations of the Bodie Hills of California. For the last 3 years fawn production has been in the teens and twenties. This year s decreased fawn recruitment is a direct result of below average precipitation levels, resulting in poor vegetation conditions on summer and winter ranges. This degradation of vegetation can account for poor body condition of does resulting in poor fawn recruitment. On the whole, this herd is experiencing a static population trend. Units 203, 291: Lyon, Douglas Counties Report by: Jason Salisbury A shortened post-season ground survey was conducted in Units 203 and 291 during the fall of During the survey a total of 39 antelope was classified as 18 bucks, 15 does, and 6 fawns. The resulting ratio of 40 fawns per 100 does will produce a slight increase in this population. The Adrian valley fire burned 18,000 acres in the summer of A reseeding effort of grasses and forbs occurred in the winter of 2008 and should allow for the recovery of the burn and provide needed forage resources for the antelope herd that summers on the table tops of the Pine Nut Mountain Range. 41

59 PRONGHORN Future needs require the placement of water developments into the Buckskin and Singatse Mountain Ranges to extend the summer range of this antelope herd. Fawn production and recruitment within these unit groups fluctuate on a yearly basis depending on the amount of precipitation received and forage quality. The slight increases in fawn production allows for above maintenance level recruitment. These slight bumps in fawn production in the recent past have been followed by below maintenance level recruitment resulting in a static population growth trend within this herd. The population estimate approximates the 60 animals reported last year. Units 205, 206: Eastern Mineral County Report by: Jason Salisbury Harvest Results In 2009 the any legal weapon hunt 1331 was changed from late August to late September. The reasoning for this change was past conflicts that have occurred between hunters and the North and South Off-road Race that ran concurrent with the hunting season. The 2009 hunter success was 6% lower than in The reduced success may be attributed to pronghorn dispersing away from water sources. A sample of 52 antelope was classified, yielding a composition ratio of 84 bucks:100 does:24 fawns. Areas surveyed include Calvada Flat, Whiskey Flat, Pilot Mountain, Garfield Flat and Win Wan Valley. The Calvada Summit guzzler is an important water development used by the pronghorn herd in Unit 205. In 2010 additional apron and tanks were installed to meet the demands of the herd. Also in 2010 the Wildhorse canyon water development was rebuilt and should provide a new dependable water source for the antelope that occupy the Win Wan Flat area. Additionally the Sunrise Flat water development was rebuilt providing a new dependable water source. The Mineral County antelope herd occupies a large expanse of land. Small scattered groups of antelope occupy small home ranges in and around water during the summer time. The last several years has had low fawn production creating a static population trend. The population estimate for the Area 20 antelope herd is 320 animals. This herd will only experience significant population growth following considerable increases in moisture. Some areas associated around agriculture should allow for increased population growth, but following extensive drought periods the population may succumb to reduced recruitment of fawns into the population. Units , 241: Lincoln and Southern White Pine Counties Report by: Mike Scott Ground surveys were conducted for pronghorn in these units during October and November A total of 147 antelope was classified consisting of 28 bucks, 93 does, and 26 fawns, which results in a ratio of 30 bucks:100 does:28 fawns. Pronghorn were observed in Delamar, Dry Lake, Cave, White River, Steptoe, and South Spring Valleys. The survey was conducted later in the year than normal and lower numbers than expected were seen. 42

60 PRONGHORN and conditions appeared to be good during the survey due to moderate summer and fall precipitation. Dry conditions existed during the spring of 2009 that likely led to the low observed fawn ratio. BLM has recently completed large scale habitat projects in Cave Valley for the benefit of sage grouse that should result in improved habitat for pronghorn as well. Extremely high numbers of feral horses can be observed in Dry Lake, Muleshoe, and Cave Valleys which likely have a detrimental effect on pronghorn habitat and water sources, and may have a dramatic detrimental effect on the new projects. Added threats to pronghorn habitat include new powerline projects and solar energy projects which are proposed for this area. Additionally, BLM continues to approve OHV races that run through pronghorn winter and fawning habitat. The computer-generated population estimate for 2010 is slightly lower than the 2009 estimate. Unit 251, Central Nye County Report by: Tom Donham Post-season composition surveys were conducted in Unit 251 during early October A total of 209 pronghorn was classified as 61 bucks, 118 does, and 30 fawns. Of the 209 animals observed, 192 of them were located on private alfalfa pivots, and 105 of those animals were located on pivots immediately adjacent to the Nellis Test and Training Range boundary. The previous survey was conducted during the fall of 2008 when a total of 177 pronghorn was classified as 50 bucks, 78 does, and 49 fawns. Pronghorn habitat in Unit 251 has been severely impacted by drought and unreasonable numbers of feral horses for quite some time. Some natural water sources that have been damaged by feral horses for years have gone dry due to recent drought conditions. Forage conditions, which have suffered from high numbers of horses, have been even more severely impacted by the additional stress of recent drought. While 2009 saw an improvement in climatic conditions, a continuation of these circumstances will be necessary for any significant benefits to be realized. During January and February 2007, the BLM conducted several feral horse gathers in central Nevada. A total of 461 feral horses was removed from the Stone Cabin, Reveille, and Saulsbury HMA s, as well as the surrounding area. The majority of these feral horses were removed from Unit 251. The removal of these feral horses should help improve habitat conditions as well as provide some relief to critical water sources that have been severely impacted by feral horse abuse. Although the gathers are a step in the right direction, numbers are still above appropriate levels and impacts to pronghorn, other wildlife, and their habitats will likely continue until further reductions occur. Additional feral horse gathers are planned for the near future in central Nevada, but due to lawsuits filed by pro-horse groups in response to most capture plans, these captures may or may not take place. Due to recent drought conditions and impacts from feral horses, pronghorn are increasingly attracted to nearby agricultural areas. A large portion of the resident Unit 251 pronghorn herd resides on private land for a large portion of the year. An even larger number of pronghorn have begun to drift out of the NTTR to an increasing number of private alfalfa pivots along the NTTR boundary. Presently, due to movements of animals into the Unit from the NTTR, and the tendency for a few of these animals to remain on the public land side of the boundary, the Unit 251 population is considered to be slightly increasing. This estimate does not include the majority of those animals that spend the largest portion of the year within the NTTR. 43