1 Introduction Basics... 3

Transcription

1 Outline of contents 1 Introduction Basics... 3 Beat P. Kneubuehl 2.1 The physics of wound ballistics Ammunition and weapons Ballistics General wound ballistics Beat P. Kneubuehl 3.1 Introduction Processes in the wound channel; the temporary cavity Simulants Other approaches to simulation Wound ballistics of bullets and fragments Beat P. Kneubuehl 4.1 The effectiveness of bullets Wound ballistics of handgun bullets Wound ballistics of rifle bullets Wound ballistics of fragments Non-lethal projectiles Wound ballistics and forensic medicine Conventional forensic medicine Markus A. Rothschild 5.2 Modern graphical methods Michael J. Thali 5.3 Experimental reconstruction Beat P. Kneubuehl, Michael J. Thali 6 Wound ballistics and surgery Robin M. Coupland 6.1 The historical connection between wound ballistics and surgery Wound ballistics and ballistic trauma what s the difference? Comparing simulated wounds and real wounds Clinical features of real wounds

2 VIII Outline of contents 6.5 The contribution of wound ballistics to the care of wounded people Documenting ballistic trauma Wound ballistics and international agreements Beat P. Kneubuehl 7.1 Introduction History of firearms and ammunition International treaties Appendices A Tables A.1 List of tables in the main text A.2 Characteristics of materials A.3 Calibre designations (metric system) A.4 Ballistic data for cartridges (metric system) A.5 Calibre designations (British/U.S. system) A.6 Ballistic data for cartridges (British/U.S. system) A.7 Bullet designations A.8 Geometric data for selected bullets A.9 Twist length, angle of twist and rotation A.10 Ballistics tables (metric system) A.10 Ballistics tables (British/U.S. system) A.12 Shotguns and shot B Glossary B.1 English German French B.2 German English French B.3 French German English C Bibliography Photo credits Index

3 Detailed table of contents Table of symbols... XIX Prefix symbols for decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units... XXIII Conversions... XXIII 1 Introduction Basics The physics of wound ballistics Preliminary remarks Coordinates, systems of units and notation Mechanics Kinematics Mass, momentum and force Work and energy Rotation Laws of conservation of mass, energy and momentum Equations of motion Fluid dynamics General Basic concepts in thermodynamics Material characteristics Frictionless flow Flow of a viscous fluid Fluid jets General Exhaust flow from a muzzle De Laval nozzles (converging-diverging nozzles) Jet velocity and energy Measuring techniques for wound ballistics General Dynamic phenomena Physical values Ammunition and weapons Introduction Ammunition... 34

4 X Detailed table of contents The structure of a cartridge Types of ammunition Blank and irritant rounds Fragmenting ammunition Weapons Firearm design and typology Handguns Long weapons Alarm pistols and revolvers Ballistics Definitions Interior ballistics General Powder combustion The firing sequence Interior ballistics calculations Energy balance Muzzle phenomena Muzzle gas flow Flash Exterior ballistics General; terms used Exterior ballistics calculations Ballistics tables Proper motion of a bullet Disturbances to the trajectory Stability and tractability Definition of stability Spin-stabilized projectiles Projectiles stabilized by air forces Shoulder stabilization Tractability Stability and ricochets Fragment ballistics Acceleration of fragments Exterior ballistics of fragments Terminal ballistics models General The plugging model The displacement model (ductile failure) Bullet passing through a thin layer of material... 84

5 Detailed table of contents XI 3 General wound ballistics Introduction General The history of wound ballistics Basic relationships Processes in the wound channel; the temporary cavity Preliminary remarks The concept of the temporary cavity Different ways of looking at wounding Modelling wound ballistics processes Motion and behaviour of a bullet Rifle bullets Handgun bullets Fragments and fragment-like projectiles Possible types of wound channel Physical models The temporary cavity Phenomenology of the temporary cavity Quantitative description of the temporary cavity Influence of impact conditions and bullet characteristics The effect of the sectional density of a bullet on the shape of the temporary cavity The effect of bullet design on behaviour Categories of bullet Deformation and fragmentation; general points Experimental results Patterns in bullet wounds to bones Bullet temperature and sterility Historical background Bullet temperature Bullets contaminated with bacteria Burns due to bullets Simulants General Gelatine Characteristics and fabrication Fabrication of gelatine blocks; preparation for experiments Evaluating gelatine experiments Glycerine soap (ballistic soap) Characteristics and fabrication

6 XII Detailed table of contents Ageing Evaluating soap experiments Using soap to conduct measurements Comparison between soap and gelatine General Availability, handling and measuring techniques Reaction to bullets Which simulant for which purpose? Connection between the analysis methods Bone General Hollow bones Modelling the head Other simulants Other approaches to simulation Experiments on animals and cadavers Animals Cadavers Cell cultures Physical/mathematical models General SELLIER s velocity profiles Computer Man The Verwundungsmodell Schütze (VeMo-S) Wound ballistics of bullets and fragments The effectiveness of bullets Effectiveness versus effect Definitions Factors that contribute to the effect of a bullet Measures of effectiveness Historical background The stopping power fallacy Traditional measures of effectiveness Summary and conclusions Determining the effectiveness of a bullet Definition of effectiveness Measuring effectiveness Military effectiveness criteria Definitions of effectiveness Probability of incapacitation

7 Detailed table of contents XIII 4.2 Wound ballistics of handgun bullets Penetration depth of handgun bullets and ability to pass through gelatine, soap, muscle and bone General Penetration depth in gelatine, soap and muscle Penetration capacity in bone Threshold velocities for eyes Characteristics of handgun bullets General Bullets with good penetration properties Bullets designed for maximum effectiveness Unconventional bullet design Gas and fluid jets as projectiles General Liquid jets Gas jets The effects of gas jets in the case of gas and alarm pistols Wound ballistics of rifle bullets Introduction Remote effects General Shock waves Biological/pathological consequences of shock waves Pressure changes in blood vessels The effects of pressure pulses on blood vessels Bone fractures at locations remote from the wound channel Wound ballistic characteristics of rifle bullets Bullets designed for military use Hunting bullets Shot and slugs Wound ballistics of fragments General Frequency of fragment wounds Wounds caused by fragments and similar projectiles Equations of motion and energy for fragments Hypotheses The geometrical form of the wound channel Equation of energy and motion Entry wound diameter and penetration depth Experimental verification of the models

8 XIV Detailed table of contents Method Entry wound diameter Penetration depth Comparison with other studies Applications Non-lethal projectiles General Projectile design Projectiles with low sectional density Expanding bullets Rubber shot Special projectiles for handguns Wound ballistics of non-lethal projectiles Penetrating projectiles Non-penetrating projectiles Dangerosity of projectiles Criteria of dangerosity Determining hazard areas Danger area for persons wearing protective equipment Wound ballistics and forensic medicine Conventional forensic medicine General Crime-scene investigation Bullet damage at the crime scene Examination of the body at the scene Bloodstain pattern analysis Morphology of entry and exit wounds Entry wounds Exit wounds Grazing shots Indicators of muzzle-target distance The wound channel Wound morphology The relationship between the wound channel and the direction of shot Bullet wounds to the head Brain injuries Skull injuries Bullet wounds to the trunk The ribcage Abdomen Bullet wounds to bones

9 Detailed table of contents XV General Flat bones Long hollow bones Vertebrae Peculiarities of shotgun wounds General Morphology of entry wounds Internal morphology of shotgun wounds Causes of death and incapacitation Causes of death Incapacitation Particular projectiles Gas-powered weapons Alarm pistols and weapons firing irritants Arrow wounds Captive bolt pistols and bolt-firing tools Modern graphical methods Surface documentation Radiological documentation Combining surface and radiological documentation Documenting crime scenes using modern graphics techniques Experimental reconstruction Introduction Reconstructing shooting incidents Preliminary remarks Points to bear in mind Examples Blunt force Equipment used and experimental options Examples Using virtopsy in practice Documentation and visualization Example Wound ballistics and surgery The historical connection between wound ballistics and surgery Wound ballistics and ballistic trauma what s the difference? Comparing simulated wounds and real wounds Preliminary remarks Case studies Conclusions Clinical features of real wounds The contribution of wound ballistics to the care of wounded people

10 XVI Detailed table of contents The wound profile What causes tissue damage? Gas in tissues on a clinical x-ray The hot bullet theory Long bone fractures Cranio-cerebral wounds Unresolved issues Documenting ballistic trauma Overview Scoring wounds in the field The role of surgeons and the application of international humanitarian law Documenting ballistic trauma a wider responsibility for health professionals? Wound ballistics and international agreements Introduction History of firearms and ammunition General The development of ammunition The situation in The elongated bullet The primer The metal cartridge Smokeless powder Bullets Dum-dum bullets The development of firearms in the 19 th century Muzzle loaders and their problems Breech-loaders Repeaters Handguns The 20 th century Ammunition Weapons International treaties Basic principles The instruments The original Geneva Convention (1864) The St Petersburg Declaration (1868) The Brussels Conference (1874) The Hague Convention (1899)

11 Detailed table of contents XVII The Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land (The Hague, 1907) The Geneva Conventions of The 1977 protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions The United Nations Conference (Geneva, 1980) The relevance of international instruments to wound ballistics A basis for formulating future instruments of international humanitarian law The disadvantages of the wording of existing conventions Projectile-independent assessment processes Formulation of standards Appendices A Tables A.1 List of tables in the main text A.2 Characteristics of materials A.2.1 Fluids and materials that behave like fluids A.2.2 Solid materials A.3 Calibre designations (metric system) A.3.1 Handguns A.3.2 Military rifles A.3.3 Hunting and sporting rifles A.4 Ballistic data for cartridges (metric system) A.4.1 Handgun cartridges A.4.2 Military ammunition A.4.3 Hunting and sporting ammunition A.4.4 Pre-1900 weapons and ammunition A.4.5 Ballistic performance of certain bows and crossbows A Technical data A Ballistic data A.4.6 Ballistic data for various types of projectiles used in sport A.5 Calibre designations (British/U.S. system) A.5.1 Handguns A.5.2 Military rifles A.5.3 Hunting and sporting rifles A.6 Ballistic data for cartridges (British/U.S. system) A.6.1 Handgun cartridges

12 XVIII Detailed table of contents A.6.2 Military ammunition A.6.3 Hunting and sporting ammunition A.6.4 Pre-1900 weapons and ammunition A.6.5 Ballistic performance of certain bows and crossbows A Technical data A Ballistic data A.6.6 Ballistic data for various types of projectiles used in sport A.7 Bullet designations A.7.1 Bullet form A.7.2 Bullet material A.7.3 Bullet structure A.8 Geometric data for selected bullets A.8.1 Military bullets A.8.2 Other bullets A.9 Twist length, angle of twist and rotation A.9.1 Handguns A.9.2 Rifles A Military rifles A Hunting and sporting rifles A.10 Ballistics tables (metric system) A.10.1 Notes A.10.2 Handguns A.10.3 Rifles A.10.4 Old rifles A.10.5 Various A.11 Ballistics tables (British/U.S. system) A.11.1 Notes A.11.2 Handguns A.11.3 Rifles A.11.4 Old rifles A.11.5 Various A.12 Shotguns and shot A.12.1 Calibres of shotgun barrels A.12.2 Ballistic data for shot pellets A.12.3 Designations for buckshot pellets A.12.4 Designations for normal shotgun pellets: British/U.S. system A.12.5 Designations for normal shotgun pellets: metric system B Glossary B.1 English German French B.2 German English French B.3 French German English

13 Table of symbols XIX C Bibliography General Articles and papers Photo credits Index Table of symbols This book uses SI units and units derived from them (some tables are also printed in British/U.S. units). Dimensionless quantities are indicated by [-]. Where no dimension is possible for a quantity, the corresponding space is left blank. A Area [m 2 ] C General proportionality factor (e.g. specific heat capacity) C/L Measure of effectiveness (CARANTA and LEGRAIN) C D Drag coefficient [-] C dr Pressure coefficient [-] C F Coefficient of friction [-] C L Lift force coefficient [-] C M Overturning moment coefficient [-] C p Pressure coefficient [-] D Plate thickness (terminal ballistics) [m] E Energy [J] E Energy density [J/mm 2 ] E ab Wounding potential (energy deposited per cm travelled) [J/cm] E gr Threshold energy density [J/mm 2 ] E a Impact energy [J] E ab Energy transferred [J] E ad Entry energy (the energy of the projectile as it enters a layer, having passed through another) [J] E dr Pressure energy [J] E ds Energy expended in passing through a layer [J] E e Exit energy [J] E gr Threshold energy [J] EKE Expected kinetic energy [J] E kin Kinetic energy [J] E mech Mechanical energy (= E kin + E pot + E rot ) [J] E pot Potential energy [J] E rot Energy of rotation [J] E rst Residual energy of the projectile after it has exited the target (e.g. the body) [J]

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