TRAP USE, FURBEARERS TRAPPED, AND TRAPPER CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2015

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1 TRAP USE, FURBEARERS TRAPPED, AND TRAPPER CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 5 Conducted for the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies by Responsive Management 5

2 TRAP USE, FURBEARERS TRAPPED, AND TRAPPER CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 5 5 Responsive Management National Office Mark Damian Duda, Executive Director Martin Jones, Senior Research Associate Tom Beppler, Research Associate Steven J. Bissell, Ph.D., Qualitative Research Associate Amanda Center, Research Associate Andrea Criscione, Research Associate Patrick Doherty, Research Associate Gregory L. Hughes, P.E., Research Associate Tristan Kirkman, Research Associate Claudia Reilly, Survey Center Manager Alison Lanier, Business Manager Franklin Street Harrisonburg, VA 8 Phone: 54/ mark@responsivemanagement.com

3 Acknowledgments Responsive Management would like to thank the U.S. Furbearer Conservation Technical Working Group of the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies; Bryant White, Trapping Policy Program Manager of the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies; the states furbearer coordinators; and trapping experts from the National Trappers Association and the Furtakers of America for their input, support, and guidance on this project. Of special note are several individuals who took extra measures to allow their state to participate, including Matt Meshriy of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Steve Nadeau of the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Jennifer Hogue Manuel of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Adam Bump of the Michigan Wildlife Division, Jason Abraham of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Patrick Tate and Kent A. Gustafson of the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department, Jerrod Davis of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife and Conservation, Jonah Evans of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Brian Flock of the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Bob Inman and John Vore of Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, and Jordan Petchenik of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

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5 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Regulated trapping in the United States remains important for managing numerous wildlife species and habitats, protecting public and private property, protecting endangered and threatened wildlife, and restoring wildlife populations. Regulated trapping also is a legal, statesanctioned sustainable use of wildlife resources. This study was conducted for the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) to collect updated information and trend data regarding the use of traps nationally, regionally, and by state. The results of this study are built upon a set of probability-based random samples of United States trappers from 48 states (one state does not have trapping licenses or hunting licenses with furbearer privileges, and one state could not participate in the study). A multi-modal data collection method was used to allow trappers to complete the survey in the way most convenient to them. Contacts were made by letter on AFWA letterhead, by , and by telephone. In this manner, complete coverage was achieved because all trappers in the database had either a postal address, an address, or telephone number. Note that only after a probability-based random sample was selected were attempts made at contacting those people who had been selected. The sample was designed to ensure a 95% confidence level and a low sampling error for the total population of licensed trappers in each region. The survey was administered from August to October 5. (A full discussion of the contact procedures and the administration of the survey can be found in the body of the report.) The analysis of data was performed using SPSS as well as proprietary software developed by Responsive Management. For the entire sample of 6,668 trappers, the unweighted sampling error is at most plus or minus.8 percentage points.

6 ii Responsive Management ESTIMATED NUMBER OF TRAPPERS Through a combination of data provided by the states and data provided by the survey, Responsive Management estimates that there were 76,57 trappers in the United States in the 4-5 seasons. The tabulation shows the estimates in the regions; the Midwest leads the nation in number of trappers. This number of trappers estimated in this study is higher than the number estimated in the 4 report (4,87). Executive Summary Table. Estimated Number of Trappers Region Estimated Number of Trappers (4-5) National *76,57 Alaska 6,56 West,65 Midwest 95,8 South 9,894 Northeast *,49 *Excludes Delaware. GENERAL TRAPPING INFORMATION Respondents were asked how many days they trapped during the 4-5 season: a little more than a third (8%) did so for less than days (but at least day); meanwhile, 4% did so for 6 or more days. The mean number of days trapped was 6.7 days. Note that % of respondents did not trap during the 4-5 season. Trappers in the West and the South had the highest mean days of trapping (44.9 and 4.5 days, respectively). During the past 5 years, just under half of respondents (49%) trapped no more than 5 of the 5 years. The mean number of years trapped in the past 5 years is 7.4 years. The Alaska region s trappers were the most avid over the past 5 years, with a mean of 9. years trapping; % had trapped in all 5 years.

7 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 iii Trappers were asked about trapping in their home state and outside their home state. Nearly all (99.6%) of trappers responded that they trap in their home state during a typical trapping season; only.% of trappers responded that they do not trap in their home state during a typical trapping season. A small percentage of trappers trap outside their home state (%). o Out-of-state trapping is most common among South region trappers (5%). Private land predominates in trapping: 64% use private land primarily, compared to % who use public land primarily (note that 5% use both about equally). In the Alaska region, public land predominates, with 6% using public land mostly and 94% using public land at least half the time. On the other hand, private land use is highest in the South (74% use private land mostly, and 96% use it at least half the time) and the Midwest (7% use private land mostly, and 9% use it at least half the time). Respondents were asked to indicate the number of traps and the number of snares they have out each day during a typical trapping season. Just under half (46%) have fewer than traps out. The mean number of traps used each day is 7.6. The majority of trappers do not typically have snares out (6%). Otherwise, % say that they typically have fewer than snares out. The mean number of snares used each day is 6.4. o Alaska region s trappers had the highest mean number of traps and snares used each day (.8 traps, 5. snares).

8 iv Responsive Management A majority of trappers (6%) had been contacted by a landowner to trap nuisance wildlife. Another question asked about the proportion of each trapper s activity that involves removal of nuisance wildlife: for 7% of trappers, removal of nuisance wildlife plays some part in their trapping, although typically only about a quarter of their trapping (in the question regarding what percent of their trapping they attributed to nuisance wildlife removal, the mean of trappers responses is 6.8 percent in other words, just over a quarter of their trapping involves nuisance wildlife removal). Nonetheless, 8% of trappers in the survey gave a response of more than half in other words, for this 8% of trappers, most of their trapping involves nuisance wildlife removal. o Trappers in the Alaska region are quite different from their peers in the lower 48 states regarding trapping of nuisance wildlife: only % of Alaska trappers say that removal of nuisance wildlife plays some part in their trapping, compared to 68% to 74% in the regions in the lower 48 states. TRAPPING INCOME Just under a quarter of trappers (%) responded that their trapping has been a very or somewhat important source of income over the past years. The large majority of them (78%) say it has not been at all important. Trappers in the Alaska and West regions were the most reliant on trapping income. Trappers most often said they sell furs using a local fur dealer (48%), at a Canadian auction (7%), or at an in-state auction (%); note that % have not sold furs. Local fur traders were the most commonly used means of selling furs in every region.

9 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 v TRAPPING EXPENDITURES Trappers were asked about their expenses in the previous months. The data show the overall results (i.e., all expenses together) and the results for four categories of expenses: ) traps and lures; ) other trapping equipment, such as tools, skinning knives, chest or hip waders, trap baskets, wires, and boots; ) travel expenses, such as gasoline, oil, vehicle repairs, lodging, and trapping licenses; and 4) major trapping-related purchases, such as 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, boats, and motors. Overall, the mean of expenditures is $, o Mean expenditures were highest in the Alaska and West regions (both at over $,) and were lowest in the Midwest region ($,7). In the previous months, 77% of trappers reported spending on traps and lures. The mean spent on traps and lures is $46.6. o The West had the highest mean expenditures for traps and lures ($9.9). About two-thirds of trappers (65%) spent on other equipment, such as tools, skinning knives, and so forth, in the previous months. The mean spent is $49.4. o The West had the highest mean expenditures for other equipment ($7.4). A large percentage of trappers (8%) spent on travel expenses for trapping in the previous months. The mean spent on travel is $ o The Alaska region and the West had the highest mean travel expenditures ($845.6 and $7.8, respectively). Finally, 5% of trappers spent on major trapping-related items, such as 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, boats, and motors. The mean spent on this category is $7.85. o The Alaska region and the West had the highest mean expenditures for major trapping-related items ($,4.5 and $,5.96, respectively).

10 vi Responsive Management TRAPPER EDUCATION AND ORGANIZATION MEMBERSHIP Well over a third (9%) of respondents have taken a trapper education course. Just under half (49%) took a course sponsored by a state agency, 5% took one sponsored by a state trapper association, and 7% took one sponsored by AFWA. o Respondents most often took trapper education courses in the Northeast region: 79% did so, which far exceeds any other region (which range from % to 7%). Nationwide, % of trappers belong to a trapper organization: 6% belong to a state trapper association in their state of residence (and % belong to a state trapper association that is not in their state of residence), % belong to the National Trappers Association, and 4% belong to Fur Takers of America. Trapper organization membership rates are highest in the Northeast region (4%) and the West region (7%) and are lowest in the Alaska region (4%).

11 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 vii PRIMARY TARGET SPECIES When asked to name the top four species most important to their trapping, trappers most often selected raccoon (6%), coyote (55%), muskrat (7%), beaver (%), red fox (%), and bobcat (7%). (Hereinafter, these top four species are referred to as primary species. ) Executive Summary Figure. Primary Species Trapped Overall Primary species trapped (each trapper could name up to four species that are most important to his/her trapping). Raccoon Coyote Muskrat Beaver Red fox Bobcat Mink Gray fox River otter Fisher Opossum Marten Skunk Wolf Badger Lynx Wolverine Weasel Nutria Kit or swift fox Ringtail Arctic fox Less than.% Less than.% Less than.% Less than.% Less than.% Percent (n=6668)

12 viii Responsive Management TRAP TYPES USED The trap types most often used by respondents for their primary species nationwide are the # / coil-spring (7%), the dog proof raccoon trap (7%), the # coil-spring (5%), the # bodygrip (4%), # bodygrip (%), and the snare or cable restraint (6%). All other traps are used by less than a quarter of trappers. Note that multiple responses were allowed. The categories of traps (or trap families) are shown, as well. Foothold are used by 86% of trappers, and bodygrip are used by 6% of them. Again, note that multiple traps could be named and so, therefore, multiple responses were allowed.

13 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 ix Executive Summary Figure. Traps Used for Primary Species (Multiple Responses Allowed) Traps used for primary species (trappers could name up to four species). # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=6668) Foothold traps Bodygrip traps

14 x Responsive Management Executive Summary Figure. Traps Used for Primary Species, Ranked by Total (Multiple Responses Allowed) Traps used for primary species (trappers could name up to four species). (Ranked by total.) # / Coil-spring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) # Coil-spring # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Snare or cable restraint # Coil-spring # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # /4 or.75 Coil-spring Cage or box trap #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Longspring Colony trap MB 55 # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring # / Longspring # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # stop-loss or guard trap #4 Longspring # Longspring MB 65 MB 75 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Longspring #.65 Coil-spring # Longspring MB 45 #5 Coil-spring #5 Longspring #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw TS-85 Beaver Trap Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Coyote cuffs # Longspring Jake Trap (JC Connor) #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 5 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare # Coyote cuffs #7 Longspring Sterling MJ 8 Other Percent (n=6668)

15 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 xi Executive Summary Figure 4. Traps Family Used for Primary Species (Multiple Responses Allowed) Trap family used for primary species (trappers could name up to four primary species). Any foothold 86 Foothold (not including dog proof or foot enclosing) 79 Bodygrip 6 Dog proof or foot enclosing 7 Snare 6 Other Percent (n=6668)

16 xii Responsive Management TRAP USE FOR PRIMARY SPECIES The body of the report contains detailed data for various species, including traps used for the species and extensive follow-up questions that depended on the type of trap. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) More than two-fifths of trappers (4%) have heard of BMPs for trapping; of those who have heard of them, 64% know a great deal or moderate amount about them. Of those who know a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little about BMPs, a strong majority (7%) support BMPs, with 7% expressing strong support. Only % oppose BMPs. Among trappers who support BMPs, the most common reasons given for this support (in an open-ended question) are for humane / ethical / animal welfare reasons (4% stated this), that it is good for animal populations (4%), that it is good for the future of trapping (%), that it is good to have guidelines (%), and that it is good to educate the public / improve the image of trapping (7%). (The question allowed multiple responses to be given.) Among trappers who oppose BMPs, the most common reason given for this opposition (in an open-ended question) is that there is too much regulation or the regulation is too universal (5%) by far the top response. (The question allowed multiple responses to be given.) Among trappers who have heard of BMPs, 66% currently use them and plan to continue using them.

17 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 xiii Executive Summary Figure 5. Support for / Opposition to Best Management Practices Q46. Overall, do you support or oppose best management practices? (Asked of those who have heard of BMPs and did not answer that they knew nothing about them.) Strongly support 7 Moderately support 6 Neither support nor oppose 9 Moderately oppose Strongly oppose Don't know Percent (n=676)

18 xiv Responsive Management TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction and Methodology... Sample Acquisition... Questionnaire Design... Contact Procedures... Survey Interviewing Facilities... 4 Surveying Dates and Times... 4 Survey Data Collection and Quality Control... 5 Data Analysis... 6 Weighting Methodology... 7 Sampling Error... 8 Methods of Trapper Estimates... 8 Additional Information About the Presentation of Results in the Report... 9 Estimated Number of Trappers... Trapping Activities... General Trapping Information... Trapping Income... 8 Trapping Expenditures Trapper Education and Organization Membership Primary Target Species Trap Types Used Trap Use for Primary Species... Arctic Fox... Badger... Beaver... 7 Bobcat... Coyote... 9 Fisher... 5 Gray Fox... 4 Kit or Swift Fox Lynx... 5 Marten Mink Muskrat... 7 Nutria Opossum... 8 Raccoon Red Fox Ringtail... River Otter... 7 Skunk... Weasel... 9 Wolf... 5 Wolverine... Best Management Practices (BMPs)... 6 Demographic Data... 5 About the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) About Responsive Management Appendix A: and Letter Templates Appendix B: Categories and Types of Traps... 68

19 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 xv TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) LIST OF TABLES Table. Number Sampled in Each State... 6 Table. Weighting Applied To Each State... 7 Table. Sampling Errors, Nationally and by Region... 8 Table 4. Estimated Number of Trappers... Table 5. Mean Days Trapped in the 4-5 Season, by State... 6 Table 6. Public and Private Land Trapping, by State... 5 Table 7. Number of Traps Out Daily, by State... 8 Table 8. Number of Snares Out Daily, by State... Table 9. Being Contacted for Nuisance Wildlife Removal, by State... 4 Table. Percentage of Trapping That Involves Nuisance Wildlife Removal... 7 Table. Importance of Trapping as Source of Income, by State... 4 Table. Percent Who Have Sold Furs, by State Table. Total Expenses, by State Table 4. Mean Expenses by State Table 5. Trapper Education Courses, by State... 6 Table 6. Trapper Organization Membership, by State Table 7. Primary Species Trapped, by State (Trappers Named Their Top Four Species) (Part )... 7 Table 8. Primary Species Trapped, by State (Trappers Named Their Top Four Species) (Part )... 7 Table 9. Primary Species Trapped, by State (Trappers Named Their Top Four Species) (Part )... 7 Table. Trends in Percent Trapping Primary Species Trapped Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Badger Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Beaver Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Bobcat Table 4. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Coyote... 8 Table 5. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Fisher... 8 Table 6. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Gray Fox... 8 Table 7. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Kit or Swift Fox... 8 Table 8. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Lynx... 8 Table 9. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Marten... 8 Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Mink... 8 Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Muskrat... 8 Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Nutria Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Opossum Table 4. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Raccoon Table 5. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Red Fox Table 6. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Ringtail Table 7. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping River Otter Table 8. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Skunk Table 9. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Weasel Table 4. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Wolf Table 4. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Wolverine Table 4. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part ) (Multiple Responses Allowed)... Table 4. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part ) (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 4 Table 44. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part ) (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 5 Table 45. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part 4) (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 6 Table 46. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part 5) (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 7

20 xvi Responsive Management TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 47. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part 6) (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 8 Table 48. Trap Family Used for Primary Species, by State (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 9 Table 49. Traps Used for Badger, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... Table 5. Trap Family Used for Badger... Table 5. Locks Used for Badger Overall... Table 5. Trends in Trap Use for Badger... Table 5. Badger Trapping Part... 4 Table 54. Badger Trapping Part... 5 Table 55. Badger Trapping Part... 6 Table 56. Traps Used for Beaver, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 8 Table 57. Trap Family Used for Beaver... 9 Table 58. Locks Used for Beaver Overall... 9 Table 59. Trends in Trap Use for Beaver... 9 Table 6. Beaver Trapping Part... Table 6. Beaver Trapping Part... Table 6. Beaver Trapping Part... Table 6. Traps Used for Bobcat, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 4 Table 64. Trap Family Used for Bobcat... 5 Table 65. Locks Used for Bobcat Overall... 5 Table 66. Trends in Trap Use for Bobcat... 5 Table 67. Bobcat Trapping Part... 6 Table 68. Bobcat Trapping Part... 7 Table 69. Bobcat Trapping Part... 8 Table 7. Traps Used for Coyote, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... Table 7. Trap Family Used for Coyote... Table 7. Locks Used for Coyote Overall... Table 7. Trends in Trap Use for Coyote... Table 74. Coyote Trapping Part... Table 75. Coyote Trapping Part... Table 76. Coyote Trapping Part... 4 Table 77. Traps Used for Fisher, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 6 Table 78. Trap Family Used for Fisher... 7 Table 79. Locks Used for Fisher Overall... 7 Table 8. Trends in Trap Use for Fisher... 7 Table 8. Fisher Trapping Part... 8 Table 8. Fisher Trapping Part... 9 Table 8. Fisher Trapping Part... 4 Table 84. Traps Used for Gray Fox, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 4 Table 85. Trap Family Used for Gray Fox... 4 Table 86. Locks Used for Gray Fox Overall... 4 Table 87. Trends in Trap Use for Gray Fox... 4 Table 88. Gray Fox Trapping Part Table 89. Gray Fox Trapping Part Table 9. Gray Fox Trapping Part Table 9. Traps Used for Kit or Swift Fox, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Table 9. Trap Family Used for Kit or Swift Fox Table 9. Locks Used for Kit or Swift Fox Overall... 49

21 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 xvii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 94. Trends in Trap Use for Kit or Swift Fox Table 95. Kit or Swift Fox Trapping Part... 5 Table 96. Kit or Swift Fox Trapping Part... 5 Table 97. Kit or Swift Fox Trapping Part... 5 Table 98. Traps Used for Lynx, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Table 99. Trap Family Used for Lynx Table. Locks Used for Lynx Overall Table. Trends in Trap Use for Lynx Table. Lynx Trapping Part Table. Lynx Trapping Part Table 4. Lynx Trapping Part Table 5. Traps Used for Marten, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 6 Table 6. Trap Family Used for Marten... 6 Table 7. Locks Used for Marten Overall... 6 Table 8. Trends in Trap Use for Marten... 6 Table 9. Marten Trapping Part... 6 Table. Marten Trapping Part... 6 Table. Marten Trapping Part Table. Traps Used for Mink, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Table. Trap Family Used for Mink Table 4. Locks Used for Mink Overall Table 5. Trends in Trap Use for Mink Table 6. Mink Trapping Part Table 7. Mink Trapping Part Table 8. Mink Trapping Part... 7 Table 9. Traps Used for Muskrat, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 7 Table. Trap Family Used for Muskrat... 7 Table. Locks Used for Muskrat Overall... 7 Table. Trends in Trap Use for Muskrat... 7 Table. Muskrat Trapping Part Table 4. Muskrat Trapping Part Table 5. Muskrat Trapping Part Table 6. Traps Used for Nutria, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Table 7. Trap Family Used for Nutria Table 8. Locks Used for Nutria Overall Table 9. Nutria Trapping Part... 8 Table. Nutria Trapping Part... 8 Table. Nutria Trapping Part... 8 Table. Traps Used for Opossum, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 8 Table. Trap Family Used for Opossum Table 4. Locks Used for Opossum Overall Table 5. Trends in Trap Use for Opossum Table 6. Opossum Trapping Part Table 7. Opossum Trapping Part Table 8. Opossum Trapping Part Table 9. Traps Used for Raccoon, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 9

22 xviii Responsive Management TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 4. Trap Family Used for Raccoon... 9 Table 4. Locks Used for Raccoon Overall... 9 Table 4. Trends in Trap Use for Raccoon... 9 Table 4. Raccoon Trapping Part... 9 Table 44. Raccoon Trapping Part... 9 Table 45. Raccoon Trapping Part Table 46. Traps Used for Red Fox, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Table 47. Trap Family Used for Red Fox Table 48. Locks Used for Red Fox Overall Table 49. Trends in Trap Use for Red Fox Table 5. Red Fox Trapping Part Table 5. Red Fox Trapping Part Table 5. Red Fox Trapping Part... Table 5. Traps Used for Ringtail, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... Table 54. Trap Family Used for Ringtail... Table 55. Locks Used for Ringtail Overall... Table 56. Ringtail Trapping Part... 4 Table 57. Ringtail Trapping Part... 5 Table 58. Ringtail Trapping Part... 6 Table 59. Traps Used for River Otter, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 8 Table 6. Trap Family Used for River Otter... 9 Table 6. Locks Used for River Otter Overall... 9 Table 6. Trends in Trap Use for River Otter... 9 Table 6. River Otter Trapping Part... Table 64. River Otter Trapping Part... Table 65. River Otter Trapping Part... Table 66. Traps Used for Skunk, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 4 Table 67. Trap Family Used for Skunk... 5 Table 68. Locks Used for Skunk Overall... 5 Table 69. Trends in Trap Use for Skunk... 5 Table 7. Skunk Trapping Part... 6 Table 7. Skunk Trapping Part... 7 Table 7. Skunk Trapping Part... 8 Table 7. Traps Used for Weasel, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... Table 74. Trap Family Used for Weasel... Table 75. Locks Used for Weasel Overall... Table 76. Weasel Trapping Part... Table 77. Weasel Trapping Part... Table 78. Weasel Trapping Part... 4 Table 79. Traps Used for Wolf, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 6 Table 8. Trap Family Used for Wolf... 7 Table 8. Locks Used for Wolf Overall... 7 Table 8. Trends in Trap Use for Wolf... 7 Table 8. Wolf Trapping Part... 8 Table 84. Wolf Trapping Part... 9 Table 85. Traps Used for Wolverine, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed)...

23 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 xix TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 86. Trap Family Used for Wolverine... Table 87. Locks Used for Wolverine Overall... Table 88. Trends in Trap Use for Wolverine... Table 89. Wolverine Trapping Part... Table 9. Wolverine Trapping Part... 4 Table 9. Wolverine Trapping Part... 5 Table 9. Awareness of BMPs, by State... 9 Table 9. Knowledge of BMPs, by State... 4 Table 94. Support for / Opposition to BMPs, by State Table 95. Gender of Trappers, by State Table 96. Mean Age of Trappers, by State Table 97. Age Breakdown of Trappers, by State... 6 Table 98. Household Income (Pre-Tax), by State... 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure. Trapping Study Regions... Figure. Sampling Error Equation... 8 Figure. Days of Trapping Overall... 4 Figure 4. Days of Trapping Regionally... 5 Figure 5. Years Trapping Overall... 7 Figure 6. Years Trapping Regionally... 8 Figure 7. Trapping in Home State Overall... 9 Figure 8. Trapping in Home State Regionally... Figure 9. Trapping Out of State Overall... Figure. Trapping Out of State Regionally (by Region of Residence)... Figure. Trapping on Public and Private Land Overall... Figure. Trapping on Public and Private Land Regionally... 4 Figure. Number of Traps Out Daily Overall... 6 Figure 4. Number of Traps Out Daily Regionally... 7 Figure 5. Number of Snares Out Daily Overall... 9 Figure 6. Number of Snares Out Daily Regionally... Figure 7. Nuisance Trapping Overall... Figure 8. Nuisance Trapping Regionally... Figure 9. Percent of Trapping Involving Nuisance Wildlife Overall... 5 Figure. Percent of Trapping Involving Nuisance Wildlife Regionally... 6 Figure. Importance of Trapping for Income Overall... 9 Figure. Importance of Trapping for Income Regionally... 4 Figure. Types of Buyers of Furs Overall... 4 Figure 4. Types of Buyers of Furs Regionally... 4 Figure 5. Total Expenditures Overall Figure 6. Total Expenditures Regionally Figure 7. Expenditures on Traps and Lures Overall... 5 Figure 8. Expenditures on Traps and Lures Regionally... 5 Figure 9. Expenditures on Other Equipment Overall... 5 Figure. Expenditures on Other Equipment Regionally... 5 Figure. Expenditures on Trapping-Related Travel Overall... 54

24 xx Responsive Management TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure. Expenditures on Trapping-Related Travel Regionally Figure. Expenditures on Major Trapping-Related Purchases Overall Figure 4. Expenditures on Major Trapping-Related Purchases Regionally Figure 5. Trapper Education Courses Overall Figure 6. Trapper Education Courses Regionally... 6 Figure 7. Sponsorship of Courses Taken Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 6 Figure 8. Sponsorship of Courses Taken Regionally (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 6 Figure 9. Membership in Trapper Organizations Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 4. Membership in Trapper Organizations Regionally (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 4. Primary Species Trapped Overall Figure 4. Primary Species Trapped Regionally, Part Figure 4. Primary Species Trapped Regionally, Part... 7 Figure 44. Species Secondarily Caught Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 45. Species Secondarily Caught Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 46. Species Secondarily Caught Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 47. Traps Used for Primary Species Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 9 Figure 48. Traps Used for Primary Species Overall, Ranked by Total (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 9 Figure 49. Traps Family Used for Primary Species Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 9 Figure 5. Brand of Lock on Snare Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 9 Figure 5. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 5. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 5. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 54. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally, Ranked by Total, Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 55. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally, Ranked by Total, Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 56. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally, Ranked by Total, Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 57. Traps Family Used for Primary Species Regionally (Multiple Responses Allowed)... Figure 58. Brand of Lock on Snare Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed)... Figure 59. Brand of Lock on Snare Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed)... Figure 6. Traps Used for Badger Overall... Figure 6. Traps Used for Beaver Overall... 7 Figure 6. Traps Used for Bobcat Overall... Figure 6. Traps Used for Coyote Overall... 9 Figure 64. Traps Used for Fisher Overall... 5 Figure 65. Traps Used for Gray Fox Overall... 4 Figure 66. Traps Used for Kit or Swift Fox Overall Figure 67. Traps Used for Lynx Overall... 5 Figure 68. Traps Used for Marten Overall Figure 69. Traps Used for Mink Overall Figure 7. Traps Used for Muskrat Overall... 7 Figure 7. Traps Used for Nutria Overall Figure 7. Traps Used for Opossum Overall... 8 Figure 7. Traps Used for Raccoon Overall Figure 74. Traps Used for Red Fox Overall... 95

25 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 xxi TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure 75. Traps Used for Ringtail Overall... Figure 76. Traps Used for River Otter Overall... 7 Figure 77. Traps Used for Skunk Overall... Figure 78. Traps Used for Weasel Overall... 9 Figure 79. Traps Used for Wolf Overall... 5 Figure 8. Traps Used for Wolverine Overall... Figure 8. Awareness of BMPs Overall... 7 Figure 8. Awareness of BMPs Regionally... 8 Figure 8. Knowledge of BMPs Overall... 4 Figure 84. Knowledge of BMPs Regionally... 4 Figure 85. Support for / Opposition to BMPs Overall... 4 Figure 86. Support for / Opposition to BMPs Regionally Figure 87. Reasons for Supporting BMPs Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 88. Reasons for Supporting BMPs Regionally, Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 89. Reasons for Supporting BMPs Regionally, Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 9. Reasons for Opposing BMPs Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Figure 9. Reasons for Opposing BMPs Regionally (Multiple Responses Allowed)... 5 Figure 9. Current Use of BMPs Overall... 5 Figure 9. Current Use of BMPs Regionally... 5 Figure 94. Trapper Gender Overall... 5 Figure 95. Trapper Gender Regionally Figure 96. Trapper Age Overall Figure 97. Trapper Age Regionally Figure 98. Trapper Household Income Overall... 6 Figure 99. Trapper Household Income Regionally... 6

26

27 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY Regulated trapping in the United States remains important for managing numerous wildlife species and habitats, protecting public and private property, protecting endangered and threatened wildlife, and restoring wildlife populations. Regulated trapping also is a legal, statesanctioned sustainable use of wildlife resources. This study was conducted for the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) to collect updated information and trend data regarding the use of traps nationally, regionally, and by state. The regions are shown below. Figure. Trapping Study Regions The regions consist of: Alaska (by itself) West (AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY) Midwest (IL, IN, IA, KS, MI, MN, MO, NE, ND, OH, OK, SD, WI) South (AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV) Northeast (CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT) (Hawaii is not included in the study because the state does not issue trapping licenses or furbearer privileges; Delaware was not included in the study because the state could not provide a sample of trappers.) The results of this study are built upon a set of probability-based random samples of United States trappers from 48 states (one state does not have trapping licenses or hunting licenses with furbearer privileges, and one state could not participate in the study). A multi-modal data collection method was used to allow trappers to complete the survey in the way most convenient to them. Contacts were made by letter on AFWA letterhead, by , and by telephone. In this manner, complete coverage was achieved because all trappers in the database had either a postal address, an address, or telephone number. Note that only after a probability-based random sample was selected were attempts made at contacting those people who had been selected. The sample was designed to ensure a 95% confidence level and a low sampling error for the total

28 Responsive Management population of licensed trappers in each region. Specific aspects of the research methodology are discussed below. SAMPLE ACQUISITION Bryant White, Wildlife Biologist and Trapping Policy Program Manager of AFWA, first notified each state furbearer/trapping coordinator that AFWA was updating its 4 study, Ownership and Use of Traps by Trappers in the United States. AFWA requested a database of resident trappers 6 years or older holding a trapping license during the 4-5 trapping season. The initial database request resulted in receipt of about half of all files needed to complete the study. Responsive Management continued contacting each state representative over a 4-month period to follow up with the initial request and to develop alternatives to enable as many states as possible to participate in the study. In many cases a confidentiality agreement guaranteeing responsible data use was drawn up and signed between Responsive Management and the state agency. Many follow-up s and telephone calls resulted in creative, alternative options and a higher number of states being able to participate in the study. A few states were not able to legally approve the data request despite having a signed confidentiality agreement; however, Responsive Management continued to work with state contacts to find methods of contacting trappers without needing the state to directly release trapper data. For example: The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) shipped Responsive Management letterhead and envelopes; Responsive Management printed and assembled the mailing, shipped the mailing back to TWRA, and the TWRA applied the trapper mailing labels. Because the only method of contact in Tennessee would be through a hard copy mailing, the letter was then sent to every resident trapper in Tennessee to ensure the highest number of completed surveys as possible. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) could not release its data but received special administrative approval to prepare its own mailing and send a letter to trappers; the TPWD preferred to do everything in-house and use its own print shop, so Responsive Management reimbursed the agency for the cost of printing and postage. The New Hampshire Fish and Game Department could not release its database; however, the Department agreed to prepare and send a mailing to a random sample of trappers and mailed the letter on AFWA letterhead as well as its own agency letter to randomly selected trappers. The Idaho Department of Fish and Game required a confidentiality agreement signed by the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies President. Other states in which these types of special measures were made include California, Delaware, Louisiana, and West Virginia.

29 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Note that Hawaii does not issue trapping licenses or furbearer privileges and Delaware could not supply a sample of trappers. Those states did not participate in the study. QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN The survey questionnaire was developed cooperatively by Responsive Management and AFWA, based on the research team s experience and expertise with trapping studies; the questionnaire incorporated some content from similar trapper surveys conducted in 99 and 4. Responsive Management conducted pre-tests of the questionnaire to ensure proper wording, flow, and logic in the survey. After completing an internal review, Responsive Management pre-tested the survey with a representative sample of licensed trappers and recommended revisions based on pre-test results. Bryant White of AFWA and other furbearer coordinators monitored pre-test calls and made suggested changes to the survey instrument as well. Final approval of the methodology and survey was obtained from AFWA prior to implementation. CONTACT PROCEDURES A multi-modal data collection method was used for this study. Contacts were made by letter, , and telephone. Note that only after a probability-based random sample was selected were attempts made at contacting those people who had been selected. The sample was designed to ensure a 95% confidence level and a low sampling error for the total population of trappers in each region. All those in the selected random sample with an address were sent an with the link to the online survey. Those in the selected random sample with telephone numbers but not addresses were contacted by telephone; at the time of the telephone contact, they could either complete the survey with an interviewer at that time or to set up a time for a scheduled callback. If neither an address nor a telephone number was available, trappers in the selected random sample were sent hard copy letters that included a toll-free telephone number as well as a web address to the survey site. The toll-free number allowed those who had been contacted by letter to call in to the Survey Center where they could take the survey at that time, schedule another time for the interview, receive a link to the web-based survey through , or be sent a paper copy of the survey (note that no trappers chose the postal mail/paper copy mode of the survey). Specifically, the s explained the purpose of the study, included a link to a web-based version of the questionnaire, and provided a deadline for survey completion. The hard copy

30 4 Responsive Management letters included both a link to the online questionnaire and a toll-free number, giving recipients the option to either complete the survey online or by telephone with a professional interviewer; a deadline for completion was included. Both the and the letter included information on AFWA, which enhanced the credibility of the survey. The templates for the outgoing s and letters are shown in Appendix A. SURVEY INTERVIEWING FACILITIES A central polling and data collection site at Responsive Management allowed for rigorous quality control over the interviews and data collection. Responsive Management maintains its own in-house facilities, staffed by interviewers and data managers with experience conducting multimodal surveys on natural resources and wildlife-associated recreation. To ensure the integrity of the telephone survey data, Responsive Management has interviewers who have been trained according to the standards established by the Council of American Survey Research Organizations. Methods of instruction included lecture and role-playing. The Survey Center Managers and other professional staff conducted a project briefing with the interviewers prior to the administration of this survey. Interviewers were instructed on type of study, study goals and objectives, handling of survey questions, interview length, termination points and qualifiers for participation, interviewer instructions within the survey questionnaire, reading of the survey questions, skip patterns, and probing and clarifying techniques necessary for specific questions on the survey questionnaire. SURVEYING DATES AND TIMES Online surveys can be taken at the time and place of most convenience to respondents. For the telephone component, Responsive Management s telephone surveying times are Monday through Friday from 9: a.m. to 9: p.m., Saturday from noon to 5: p.m., and Sunday from 5: p.m. to 9: p.m., local time. A five-callback design was used to maintain the representativeness of the sample, to avoid bias toward people easy to reach by telephone, and to provide an equal opportunity for all to participate. When a respondent could not be reached on the first call, subsequent calls were placed on different days of the week and at different times of the day. Similarly, those notified by were contacted at least three times (the original contact plus reminder s to those who did not respond initially). As noted earlier, respondents notified by or hard copy letter had the option to complete the online

31 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 questionnaire online at their convenience or to call Responsive Management for a telephone interview. The survey was administered from August to October 5. SURVEY DATA COLLECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL The software used for collection of data by telephone was Questionnaire Programming Language (QPL). The survey questionnaire was programmed so that QPL branched, coded, and substituted phrases in the survey based on previous responses to ensure the integrity and consistency of the data collection. The online collection of data was through proprietary software of the contracted surveying company. The logic, branching, and wording of the survey questionnaire were identical between the telephone and web-based platforms. Paper surveys were processed through QPL. The data collected from the surveys were exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for data analyses. The Survey Center Managers and statisticians monitored the data collection, including monitoring some of the telephone interviews without the interviewers knowledge, to evaluate the performance of each interviewer and ensure the integrity of the data. Online surveys could not be monitored, of course, but were reviewed for outliers. The survey questionnaire itself (both online and by telephone) contained error checkers, computation statements, and branching logic to ensure quality and consistent data. At the conclusion of the data gathering, the Survey Center Managers and/or statisticians checked each completed survey to ensure clarity and completeness.

32 6 Responsive Management Responsive Management obtained a total of 6,675 completed surveys overall, apportioned to the states as shown in the tabulation that follows. Table. Number Sampled in Each State State Completed Completed Completed State State Surveys Surveys Surveys Alabama 76 Maine 8 Ohio 44 Alaska 5 Maryland Oklahoma Arizona 5 Massachusetts 57 Oregon Arkansas Michigan 86 Pennsylvania 5 California Minnesota 95 Rhode Island Colorado 89 Mississippi 8 South Carolina Connecticut 6 Missouri 4 South Dakota Florida 6 Montana Tennessee 6 Georgia 7 Nebraska 7 Texas 7 Idaho Nevada 6 Utah 454 Illinois 4 New Hampshire 64 Vermont Indiana 6 New Jersey 6 Virginia 4 Iowa 8 New Mexico Washington Kansas 56 New York 44 West Virginia 4 Kentucky 57 North Carolina 6 Wisconsin 67 Louisiana 7 North Dakota 54 Wyoming Total 6,675* *In the analyses, Texas was removed from National and Regional results because it had too few respondents; therefore, most graphs and tables show a total of 6,668. The total sample size on some questions is less than the total because the survey asked some questions only of specific respondents in the survey. In particular, this was done when a follow-up question did not apply to some respondents. For instance, only those who used snares were asked follow-up questions about snares. DATA ANALYSIS The analysis of data was performed using SPSS as well as proprietary software developed by Responsive Management. On questions that asked respondents to provide a number (e.g., number of days trapping), the graphs/tables may show ranges of numbers rather than the precise numbers. Nonetheless, in the survey each respondent provided a precise number, and the dataset includes this precise number, even if only ranges of numbers are shown. Note that the calculation of means and medians used the precise numbers that the respondents provided.

33 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 WEIGHTING METHODOLOGY All national and regional results in this report are weighted, whereas all n-values are reported unweighted. In other words, each n-value reflects the actual number of trappers who responded to the question, not to their weighted value shown in the analysis. Weighting was applied to each state to reapportion sampled data to match the population of trappers within the United States as a whole. This also produced regional proportions that matched actual regional proportions of trappers. Note that Delaware and Hawaii were not included because neither state participated in the survey; furthermore, Texas was not included because not enough trappers from that state were contacted. Table. Weighting Applied To Each State Region State n Weighting Region State n Weighting Alaska Alaska West Midwest Alabama Arizona 5.8 Arkansas.7 California.898 Florida 6.68 Colorado Georgia 7.47 Idaho.79 Kentucky 57.8 Montana.48 Louisiana South Nevada Mississippi 8.94 New Mexico.744 North Carolina 6.79 Oregon.484 South Carolina.88 Utah Tennessee 6. Washington.579 Virginia Wyoming.586 West Virginia Illinois Connecticut 6. Indiana Maine Iowa Maryland.86 Kansas Massachusetts New Michigan Hampshire Northeast Minnesota New Jersey 6.8 Missouri 4.4 New York Nebraska Pennsylvania 5.58 North Dakota 54.6 Rhode Island.5 Ohio 44.4 Vermont.4 Oklahoma.787 Delaware and Hawaii did not participate in the study; South.687 Texas had too few respondents to be included in the Dakota analyses. Wisconsin 67.56

34 8 Responsive Management SAMPLING ERROR Throughout this report, findings of the survey are reported at a 95% confidence interval. For the entire sample of 6,668 trappers, the sampling error is at most plus or minus.8 percentage points. Sampling errors and population sizes are shown regionally in the tabulation that follows. (Population sizes were estimated based on data from the state agencies.) Table. Sampling Errors, Nationally and by Region Region Sample Size Population Size Sampling Error National *6,668 *7,47.8 Alaska 5 6, West,56 8,486.7 Midwest,5 95,8. South,544 9,894.4 Northeast,4,49.8 *In the analyses, Texas was removed from national and regional results because it had too few respondents; therefore, the total sample is 6,668 and the total population is 7,47 for the sampling error equation. Sampling error was calculated using the formula described below. Figure. Sampling Error Equation B = (.5) Np.5 Ns Np (.96) Where: B = maximum sampling error (as decimal) N P = population size (i.e., total number who could be surveyed) N S = sample size (i.e., total number of respondents surveyed) Derived from formula: p. 6 in Dillman, D. A.. Mail and Internet Surveys. John Wiley & Sons, NY. Note: This is a simplified version of the formula that calculates the maximum sampling error using a 5:5 split (the most conservative calculation because a 5:5 split would give maximum variation). METHODS OF TRAPPER ESTIMATES The number of trappers in each state was estimated from data provided by the state fish and wildlife agencies. Most states gave estimates based on trapping licenses alone, which includes both active and inactive trappers. Because of a lack of available data, no adjustments were made to the estimates provided by the states for licensing exemptions (which could result in underestimating the number of trappers) or for licensed trappers who do not typically trap (which

35 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 could result in overestimating the number of trappers). In cases where state agencies provided databases of furbearer privileges rather than trapping licenses, the proportion of license holders who trapped were derived from the survey (the survey asked if they had trapped at least once in the previous years), and that proportion was used to estimate the number of trappers in the state. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRESENTATION OF RESULTS IN THE REPORT In examining the results, it is important to be aware that the questionnaire included several types of questions: Open-ended questions are those in which no answer set is read to the respondents; rather, they can respond with anything that comes to mind from the question. Closed-ended questions have an answer set from which to choose. Single or multiple response questions: Some questions allow only a single response, while other questions allow respondents to give more than one response or choose all that apply. Those that allow more than a single response are indicated on the graphs with the label, Multiple Responses Allowed. Scaled questions: Many closed-ended questions (but not all) are in a scale, such as excellent-good-fair-poor. Series questions: Many questions are part of a series, and the results are primarily intended to be examined relative to the other questions in that series (although results of the questions individually can also be valuable). Typically, results of all questions in a series are shown together. Some graphs/tables show an average, either the mean or median (or both). The mean is simply the sum of all numbers divided by the number of respondents. Because outliers (extremely high or low numbers relative to most of the other responses) may skew the mean, the median may be shown. The median is the number at which half the sample is above and the other half is below. In other words, a median of 5 years means that half the sample gave an answer of more than 5 years and the other half gave an answer of less than 5 years.

36 Responsive Management Most graphs/tables show results rounded to the nearest integer; however, all data are stored in decimal format, and all calculations are performed on unrounded numbers. For this reason, some results may not sum to exactly % because of this rounding. Additionally, rounding may cause apparent discrepancies of percentage point between the graphs/tables and the reported results of combined responses (e.g., when strongly support and moderately support are summed to determine the total percentage in support). Finally, some results sum to more than % on a graph/in a table for some questions for two reasons. The first is that sometimes multiple responses are allowed. The second reason occurs when a single-response question might be repeated for the respondent for other types of traps he/she uses. For instance, for the question, Can you adjust pan tension on this trap?, respondents could say yes regarding some traps and no regarding other traps. This could result in the sum of yes and no being greater than %. This happens in the Alaska region, where 8% are in the yes response, % are in the no response, and % are in the don t know response. What this shows is that 8% of respondents who got the question use traps at least some of the time for which pan tension can be adjusted, % use traps at least some of the time for which pan tension cannot be adjusted, and % do not know. Obviously, there is a little bit of overlap wherein some trappers who got the question use both traps that have pan tension that can be adjusted and traps that have pan tension that cannot be adjusted. (Only those who used traps for which the pan tension question applies would have gotten the question.)

37 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF TRAPPERS Through a combination of data provided by the states and data provided by the survey, Responsive Management estimates that there were 76,57 trappers in the United States in the 4-5 seasons. The tabulation shows the estimates in the regions; the Midwest leads the nation in number of trappers. (Note that the national and Northeast region numbers exclude Delaware, which did not participate in the study. Also note that Hawaii does not have a trapping license or trapping privileges available to residents.) This number of trappers estimated in this study is higher than the number estimated in the 4 report (4,87). Table 4. Estimated Number of Trappers Estimated Region Number of Trappers (4-5) National *76,57 Alaska 6,56 West,65 Midwest 95,8 South 9,894 Northeast *,49 *Excludes Delaware.

38 Responsive Management TRAPPING ACTIVITIES GENERAL TRAPPING INFORMATION Respondents were asked how many days they trapped during the 4-5 season: a little more than a third (8%) did so for less than days (but at least day); meanwhile, 4% did so for 6 or more days. The mean number of days trapped was 6.7 days. Note that % of respondents did not trap during the 4-5 season. Trappers in the West and the South had the highest mean days of trapping (44.9 and 4.5 days, respectively). The nationwide mean number of days trapped was 44 in and 4 in -4, compared to 7 days in 4-5. During the past 5 years, just under half of respondents (49%) trapped no more than 5 of the 5 years. The mean number of years trapped in the past 5 years is 7.4 years. The Alaska region s trappers were the most avid over the past 5 years, with a mean of 9. years trapping; % had trapped in all 5 years. The mean number of years trapping out of the previous 5 years was.5 in the 99 study and 9. in the 4 study, compared to 7.4 years in the current study. Trappers were asked about trapping in their home state and outside their home state. Nearly all (99.6%) of trappers responded that they trap in their home state during a typical trapping season; only.% of trappers responded that they do not trap in their home state during a typical trapping season. (Note that the use of the decimal point is not meant to suggest that the data is statistically accurate to the tenth decimal place; rather, it was done because rounding to the integer would have shown % for Yes and % for No. ) A small percentage of trappers trap outside their home state (%). o Out-of-state trapping is most common among South region trappers (5%). Private land predominates in trapping: 64% use private land primarily, compared to % who use public land primarily (note that 5% use both about equally). In the Alaska region, public land predominates, with 6% using public land mostly and 94% using public land at least half the time. On the other hand, private land use is

39 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 highest in the South (74% use private land mostly, and 96% use it at least half the time) and the Midwest (7% use private land mostly, and 9% use it at least half the time). Respondents were asked to indicate the number of traps and the number of snares they have out each day during a typical trapping season. Just under half (46%) have fewer than traps out. The mean number of traps used each day is 7.6. The majority of trappers do not typically have snares out (6%). Otherwise, % say that they typically have fewer than snares out. The mean number of snares used each day is 6.4. o Alaska region s trappers had the highest mean number of traps and snares used each day (.8 traps, 5. snares). A majority of trappers (6%) had been contacted by a landowner to trap nuisance wildlife. Another question asked about the proportion of each trapper s activity that involves removal of nuisance wildlife: for 7% of trappers, removal of nuisance wildlife plays some part in their trapping, although typically only about a quarter of their trapping (in the question regarding what percent of their trapping they attributed to nuisance wildlife removal, the mean of trappers responses is 6.8 percent in other words, just over a quarter of their trapping involves nuisance wildlife removal). Nonetheless, 8% of trappers in the survey gave a response of more than half in other words, for this 8% of trappers, most of their trapping involves nuisance wildlife removal. o Trappers in the Alaska region are quite different from their peers in the lower 48 states regarding trapping of nuisance wildlife: only % of Alaska trappers say that removal of nuisance wildlife plays some part in their trapping, compared to 68% to 74% in the regions in the lower 48 states. o About the same percentage of trappers had been contacted by a landowner to trap nuisance wildlife in the 99 study (6%) and the 4 study (6%).

40 4 Responsive Management Figure. Days of Trapping Overall Q. Overall, how many days did you trap during the 4-5 season? or more days days 7 Mean: days -59 days 6-9 days 8 Did not trap during 4-5 season Don't know Percent (n=6668)

41 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Figure 4. Days of Trapping Regionally Q. Overall, how many days did you trap during the 4-5 season? or more Means Alaska: 8.6 West: 44.9 Midwest:.7 South: 4.5 Northeast: 6.8 Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Did not trap during the 4-5 season Don't know Percent

42 6 Responsive Management Table 5. Mean Days Trapped in the 4-5 Season, by State West Midwest South Northeast Mean days trapped State of residence during the 4-5 season Alaska 8.6 Arizona 45.6 California 54. Colorado 44.7 Idaho 45.5 Montana 6.7 Nevada 4. New Mexico 47.4 Oregon 6.5 Texas 7. Utah 5.6 Washington 5. Wyoming 58. Illinois 8.5 Indiana 8.9 Iowa 8.9 Kansas 6.8 Michigan 8.5 Minnesota 6. Missouri 4.5 Nebraska 6. North Dakota. Ohio 7.9 Oklahoma 4. South Dakota 9. Wisconsin 9.9 Alabama 5. Arkansas 9. Florida 6. Georgia 4.9 Kentucky 8. Louisiana 7.5 Mississippi 4.4 North Carolina 4.9 South Carolina 5. Tennessee 5.5 Virginia 4.6 West Virginia 5.4 Connecticut 4. Maine 45.8 Maryland.9 Massachusetts 44. New Hampshire 48.5 New Jersey 44.8 New York 5.4 Pennsylvania 5.5 Rhode Island 5.7 Vermont 7.5

43 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Figure 5. Years Trapping Overall Q46. During the past 5 years, how many years did you trap? 5 years 4 years years years years 4 Mean: 7.4 years years 9 9 years 8 years 7 years 6 years years 4 years 6 years years year Don't know Percent

44 8 Responsive Management Figure 6. Years Trapping Regionally Q46. During the past 5 years, how many years did you trap? 5 years 4 years years years years years 9 years 8 years 7 years 6 years 5 years 4 years years years year Don't know Means Alaska: 9. West: 7. Midwest: 7.5 South: 6.8 Northeast: 7.5 Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

45 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Figure 7. Trapping in Home State Overall Q49. During a typical trapping season, do you trap in your home state? Yes 99.6 No. Don't know Percent (n=6667)

46 Responsive Management Figure 8. Trapping in Home State Regionally Q49. During a typical trapping season, do you trap in your home state? Yes No Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Don't know Percent

47 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Figure 9. Trapping Out of State Overall Q4. During a typical trapping season, do you trap outside of your home state? Yes No Percent (n=6667)

48 Responsive Management Figure. Trapping Out of State Regionally (by Region of Residence) Q4. During a typical trapping season, do you trap outside of your home state? Yes 4 5 Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) No Percent

49 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Figure. Trapping on Public and Private Land Overall Q49. Do you trap primarily on public land or private land or both about equally? Public land Both about equally 5 Private land Percent (n=6668)

50 4 Responsive Management Figure. Trapping on Public and Private Land Regionally Q49. Do you trap primarily on public land or private land or both about equally? 6 Public land Both about equally Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) 6 Private land Percent

51 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Table 6. Public and Private Land Trapping, by State West Midwest South Northeast Q49. Do you trap primarily on public land or private land or both about equally? State of residence Both about Public land Private land Don't know equally Alaska 6% 6% % % Arizona 47% % % % California 5% 5% 4% % Colorado 8% 56% 6% % Idaho 7% % 4% % Montana % 49% 9% % Nevada 69% % % % New Mexico 9% % 4% % Oregon 4% % 46% % Texas % 86% 4% % Utah 45% % 4% % Washington % % 47% % Wyoming 6% 7% 7% % Illinois % 9% 6% % Indiana % 8% 6% % Iowa % 65% 5% % Kansas % 87% % % Michigan % 6% 6% % Minnesota % 4% 8% % Missouri 5% 78% 7% % Nebraska % 9% 8% % North Dakota 6% 76% 8% % Ohio % 86% % % Oklahoma % 8% 8% % South Dakota % 64% 4% % Wisconsin % 5% 7% % Alabama 4% 8% % % Arkansas 6% 66% 8% % Florida 5% 7% 5% % Georgia % 85% % % Kentucky % 84% % % Louisiana 7% 75% 8% % Mississippi 4% 79% 8% % North Carolina 6% 8% % % South Carolina % 9% 5% % Tennessee % 59% % % Virginia 4% 8% 5% % West Virginia % 68% % % Connecticut 8% 7% % % Maine 8% 5% 7% % Maryland 4% 84% % % Massachusetts 7% 44% 49% % New Hampshire 8% 5% 8% % New Jersey 7% 8% 55% % New York 9% 6% 9% % Pennsylvania % 49% 4% % Rhode Island 8% 4% 4% % Vermont 7% 5% 4% %

52 6 Responsive Management Figure. Number of Traps Out Daily Overall Q47. During a typical trapping season, how many traps, NOT including snares, do you have out each day? 8 or more traps traps 5 Mean: traps -9 traps 9-9 traps 46 Don't typically have traps out each day Don't know Percent (n=6668)

53 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Figure 4. Number of Traps Out Daily Regionally Q47. During a typical trapping season, how many traps, NOT including snares, do you have out each day? 8 or more traps 6-79 traps 4-59 traps -9 traps -9 traps Means Alaska:.8 West: 4.4 Midwest: 8.5 South: 6.6 Northeast: 6.7 Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Don't typically have traps out each Don't know Percent

54 8 Responsive Management Table 7. Number of Traps Out Daily, by State West Midwest South Northeast State of residence Q47. During a typical trapping season, how many traps, NOT including snares, do you have out each day? 8 or Don't Mean more know Alaska 4% 5% % % 49% % 5% 6. Arizona 4% % 9% 5% 6% % % 6.4 California % % 8% 4% 66% % 6% 6.7 Colorado 5% % % 6% 7% 6% % 6.6 Idaho 6% % % % 48% 5% % 6. Montana 6% % 8% 4% 5% 4% 4% 6.4 Nevada 8% 5% 5% 4% % % 5% 6. New Mexico 5% 6% 4% % 4% % % 6. Oregon % % % 9% 58% % % 6.5 Utah % 4% % 6% 45% % % 6. Washington % % 4% 4% 77% % % 6.6 Wyoming 5% 8% % 8% 4% % % 6. Illinois % % % 7% 48% % % 6. Indiana 7% 6% 6% 5% 7% % % 5.9 Iowa 4% % 7% % 6% % % 5.4 Kansas % % % % 59% % % 6.4 Michigan 6% 6% % 7% 5% % % 6. Minnesota % 4% 9% 8% 44% % % 6. Missouri 6% 7% % % 45% % % 6. Nebraska 8% % 9% % 5% % % 6. North Dakota % % 9% % 57% 7% % 6.5 Ohio 4% 4% 7% 5% 9% % % 5.9 Oklahoma % % % % 66% % % 6.6 South Dakota % 5% % 7% 44% % % 5.9 Wisconsin 4% 5% % 9% 47% % % 6. Alabama 4% % % 6% 54% % % 6. Arkansas 5% % 8% 9% 54% % % 6.4 Florida % % 5% % 78% % % 7. Georgia 5% 6% % % 5% % % 6. Kentucky % 4% % 5% 55% % % 6.4 Louisiana % 7% % 8% % 6% 6% 6. Mississippi % 5% % 8% 54% % % 6.4 North Carolina 5% % 9% % 5% % % 6. South Carolina 8% 5% 5% % 4% % % 5.9 Tennessee % % % 4% % % % 5.9 Virginia 5% 4% 9% 4% 58% % % 6. West Virginia 9% % 5% 6% 4% % % 6. Connecticut 5% % 7% % 64% % % 6.5 Maine 9% 8% 8% % % % % 5.8 Maryland % 4% 6% % 5% % % 6.4 Massachusetts % 4% 5% 4% 74% % % 6.7 New Hampshire 6% 4% 8% 5% 47% % 8% 6.4 New Jersey 6% % 7% 9% 48% 7% % 6.5 New York 8% 4% % % 46% % % 6. Pennsylvania % 6% 9% 5% 47% % % 6. Rhode Island % 4% % 4% 77% % 4% 6.8 Vermont 5% 4% % % 56% % % 6.

55 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Figure 5. Number of Snares Out Daily Overall Q48. Specifically, how many snares do you have out each day? 8 or more snares snares Mean: snares -9 snares 7-9 snares Don't typically have snares out each day 6 Don't know Percent (n=6668)

56 Responsive Management Figure 6. Number of Snares Out Daily Regionally Q48. Specifically, how many snares do you have out each day? 8 or more snares 6-79 snares 4-59 snares Means Alaska: 5. West:.7 Midwest: 6. South: 9. Northeast: snares -9 snares Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Don't typically have snares out each day Don't know Percent

57 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 8. Number of Snares Out Daily, by State West Midwest South Northeast Q48. Specifically, how many snares do you have out each day? State of residence 8 or Don't Mean more know Alaska 6% 5% 5% 6% 9% 6% 4% 6.8 Arizona % % % % % 89% % 7.4 California % % % % 5% 9% % 7.9 Colorado % % % 5% 4% 78% % 7.6 Idaho % % % 8% % 48% % 7. Montana 6% % % 6% 6% 64% 5% 7.4 Nevada % % % 5% 7% 7% % 7. New Mexico % % % 7% 6% 64% % 7.5 Oregon % % % 5% % 65% % 7.4 Utah % % % % 7% 45% % 7. Washington % % % % % 9% % 7.8 Wyoming 8% % 6% 4% % 4% % 6.8 Illinois 7% % % % 4% 88% % 7.6 Indiana 9% % % 8% 6% 55% % 7. Iowa 6% % 8% % % 9% % 6.6 Kansas % % % 8% 4% 49% % 7. Michigan 4% % % 4% 9% 6% % 7.4 Minnesota % % % % 4% 4% % 7. Missouri % % % 6% 7% 76% % 7.7 Nebraska 5% % % 8% 9% 5% % 7. North Dakota 7% % 6% % % 44% % 6.9 Ohio 6% % % 8% 9% 45% % 7. Oklahoma 4% % % % 7% 88% % 7.7 South Dakota 5% % 6% % 9% 4% % 6.8 Wisconsin % % % 6% 4% 69% % 7.6 Alabama % % % % 5% 8% % 7.7 Arkansas % % % 8% 8% 69% % 7.5 Florida % % % 7% % 5% % 7. Georgia % % % % 7% 79% % 7.6 Kentucky % % 4% 4% 48% % % 7. Louisiana 7% % % 7% 8% 77% % 7.4 Mississippi 6% % % 6% % 57% % 7. North Carolina % % % % 9% 79% % 7.7 South Carolina 5% % % % 7% 75% % 7.5 Tennessee % % % 8% 4% 4% % 7. Virginia % % % 5% % 7% % 7.6 West Virginia % % % % 5% 54% 5% 7.4 Connecticut 5% % % % % 94% % 7.8 Maine 4% % % 5% % 67% % 7.4 Maryland % % % 5% 8% 7% % 7.5 Massachusetts 4% % % % % 97% % 7.8 New Hampshire % % % % 4% 86% % 7.8 New Jersey 7% % 4% % 5% % % 6. New York % % % % % 96% % 7.8 Pennsylvania % % % 6% 9% 7% % 7.5 Rhode Island 4% % % % % 9% 4% 7.8 Vermont % % % % % 99% % 8.

58 Responsive Management Figure 7. Nuisance Trapping Overall Q4. Have you ever been contacted by a landowner to trap nuisance wildlife on their property? Yes 6 No Percent (n=6668)

59 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Figure 8. Nuisance Trapping Regionally Q4. Have you ever been contacted by a landowner to trap nuisance wildlife on their property? 58 Yes No Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

60 4 Responsive Management Table 9. Being Contacted for Nuisance Wildlife Removal, by State West Midwest South Northeast Q4. Have you ever been contacted by a landowner to State of trap nuisance wildlife on their property? residence Yes No Don't know Alaska % 8% % Arizona 8% 6% % California 78% % % Colorado 5% 47% % Idaho 54% 45% % Montana 56% 4% % Nevada 46% 54% % New Mexico 6% 4% % Oregon 6% 4% % Texas 7% 9% % Utah 6% 9% % Washington 79% % % Wyoming 66% 4% % Illinois 6% 4% % Indiana 66% 4% % Iowa 8% 8% % Kansas 59% 4% % Michigan 6% 7% % Minnesota 59% 4% % Missouri 66% 4% % Nebraska 55% 45% % North Dakota 5% 49% % Ohio 65% 5% % Oklahoma 6% 8% % South Dakota 58% 4% % Wisconsin 59% 4% % Alabama 7% 9% % Arkansas 47% 5% % Florida 6% 7% % Georgia 74% 6% % Kentucky 6% 7% % Louisiana 5% 65% % Mississippi 76% 4% % North Carolina 77% % % South Carolina 74% 6% % Tennessee 75% 5% % Virginia 66% 4% % West Virginia 65% 5% % Connecticut 76% % % Maine 7% 6% % Maryland 59% 4% % Massachusetts 7% 8% % New Hampshire 8% 7% % New Jersey 7% 9% % New York 6% 9% % Pennsylvania 5% 49% % Rhode Island 77% % % Vermont 8% % %

61 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Figure 9. Percent of Trapping Involving Nuisance Wildlife Overall Q4. What percentage of your trapping involves removal of nuisance wildlife? 9- percent 8-9 percent 7-8 percent 4 Mean: 6.8 percent 6-7 percent 5-6 percent 4-5 percent 9-4 percent - percent 7 - percent 7 - percent 6 None 8 Don't know Percent (n=6668)

62 6 Responsive Management Figure. Percent of Trapping Involving Nuisance Wildlife Regionally Q4. What percentage of your trapping involves removal of nuisance wildlife? 9- percent 8-9 percent percent 6-7 percent 5-6 percent 4-5 percent -4 percent - percent - percent - percent None Means Alaska: 5.5 percent West: 9.6 percent Midwest: 5. percent South: 8.6 percent Northeast:. percent Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) 69 Don't know Percent

63 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Table. Percentage of Trapping That Involves Nuisance Wildlife Removal West Midwest South Northeast Mean percentage of trapping State of residence that involves removal of nuisance wildlife Alaska 5.6 Arizona.8 California 69.4 Colorado 5. Idaho 6.5 Montana 5. Nevada 7.4 New Mexico 8. Oregon. Texas. Utah 59. Washington 4.9 Wyoming. Illinois 5.6 Indiana.7 Iowa 7. Kansas 4. Michigan. Minnesota.5 Missouri.8 Nebraska 5.7 North Dakota 5. Ohio.8 Oklahoma 9.5 South Dakota 5. Wisconsin.5 Alabama 5.6 Arkansas 4. Florida 74.7 Georgia 5.9 Kentucky 48. Louisiana 55.9 Mississippi 5.8 North Carolina 5. South Carolina 46.5 Tennessee 5. Virginia. West Virginia 9. Connecticut 4. Maine 8.7 Maryland 6.8 Massachusetts 46. New Hampshire 44. New Jersey 6. New York. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island 8.6 Vermont 7.8

64 8 Responsive Management TRAPPING INCOME Just under a quarter of trappers (%) responded that their trapping has been a very or somewhat important source of income over the past years. The large majority of them (78%) say it has not been at all important. Trappers in the Alaska and West regions were the most reliant on trapping income. Trappers most often said they sell furs using a local fur dealer (48%), at a Canadian auction (7%), or at an in-state auction (%); note that % have not sold furs. Local fur traders were the most commonly used means of selling furs in every region.

65 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Figure. Importance of Trapping for Income Overall Q446. Over the past years, has trapping been very important, somewhat important, or not at all important as a source of income for you? Very important 5 Somewhat important 6 Not at all important 78 Don't know Percent (n=6668)

66 4 Responsive Management Figure. Importance of Trapping for Income Regionally Q446. Over the past years, has trapping been very important, somewhat important, or not at all important as a source of income for you? Very important Somewhat important Not at all important Don't know Refused Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

67 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 4 Table. Importance of Trapping as Source of Income, by State West Midwest South Northeast Q446. Over the past years, has trapping been very important, somewhat State of important, or not at all important as a source of income for you? residence Somewhat Not at all Very important important important Don't know Refused Alaska % % 68% % % Arizona 7% % 6% % % California 9% 9% 4% % % Colorado 9% % 67% % % Idaho % 8% 66% % % Montana % % 64% % % Nevada % % 67% % % New Mexico 7% 4% 47% % % Oregon % 9% 68% % % Texas 4% 9% 57% % % Utah % 7% 6% % % Washington 9% 6% 74% % % Wyoming 8% % 7% % % Illinois % 5% 8% % % Indiana 5% % 8% % % Iowa % 4% 7% % % Kansas % % 85% % % Michigan % % 87% % % Minnesota 5% 6% 78% % % Missouri 6% % 8% % % Nebraska 8% 4% 77% % % North Dakota 4% % 8% % % Ohio % 5% 8% % % Oklahoma 5% 9% 75% % % South Dakota 5% % 7% % % Wisconsin % % 85% % % Alabama % % 74% % 4% Arkansas 4% 4% 8% % % Florida 8% 7% 75% % % Georgia % % 66% % % Kentucky % 6% 8% % % Louisiana 8% % 65% % % Mississippi 5% 7% 77% % % North Carolina 8% % 7% % % South Carolina 4% 7% 77% % % Tennessee % 6% 7% % % Virginia 6% 7% 77% % % West Virginia 4% 9% 76% % % Connecticut 6% 6% 77% % % Maine 8% % 7% % % Maryland 7% % 76% % % Massachusetts % 8% 6% % % New Hampshire % 7% 69% % % New Jersey 4% % 74% % % New York 5% % 8% % % Pennsylvania % 9% 89% % % Rhode Island % 4% 8% % 5% Vermont 5% % 8% % %

68 4 Responsive Management Figure. Types of Buyers of Furs Overall Q444. Now I'd like to know if you have sold or currently sell your furs using each of the following. Local fur dealer 48 Canadian auction 7 In-state auction Out-of-state fur dealer Out-of-state auction 8 9 Live animal pen Other Have not sold furs Don't know Refused Percent (n=6668)

69 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 4 Figure 4. Types of Buyers of Furs Regionally Q444. Now I'd like to know if you have sold or currently sell your furs using each of the following. Local fur dealer Canadian auction 6 9 In-state auction Out-of-state fur dealer Out-of-state auction Live animal pen Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Other 8 Have not sold furs Don't know Percent

70 44 Responsive Management Table. Percent Who Have Sold Furs, by State West Midwest South Northeast State of residence Percent who have sold furs Alaska 6 Arizona 8 California 6 Colorado 58 Idaho 68 Montana 8 Nevada 7 New Mexico 7 Oregon 76 Texas 57 Utah 7 Washington 59 Wyoming 7 Illinois 8 Indiana 87 Iowa 94 Kansas 8 Michigan 74 Minnesota 8 Missouri 84 Nebraska 88 North Dakota 8 Ohio 8 Oklahoma 69 South Dakota 87 Wisconsin 8 Alabama 4 Arkansas 6 Florida Georgia 4 Kentucky 59 Louisiana 6 Mississippi 68 North Carolina 6 South Carolina 4 Tennessee 79 Virginia 69 West Virginia 88 Connecticut 6 Maine 8 Maryland 65 Massachusetts 47 New Hampshire 78 New Jersey 74 New York 76 Pennsylvania 77 Rhode Island 64 Vermont 66

71 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 45 TRAPPING EXPENDITURES Trappers were asked about their expenses in the previous months. The data show the overall results (i.e., all expenses together) and the results for four categories of expenses: ) traps and lures; ) other trapping equipment, such as tools, skinning knives, chest or hip waders, trap baskets, wires, and boots; ) travel expenses, such as gasoline, oil, vehicle repairs, lodging, and trapping licenses; and 4) major trapping-related purchases, such as 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, boats, and motors. Overall, the mean of expenditures is $, o Mean expenditures were highest in the Alaska and West regions (both at over $,) and were lowest in the Midwest region ($,7). o Mean expenditures for the 4-5 trapper season, at $,694, were higher than those in the 99 study ($,6) and the 4 study ($858). In the previous months, 77% of trappers reported spending on traps and lures. The mean spent on traps and lures is $46.6. o The West had the highest mean expenditures for traps and lures ($9.9). o The mean amount of $46 spent on traps and lures was higher than that reported in the 4 study ($9). About two-thirds of trappers (65%) spent on other equipment, such as tools, skinning knives, and so forth, in the previous months. The mean spent is $49.4. o The West had the highest mean expenditures for other equipment ($7.4). o The mean amount of $49 spent on other equipment was higher than that reported in the 4 study ($79). A large percentage of trappers (8%) spent on travel expenses for trapping in the previous months. The mean spent on travel is $ o The Alaska region and the West had the highest mean travel expenditures ($845.6 and $7.8, respectively). o The mean amount of $45 spent on travel was higher than that reported in the 4 study ($68). Finally, 5% of trappers spent on major trapping-related items, such as 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, boats, and motors. The mean spent on this category is $7.85. o o The Alaska region and the West had the highest mean expenditures for major trapping-related items ($,4.5 and $,5.96, respectively). The mean amount of $7 spent on major trapping-related purchases was higher than that reported in the 4 study ($6).

72 46 Responsive Management Figure 5. Total Expenditures Overall Total expenses. $5, or more 6 $,-$4,999 9 $5-$999 $4-$499 6 $-$99 9 $-$99 9 $-$99 $-$99 $ Don't know Percent (n=6668)

73 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 47 Figure 6. Total Expenditures Regionally Total expenses. $5, or more $,-$4,999 $5-$999 $4-$499 $-$99 $-$99 $-$99 $-$99 $ Don't know Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

74 48 Responsive Management Table. Total Expenses, by State West Midwest South Northeast Total expenses. State of residence $5, $,- $5- $4- $- $- $- Don't $-$99 $ or more $4,999 $999 $499 $99 $99 $99 know Alaska 4% 8% % % 5% 7% 6% % 4% % Arizona 9% 8% 5% 4% 4% 6% 4% 4% % 4% California 9% % 5% 4% 4% % 4% % 8% % Colorado 6% % 7% % 9% % % % 6% % Idaho % % 4% 8% % 8% % 7% 5% % Montana 5% % 8% % 6% % 4% 7% 4% % Nevada 6% 5% 8% % 5% 7% 5% % % % New Mexico % 8% 6% 7% 6% 7% 7% % 5% % Oregon 9% 7% % 5% 7% 5% % 7% 8% % Texas 4% % 4% % % 9% 4% % % % Utah 4% 5% % 6% 5% 4% 4% % 7% % Washington 7% 6% 9% 4% 6% 5% 5% 8% 8% % Wyoming 8% 5% 9% 6% 8% 8% 4% 7% 4% % Illinois 4% % % 6% 6% % % 6% 5% % Indiana 4% 6% % 6% 4% 9% % % 5% % Iowa 8% 7% 7% 4% % 8% 7% % 6% % Kansas % % 9% 5% % % % 5% % % Michigan 4% % 9% 8% % 8% 6% 8% 5% % Minnesota 7% % 4% 6% 8% 8% % 5% % % Missouri 5% % 9% 8% % % 5% 7% 6% % Nebraska % % 8% 6% 9% 8% % % 8% % North Dakota 9% 9% % 6% 8% % 8% 8% 7% % Ohio 7% 7% 4% 6% % % 8% % % % Oklahoma 5% 8% % 6% % % % 6% 7% % South Dakota 7% 6% 6% 8% 6% 7% 5% 6% 9% % Wisconsin % % % 4% 9% 9% 4% 8% % % Alabama % 4% % % 5% % 5% % 9% % Arkansas % 4% % 4% 8% 5% 9% 4% % % Florida 5% 5% 7% % 7% % 5% % % % Georgia 5% 5% % 5% 9% % 8% % 9% % Kentucky 7% % % 9% % 8% 9% 8% 6% % Louisiana % % 9% 5% 4% % 8% 7% 7% 6% Mississippi 5% 9% 4% 4% 4% % 7% % % % North Carolina 8% 4% 5% 8% 9% 5% 7% 7% 7% % South Carolina % 6% % 7% 8% 6% 9% 7% 5% % Tennessee 6% % 7% % 5% 6% 5% % 5% % Virginia 4% 9% 4% 9% 7% % % % 4% % West Virginia % 5% % % 9% 8% 6% 7% % % Connecticut 5% 6% 9% 5% 8% % 8% % 8% % Maine 9% % 8% 5% 7% 8% 7% 8% 8% % Maryland 6% % 5% % 4% 8% 4% 6% 8% % Massachusetts 5% % 8% 7% 4% % 7% 9% 8% % New Hampshire 5% % 5% 6% 5% 5% 6% 6% 9% % New Jersey % 8% 7% 9% 9% 8% 7% % 8% % New York 5% 5% 4% % % % % 9% % % Pennsylvania % 7% 6% 6% 9% % % % 5% % Rhode Island 5% % 4% 4% 5% % 4% 8% 9% % Vermont 6% 5% % 4% 7% % % % % %

75 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 49 Table 4. Mean Expenses by State West Midwest South Northeast State of residence Traps and Other Major Total Travel lures equipment purchases expenses Alaska $6.59 $94.48 $845.6 $,4.5 $,85.58 Arizona $47.54 $59.5 $77.74 $ $,5. California $74.89 $8.4 $,77.76 $,489.6 $5,7.7 Colorado $ $9.5 $66.89 $,87.8 $,647.9 Idaho $8.59 $57.4 $ $96.8 $,89. Montana $96.99 $6.95 $4.9 $67.65 $95.86 Nevada $97.4 $46.86 $,.69 $,8. $,79.98 New Mexico $98.4 $86.87 $584.9 $98.56 $,4.9 Oregon $94. $4.5 $ $8. $,76.55 Texas $475.7 $.57 $5.7 $57.4 $,.4 Utah $97.8 $5.6 $ $,48. $,66.4 Washington $8.9 $94.87 $67.9 $,587.6 $, Wyoming $46.9 $4.8 $,5.5 $,88.87 $,49.4 Illinois $87.99 $9.84 $99.6 $67.4 $,4.6 Indiana $98.85 $.8 $7.7 $54.9 $,66.9 Iowa $67. $8. $7.84 $954.9 $,77.5 Kansas $66.6 $88. $5. $9.4 $87.8 Michigan $7.7 $5. $95.4 $9.7 $,7. Minnesota $6.59 $84.5 $95.5 $8.4 $,656. Missouri $5.46 $79.44 $75.4 $ $,7. Nebraska $8. $. $. $5.4 $ North Dakota $4.55 $9.97 $4.48 $ $, Ohio $59.57 $47.58 $97.95 $54.74 $,8.4 Oklahoma $5.78 $44. $8.9 $ $,66. South Dakota $7.58 $7.88 $56. $ $,64.7 Wisconsin $96.88 $5.94 $59. $,54.69 $,68. Alabama $44.49 $9.6 $98.86 $,7.8 $,59.6 Arkansas $89.99 $86.85 $68. $67.7 $789. Florida $ $69.4 $645.4 $,.8 $,95.8 Georgia $46.6 $.5 $44.58 $8.5 $,76.89 Kentucky $48.8 $84.95 $7.45 $6.75 $,.56 Louisiana $.8 $6. $46.9 $,5.57 $,69.84 Mississippi $7.86 $7. $65.6 $74.84 $ North Carolina $5.96 $.44 $4.59 $77.5 $, South Carolina $467.8 $96.6 $44. $74.7 $,558.8 Tennessee $6. $6.6 $7. $49.79 $,445.4 Virginia $5.56 $47.57 $44.76 $45.45 $,.49 West Virginia $4.6 $47.76 $5.7 $8.7 $,57.5 Connecticut $4. $5.7 $5.45 $9. $968.5 Maine $5.6 $7.64 $6.96 $,94.79 $,.47 Maryland $5.45 $.78 $5.6 $,4.5 $,568.8 Massachusetts $49.6 $9.4 $ $9.9 $,5.5 New Hampshire $67. $9.9 $.4 $.9 $,46.65 New Jersey $5.4 $9.56 $9.4 $7. $,.97 New York $.4 $5.7 $.68 $48.75 $,. Pennsylvania $.8 $.48 $9.56 $68.54 $85.6 Rhode Island $.57 $65.9 $,9. $. $,7.4 Vermont $66.7 $.69 $8.6 $47. $964.4

76 5 Responsive Management Figure 7. Expenditures on Traps and Lures Overall Q4. In the last months, what were your total trap-related expenses for traps and lures? $4 or more 8 Mean: $46.6 $-$99 9 $-$ % $-$99 8 $-$99 8 $ Don't know Percent (n=6668)

77 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Figure 8. Expenditures on Traps and Lures Regionally Q4. In the last months, what were your total trap-related expenses for traps and lures? $4 or more $-$99 $-$99 $-$99 $-$99 $ Don't know Means Alaska: $6.59 West: $9.9 Midwest: $.9 South: $85. Northeast: $4.76 Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

78 5 Responsive Management Figure 9. Expenditures on Other Equipment Overall Q4. What were your total trapping-related expenses for other equipment, such as tools, skinning knives, hip waders, trap baskets, wires, and boots? $4 or more $-$99 6 Mean: $49.4 $-$99 65% $-$99 9 $-$99 8 $ Don't know Percent (n=6668)

79 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Figure. Expenditures on Other Equipment Regionally Q4. What were your total trapping-related expenses for other equipment, such as tools, skinning knives, hip waders, trap baskets, wires, and boots? $4 or more $-$99 $-$99 $-$99 $-$99 $ Don't know Means Alaska: $94.48 West: $7.4 Midwest: $45.95 South: $55.4 Northeast: $5.86 Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

80 54 Responsive Management Figure. Expenditures on Trapping-Related Travel Overall Q44. In the last months, what were your total trapping-related expenses for travel, such as gasoline, oil, repairs, lodging, and trapping licenses? $4 or more $-$99 9 Mean: $44.86 $-$99 4 8% $-$99 7 $-$99 $ Don't know Percent (n=6668)

81 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 55 Figure. Expenditures on Trapping-Related Travel Regionally Q44. In the last months, what were your total trapping-related expenses for travel, such as gasoline, oil, repairs, lodging, and trapping licenses? $4 or more $-$99 $-$99 $-$99 $-$99 $ Don't know Means Alaska: $845.6 West: $7.8 Midwest: $6.49 South: $4. Northeast: $4. Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

82 56 Responsive Management Figure. Expenditures on Major Trapping-Related Purchases Overall Q45. In the last months, what were your total trapping-related expenses for major purchases (primarily for trapping) such as 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, boats, motors, or a vehicle purchase which would not have been made if it wasn't used for trapping? $4 or more $-$99 Mean: $7.85 $-$99 5% $-$99 $-$99 $ 84 Don't know Percent (n=6668)

83 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 57 Figure 4. Expenditures on Major Trapping-Related Purchases Regionally Q45. In the last months, what were your total trapping-related expenses for major purchases (primarily for trapping) such as 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, boats, motors, or a vehicle purchase which would not have been made if it wasn't used for trapping? $4 or more $-$99 $-$99 $-$99 $-$99 $ Don't know 6 9 Means Alaska: $,4.5 West: $,5.96 Midwest: $646.8 South: $747.8 Northeast: $ Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

84 58 Responsive Management TRAPPER EDUCATION AND ORGANIZATION MEMBERSHIP Well over a third (9%) of respondents have taken a trapper education course. Just under half (49%) took a course sponsored by a state agency, 5% took one sponsored by a state trapper association, and 7% took one sponsored by AFWA. o Respondents most often took trapper education courses in the Northeast region: 79% did so, which far exceeds any other region (which range from % to 7%). Nationwide, % of trappers belong to a trapper organization: 6% belong to a state trapper association in their state of residence (and % belong to a state trapper association that is not in their state of residence), % belong to the National Trappers Association, and 4% belong to Fur Takers of America. Trapper organization membership rates are highest in the Northeast region (4%) and the West region (7%) and are lowest in the Alaska region (4%). The percentage of trappers who belong to a trapper organization (%) is about the same as that reported in 4 (%) and 99 (%).

85 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 59 Figure 5. Trapper Education Courses Overall Q46. Have you ever taken a trapper education course? Yes 9 No 6 Don't know Percent (n=6668)

86 6 Responsive Management Figure 6. Trapper Education Courses Regionally Q46. Have you ever taken a trapper education course? 7 Yes No 6 8 Don't know Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

87 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 6 Table 5. Trapper Education Courses, by State West Midwest South Northeast Have you ever taken a trapper education State of course? residence Yes No Don t know Alaska % 68% % Arizona 58% 4% % California 5% 46% % Colorado % 85% % Idaho 4% 58% % Montana 44% 56% % Nevada % 9% % New Mexico 8% 8% % Oregon 55% 45% % Texas 4% 86% % Utah 5% 6% % Washington 88% % % Wyoming 4% 86% % Illinois 7% 7% % Indiana 9% 8% % Iowa 5% 8% % Kansas 6% 5% % Michigan 6% 8% % Minnesota 4% 76% % Missouri 9% 7% % Nebraska % 9% % North Dakota 4% 86% % Ohio 7% 9% % Oklahoma % 84% % South Dakota % 84% % Wisconsin 54% 46% % Alabama 6% 74% % Arkansas % 87% % Florida % 65% % Georgia 8% 8% % Kentucky 6% 8% % Louisiana 7% 9% % Mississippi 4% 86% % North Carolina % 67% % South Carolina 8% 8% % Tennessee % 87% % Virginia 8% 7% % West Virginia % 78% % Connecticut 9% % % Maine 75% 5% % Maryland 5% 64% % Massachusetts 96% 4% % New Hampshire 8% 7% % New Jersey 99% % % New York 85% 4% % Pennsylvania 64% 6% % Rhode Island 55% 45% % Vermont 7% 8% %

88 6 Responsive Management Figure 7. Sponsorship of Courses Taken Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Q47. Who sponsored the trapper education course you have taken? (Asked of those who have taken a trapper education course.) State agency 49 State trapper association 5 Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 7 Other Don't know Percent (n=477)

89 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 6 Figure 8. Sponsorship of Courses Taken Regionally (Multiple Responses Allowed) Q47. Who sponsored the trapper education course you have taken? (Asked of those who have taken a trapper education course.) State agency State trapper association Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Other Alaska (n=4) West (n=577) Midwest (n=66) South (n=) Northeast (n=884) Don't know Percent

90 64 Responsive Management Figure 9. Membership in Trapper Organizations Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Q4. Do you belong to any trapper organizations? State trapper association (in state of residence) 6 State trapper association (in other state) National Trappers Association Fur Takers of America 4 Other No, do not belong to any organizations 67 Don't know Percent (n=6668)

91 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 65 Figure 4. Membership in Trapper Organizations Regionally (Multiple Responses Allowed) Q4. Do you belong to any trapper organizations? State trapper association 8 4 Other state trapper association 4 National Trappers Association 8 5 Fur Takers of America Other Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) No, do not belong to any organizations Don't know Percent

92 66 Responsive Management Table 6. Trapper Organization Membership, by State West Midwest South Northeast Percent who State of residence belong to trapper organization Alaska 4 Arizona 57 California 9 Colorado 4 Idaho Montana 4 Nevada 49 New Mexico 47 Oregon Texas 9 Utah 5 Washington 6 Wyoming 7 Illinois 8 Indiana 5 Iowa Kansas 9 Michigan Minnesota 44 Missouri 9 Nebraska 9 North Dakota Ohio 9 Oklahoma South Dakota Wisconsin 4 Alabama Arkansas 5 Florida 8 Georgia 7 Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi 7 North Carolina 47 South Carolina 8 Tennessee 48 Virginia West Virginia 44 Connecticut 5 Maine 54 Maryland 5 Massachusetts 49 New Hampshire 58 New Jersey 6 New York 4 Pennsylvania 9 Rhode Island 45 Vermont 5

93 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 67 PRIMARY TARGET SPECIES When asked to name the top four species most important to their trapping, trappers most often selected raccoon (6%), coyote (55%), muskrat (7%), beaver (%), red fox (%), and bobcat (7%). The graph shows the full listing. (Hereinafter, these top four species are referred to as primary species. ) Tables show state-by-state results of the percentage of the state s trappers who trap the various species. The trends analysis shows that trapping of coyote has grown substantially from 4 (when 7% of trappers targeted coyote) to 5 (55% target coyote); meanwhile, there have been declines in trapping red fox (from 4% trapping it in 4 to % in 5) and mink (from 46% trapping it in 4 to % in 5). A final set of graphs and tables in this section shows species secondarily caught. The line of questioning was specific to the species (one of four) that they named as being the primary species sought. The wording of the survey was, What other types of animals, if any, do you most often catch in this trap when you set it for [SPECIES]? The survey software inserted the wording of the specific species in the placeholder during the survey.

94 68 Responsive Management Figure 4. Primary Species Trapped Overall Primary species trapped (each trapper could name up to four species that are most important to his/her trapping). Raccoon Coyote Muskrat Beaver Red fox Bobcat Mink Gray fox River otter Fisher Opossum Marten Skunk Wolf Badger Lynx Wolverine Weasel Nutria Kit or swift fox Ringtail Arctic fox Less than.% Less than.% Less than.% Less than.% Less than.% Percent (n=6668)

95 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 69 Figure 4. Primary Species Trapped Regionally, Part Primary species trapped (each trapper could name up to four species that are most important to his/her trapping). (Part.) Raccoon Coyote Muskrat Beaver Red fox Bobcat Mink Gray fox River otter Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Fisher Percent

96 7 Responsive Management Figure 4. Primary Species Trapped Regionally, Part Primary species trapped (each trapper could name up to four species that are most important to his/her trapping). (Part.) Opossum Marten Skunk 6 4 Wolf 6 Badger 8 Lynx Wolverine 7 Weasel Nutria Kit or swift fox 5 Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Ringtail Arctic fox Percent

97 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Table 7. Primary Species Trapped, by State (Trappers Named Their Top Four Species) (Part ) West Midwest South Northeast State of residence Badger Beaver Bobcat Coyote Fisher Gray Kit or swift fox fox Lynx Alaska 6 4 Arizona California Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Texas Utah Washington Wyoming Illinois 45 Indiana 9 57 Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio 56 5 Oklahoma South Dakota 76 Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Florida 47 Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Connecticut Maine Maryland 5 6 Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont

98 7 Responsive Management Table 8. Primary Species Trapped, by State (Trappers Named Their Top Four Species) (Part ) State of residence Marten Mink Muskrat Nutria Opossum Rabbit Raccoon Red fox West Midwest South Northeast Alaska 56 5 Arizona 8 California 8 6 Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada 8 New Mexico 4 7 Oregon Texas 9 4 Utah Washington Wyoming Illinois Indiana 6 7 Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma 9 85 South Dakota Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Florida 4 95 Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Connecticut Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania 6 6 Rhode Island Vermont 44

99 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Table 9. Primary Species Trapped, by State (Trappers Named Their Top Four Species) (Part ) State of residence Ringtail River otter Skunk Weasel Wolf Wolverine West Midwest South Northeast Alaska Arizona 8 California 9 Colorado Idaho 5 8 Montana 4 5 Nevada New Mexico 4 Oregon Texas 4 4 Utah Washington 7 5 Wyoming 5 Illinois 6 Indiana Iowa 8 4 Kansas Michigan 9 4 Minnesota Missouri 6 Nebraska North Dakota 4 Ohio Oklahoma 5 South Dakota 8 Wisconsin 7 5 Alabama 7 4 Arkansas 8 Florida Georgia 7 Kentucky 9 Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee 5 Virginia 4 West Virginia Connecticut 6 Maine 4 6 Maryland Massachusetts 8 New Hampshire 6 New Jersey 9 New York 4 4 Pennsylvania Rhode Island 9 Vermont 9 4 5

100 74 Responsive Management Table. Trends in Percent Trapping Primary Species Trapped Percent trapping species Raccoon Coyote Muskrat Beaver 5 Red fox 4 5 Bobcat 8 7 Mink 46 5 Gray fox 4 4 River otter Fisher Opossum 4 4 Pine marten Skunk Wolf Badger Lynx Wolverine Nutria Kit or swift fox

101 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 75 Figure 44. Species Secondarily Caught Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Species secondarily caught while seeking other species. Raccoon Opossum Skunk Mink Muskrat Red fox Coyote Gray fox Bobcat River otter Beaver Squirrel Rabbit Badger Fisher Weasel Marten Nutria Wolf Lynx Kit or swift fox Other Percent (n=6668)

102 76 Responsive Management Figure 45. Species Secondarily Caught Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Species secondarily caught while seeking other species. (Part.) Raccoon Opossum Skunk Mink Muskrat 7 Red fox 7 7 Coyote Gray fox Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Bobcat 9 8 River otter 4 5 Beaver Percent

103 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 77 Figure 46. Species Secondarily Caught Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Species secondarily caught while seeking other species. (Part.) Squirrel 8 7 Rabbit Badger 4 7 Fisher Weasel 4 5 Marten 5 9 Nutria Wolf Lynx Kit or swift fox Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Wolverine 9 Ringtail Other Percent

104 78 Responsive Management Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Badger Coyote 4.47 Skunk 6.7 Raccoon.6 Red fox.9 Bobcat.9 Opossum 8.6 Rabbit 4.5 Gray fox.78 Kit or swift fox.65 Other.7 Ringtail.6 Weasel.9 Squirrel.9 Marten.8 Mink.8 Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Beaver Muskrat 5. River otter 9.5 Raccoon 8.48 Mink 6.78 Other 4.47 Nutria.58 Opossum.8 Coyote.69 Skunk.54 Fisher. Red fox. Bobcat.7 Squirrel.7 Marten.5 Weasel.5 Badger.4 Rabbit. Gray fox.8 Arctic fox.7 Lynx. Ringtail. Wolf.

105 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 79 Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Bobcat Raccoon 8.7 Coyote 7.88 Opossum 6.84 Skunk 9.6 Red fox 7.59 Gray fox 6.5 Badger 5. Rabbit.6 Other.6 Fisher.5 Squirrel. Marten.7 Weasel.7 Kit or swift fox.8 Ringtail.64 Wolf.44 Mink.4 River otter.7 Arctic fox. Beaver.7 Muskrat.7 Nutria.6 Lynx. Swine. Wolverine.

106 8 Responsive Management Table 4. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Coyote Raccoon 44. Red fox 6.9 Opossum 9.9 Skunk.7 Gray fox 8.9 Bobcat 6.69 Badger 5.8 Rabbit.4 Other.48 Fisher.4 Wolf.74 Squirrel.68 Kit or swift fox.59 Beaver. Mink.5 Muskrat. Ringtail. Lynx. Marten.4 Weasel.9 Swine.7 Wolverine.7 Arctic fox.5 Nutria.5 River otter.5 Table 5. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Fisher Raccoon 4. Marten.67 Gray fox. Opossum 9.49 Skunk 9. Bobcat 8.89 Coyote 8.45 Weasel 8. Red fox 8. Mink 7.5 Squirrel 6.5 Rabbit.57 Muskrat.56 Other.86 Badger.4 River otter.8 Beaver.

107 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 8 Table 6. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Gray Fox Raccoon 45.5 Opossum 7. Coyote.44 Red fox 6. Skunk.5 Bobcat 5.46 Rabbit.7 Fisher.6 Badger.8 Squirrel.7 Other.6 Muskrat.44 Kit or swift fox. Ringtail.89 River otter.4 Wolf.4 Beaver. Weasel. Mink. Marten.6 Swine.4 Arctic fox. Table 7. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Kit or Swift Fox Coyote. Gray fox 5.8 Bobcat 7.84 Raccoon 5.99 Badger 5.96 Skunk 4.94 Rabbit 7.98 Other.8 Ringtail.96 Squirrel.47 Beaver.6 Lynx.6 Red fox.9 Weasel.9

108 8 Responsive Management Table 8. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Lynx Red fox 7. Wolverine 4.9 Mink.9 Coyote.4 Marten 8.95 Rabbit 8.95 Squirrel 5.96 Wolf 5.96 River otter.98 Weasel.98 Gray fox. Bobcat.9 Table 9. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Marten Squirrel 8.9 Weasel 5.5 Mink.4 Fisher.8 Other 5.5 Raccoon.9 Red fox.78 Lynx.47 Skunk.9 Bobcat.75 Muskrat.4 Gray fox.8 Wolverine.8 Rabbit.5

109 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 8 Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Mink Muskrat Raccoon 4.44 Opossum 6.7 Skunk. Weasel.6 Squirrel.7 River otter. Beaver.99 Other.8 Rabbit.6 Gray fox.7 Red fox.6 Marten.57 Fisher. Wolverine. Coyote. Nutria. Arctic fox. Bobcat. Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Muskrat Mink 6.86 Raccoon 6.84 Beaver.87 Opossum. Other.64 River otter.4 Weasel.7 Squirrel.6 Skunk.57 Rabbit. Nutria. Fisher.5 Marten. Arctic fox. Gray fox.6 Bobcat.5 Coyote.5 Red fox.5 Badger.4 Ringtail. Wolverine.

110 84 Responsive Management Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Nutria Raccoon 8.5 Muskrat 7.7 Rabbit 4.6 Mink.8 River otter. Beaver 7.6 Other 5. Bobcat.9 Opossum.9 Badger. Weasel. Table. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Opossum Raccoon 6.6 Skunk 4.98 Squirrel.65 Other 7.69 Coyote.7 Red fox.58 Bobcat. Mink.65 Gray fox.4 Rabbit. Badger.9 Beaver.58 Swine.5 River otter. Muskrat. Weasel.9

111 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 85 Table 4. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Raccoon Opossum 56.4 Skunk. Mink.7 Muskrat. Red fox 8.6 Coyote 4.7 Gray fox 4.67 Squirrel 4.64 Other 4.7 Rabbit.7 Bobcat.9 Beaver.65 River otter. Fisher. Badger.78 Weasel.69 Nutria. Marten.9 Swine.9 Wolverine. Arctic fox. Kit or swift fox. Ringtail.

112 86 Responsive Management Table 5. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Red Fox Raccoon 5.9 Coyote 4. Opossum 7.86 Skunk. Gray fox 8.66 Bobcat 7.7 Rabbit.4 Fisher.9 Badger.77 Squirrel.8 Other. Mink.7 Lynx.48 Weasel.47 Marten. Wolf. Kit or swift fox.9 Beaver. Wolverine. Muskrat.9 Ringtail.9 River otter.5 Arctic fox. Table 6. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Ringtail Skunk 49.6 Gray fox 7.47 Bobcat 6.7 Opossum 4.85 Coyote.5 Rabbit.9 Raccoon 8. Marten 6.4 Badger.8 Kit or swift fox.8 Red fox.84 Squirrel.84 Other.84

113 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 87 Table 7. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping River Otter Beaver 55.8 Muskrat 6.5 Raccoon. Mink.64 Opossum.4 Nutria.44 Squirrel.57 Coyote.45 Bobcat.6 Rabbit. Badger. Red fox. Gray fox.5 Other. Skunk.8 Table 8. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Skunk Raccoon 5.6 Opossum.8 Red fox 9.47 Other 9. Coyote 7.6 Squirrel 7.5 Gray fox.57 Badger.99 Rabbit.74 Bobcat.4 Beaver.9 Fisher.7 Muskrat.96 Mink.7 Weasel.66 Marten.7 River otter.7

114 88 Responsive Management Table 9. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Weasel Squirrel 4.77 Mink 4. Other 6.6 Marten 5.7 Raccoon 5.7 Skunk 5.7 Bobcat 4.75 Fisher. Muskrat.6 Opossum. Table 4. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Wolf Coyote 7. Raccoon 9.46 Red fox 7.8 Lynx 6.66 Skunk 4.79 Wolverine. Fisher.5 Opossum.4 Other.9 Gray fox.66 Bobcat.45 Badger.5 Beaver.4 Table 4. Species Secondarily Caught When Trapping Wolverine Lynx.5 Red fox 7. Marten 6.95 River otter 6.78 Wolf 6.78 Bobcat.6 Coyote.6 Gray fox.9 Mink.9 Squirrel.9 Raccoon.65 Rabbit.4 Skunk.

115 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 89 TRAP TYPES USED Results for the U.S. and each region are shown twice in this section, once grouped by trap category and once in descending order of use. See Appendix B for a description of various types of traps. Note that multiple responses were allowed, as trappers could name all the traps they use for their four primary species. For this reason, some results sum to more than %. The trap types most often used by respondents for their primary species nationwide are the # / coil-spring (7%), the dog proof raccoon trap (7%), the # coil-spring (5%), the # bodygrip (4%), # bodygrip (%), and the snare or cable restraint (6%). All other traps are used by less than a quarter of trappers. (They are shown with the traps grouped by type and then with the traps in descending order by percentage who use them.) The types of traps are shown, as well. Foothold are used by 86% of trappers, and bodygrip are used by 6% of them. Tables show state-by-state results of the percentage of the state s trappers who use various types of traps and snares.

116 9 Responsive Management Figure 47. Traps Used for Primary Species Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Traps used for primary species (trappers could name up to four species). # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=6668) Foothold traps Bodygrip traps

117 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Figure 48. Traps Used for Primary Species Overall, Ranked by Total (Multiple Responses Allowed) Traps used for primary species (trappers could name up to four species). (Ranked by total.) # / Coil-spring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) # Coil-spring # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Snare or cable restraint # Coil-spring # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # /4 or.75 Coil-spring Cage or box trap #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Longspring Colony trap MB 55 # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring # / Longspring # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # stop-loss or guard trap #4 Longspring # Longspring MB 65 MB 75 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Longspring #.65 Coil-spring # Longspring MB 45 #5 Coil-spring #5 Longspring #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw TS-85 Beaver Trap Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Coyote cuffs # Longspring Jake Trap (JC Connor) #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 5 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare # Coyote cuffs #7 Longspring Sterling MJ 8 Other Percent (n=6668)

118 9 Responsive Management Figure 49. Traps Family Used for Primary Species Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Trap family used for primary species (trappers could name up to four primary species). Any foothold 86 Foothold (not including dog proof or foot enclosing) 79 Bodygrip 6 Dog proof or foot enclosing 7 Snare 6 Other / Don't know Percent (n=6668)

119 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Figure 5. Brand of Lock on Snare Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Brand or style of lock on snare. (Asked of those who used a snare or cable restraint.) Cam lock 8 Quarter size washer lock Grawe s bullet lock ADC Washer lock Berkshire washer lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Berkshire sure lock Slim lock Thompson lock Micro-lock Amberg lock Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Penny size washer lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Wedge lock Drowner lock Kieper lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Adams lock Other Don't know Percent (n=556)

120 94 Responsive Management Figure 5. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Traps used for primary species (trappers could name up to four primary species). (Part.) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

121 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 95 Figure 5. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Traps used for primary species (trappers could name up to four primary species). (Part.) Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring 5 # Longspring 5 # stop-loss or guard trap 8 7 # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) #5 Longspring 4 #7 Longspring # Longspring 4 Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Percent

122 96 Responsive Management Figure 5. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Traps used for primary species (trappers could name up to four primary species). (Part.) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

123 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 97 Figure 54. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally, Ranked by Total, Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Traps used for primary species (trappers could name up to four primary species). (Ranked by total.) (Part.) # / Coil-spring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) # Coil-spring # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Snare or cable restraint # Coil-spring # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # /4 or.75 Coil-spring Cage or box trap #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Longspring Colony trap MB 55 # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring # / Longspring # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # stop-loss or guard trap Percent Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4)

124 98 Responsive Management Figure 55. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally, Ranked by Total, Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Traps used for primary species (trappers could name up to four primary species). (Ranked by total.) (Part.) Other #4 Longspring # Longspring MB 65 MB 75 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Longspring #.65 Coil-spring # Longspring MB 45 #5 Coil-spring #5 Longspring #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Percent Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4)

125 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 99 Figure 56. Traps Used for Primary Species Regionally, Ranked by Total, Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Traps used for primary species (trappers could name up to four primary species). (Ranked by total.) (Part.) TS-85 Beaver Trap Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Coyote cuffs # Longspring Jake Trap (JC Connor) #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 5 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare # Coyote cuffs #7 Longspring Sterling MJ Percent Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4)

126 Responsive Management Figure 57. Traps Family Used for Primary Species Regionally (Multiple Responses Allowed) Trap family used for primary species (trappers could name up to four primary species). All foothold Foothold (not including dog proof or foot enclosing) Bodygrip Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Other / Don't know Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

127 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Figure 58. Brand of Lock on Snare Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Brand or style of lock on snare. (Asked of those who used a snare or cable restraint.) (Part.) Cam lock Quarter size washer lock Grawe s bullet lock ADC Washer lock Berkshire washer lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Berkshire sure lock Slim lock Thompson lock Micro-lock Amberg lock Alaska (n=47) West (n=4) Midwest (n=68) South (n=95) Northeast (n=) Percent

128 Responsive Management Figure 59. Brand of Lock on Snare Regionally Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Brand or style of lock on snare. (Asked of those who used a snare or cable restraint.) (Part.) Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Penny size washer lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Wedge lock Drowner lock Kieper lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Adams lock Other Don't know Alaska (n=47) West (n=4) Midwest (n=68) South (n=95) Northeast (n=) Percent

129 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 4. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part ) (Multiple Responses Allowed) West Midwest South Northeast State of residence # Coilspring # / Coilspring #.65 Coilspring # /4 or.75 Coilspring # Coilspring # Coilspring #4 Coilspring #5 Coilspring Alaska 8 6 Arizona California Colorado 6 7 Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Texas Utah Washington 4 4 Wyoming Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma South Dakota Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana 5 6 Mississippi 4 8 North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Connecticut Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont

130 4 Responsive Management Table 4. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part ) (Multiple Responses Allowed) West Midwest South Northeast State of residence # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Alaska 4 8 Arizona California Colorado Idaho 8 8 Montana 7 Nevada 7 New Mexico 5 8 Oregon Texas Utah 8 7 Washington Wyoming 5 7 Illinois Indiana 8 Iowa 4 4 Kansas 6 4 Michigan 5 9 Minnesota 8 Missouri 7 7 Nebraska North Dakota 6 6 Ohio 4 Oklahoma 4 6 South Dakota 6 Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas 6 Florida 7 Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi 9 7 North Carolina 9 7 South Carolina Tennessee 5 Virginia 7 West Virginia Connecticut 8 8 Maine 6 8 Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire 9 New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont 8 6

131 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Table 44. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part ) (Multiple Responses Allowed) West Midwest South Northeast State of residence Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stoploss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring Alaska 5 7 Arizona 4 California Colorado 4 4 Idaho Montana 5 Nevada New Mexico Oregon Texas 4 Utah Washington 4 4 Wyoming Illinois 9 4 Indiana 4 9 Iowa 5 Kansas 4 Michigan Minnesota 8 Missouri Nebraska North Dakota 8 4 Ohio 7 8 Oklahoma 5 South Dakota 9 6 Wisconsin Alabama 4 4 Arkansas 4 Florida Georgia Kentucky 7 8 Louisiana 5 Mississippi North Carolina 6 4 South Carolina Tennessee 5 5 Virginia 7 4 West Virginia 4 4 Connecticut Maine 9 5 Maryland 4 4 Massachusetts New Hampshire 5 5 New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont 8 7 4

132 6 Responsive Management Table 45. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part 4) (Multiple Responses Allowed) West Midwest South Northeast State of residence # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare Alaska Arizona California Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada 7 New Mexico Oregon Texas 7 57 Utah Washington 4 4 Wyoming 5 4 Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota 4 47 Missouri Nebraska 5 6 North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma South Dakota Wisconsin Alabama 4 9 Arkansas 44 9 Florida 5 48 Georgia 6 Kentucky Louisiana 4 8 Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina 6 Tennessee Virginia 6 5 West Virginia 7 Connecticut 5 8 Maine 7 8 Maryland 4 Massachusetts New Hampshire 8 New Jersey 87 New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island 4 Vermont 4

133 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Table 46. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part 5) (Multiple Responses Allowed) West Midwest South Northeast #5 #6 # # #5 #55 #6 # State of residence Bodygrip / Bodygrip / Bodygrip / Bodygrip / Bodygrip / Bodygrip / Bodygrip / Bodygrip / Rotating Rotating Rotating Rotating Rotating Rotating Rotating Rotating Jaw Jaw Jaw Jaw Jaw Jaw Jaw Jaw Alaska Arizona California Colorado Idaho Montana 8 6 Nevada New Mexico Oregon 6 4 Texas Utah Washington 4 Wyoming Illinois Indiana 58 4 Iowa Kansas Michigan 5 4 Minnesota 5 49 Missouri 5 5 Nebraska 6 9 North Dakota 6 4 Ohio Oklahoma 4 South Dakota Wisconsin 47 8 Alabama 7 Arkansas 5 Florida Georgia 8 Kentucky Louisiana 4 Mississippi 9 North Carolina South Carolina 4 5 Tennessee 7 Virginia 5 5 West Virginia Connecticut Maine 49 4 Maryland 4 9 Massachusetts 4 New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania 9 Rhode Island Vermont

134 8 Responsive Management Table 47. Traps Used for Primary Species, by State (Part 6) (Multiple Responses Allowed) West Midwest South Northeast State of residence #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Alaska Arizona 89 4 California Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico 6 4 Oregon 5 7 Texas 9 Utah Washington 9 94 Wyoming Illinois 7 5 Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan 6 6 Minnesota Missouri 4 7 Nebraska 9 7 North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma 8 49 South Dakota Wisconsin 9 5 Alabama Arkansas Florida 8 8 Georgia Kentucky Louisiana 5 4 Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina 6 Tennessee Virginia West Virginia 9 Connecticut Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire 69 9 New Jersey New York Pennsylvania 9 7 Rhode Island Vermont Other

135 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Table 48. Trap Family Used for Primary Species, by State (Multiple Responses Allowed) West Midwest South Northeast State of residence All foothold Foothold (not including dog proof or foot enclosing) Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip Other Alaska Arizona California 96 Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Texas Utah Washington Wyoming Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma South Dakota Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Connecticut Maine Maryland Massachusetts 89 New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont

136 Responsive Management TRAP USE FOR PRIMARY SPECIES For each species, the following data are shown: A graph of traps used for the species among trappers overall. A tabulation of traps used for the species in each region. A tabulation of the trap family used for the species overall and in the regions. A tabulation of locks used. A tabulation of trends, comparing 4 to the present survey on the top five traps for each species. A tabulation of the follow-up foothold trap questions overall and in the regions. A tabulation of the follow-up snare questions overall and in the regions. A tabulation of the follow-up bodygrip trap questions overall and in the regions. o o Within this section, all graphs (of types of traps used) show results wherein multiple responses are allowed. Additionally, because trappers are answering questions about multiple traps, the results of some questions sum to more than %. For instance, for the question, Can you adjust pan tension on this trap?, respondents could say yes regarding some traps and no regarding other traps. This could result in the sum of yes and no being greater than %. This happens in the Alaska region, where 8% are in the yes response, % are in the no response, and % are in the don t know response. What this shows is that 8% of respondents who got the question use traps at least some of the time for which pan tension can be adjusted, % use traps at least some of the time for which pan tension cannot be adjusted, and % do not know. Obviously, there is a little bit of overlap wherein some trappers who got the question use both traps that have pan tension that can be adjusted and traps that have pan tension that cannot be adjusted. (Only those who used traps for which the pan tension question applies would have gotten the question.) Only those regions for which there are at least 5 trappers for the given species are shown. In some instances, only one region may be shown; in such cases, it may be that other regions have a few trappers for the species, which will cause the United States total to be different than the only region shown (for instance, this occurs in Table 9 in the kit fox section where the single region shown the West does not match the United States total because of a few kit fox trappers in other regions at a sample size too small to be shown for those regions). ARCTIC FOX Not enough trappers trapped arctic fox for the species to be shown.

137 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 BADGER Figure 6. Traps Used for Badger Overall Traps used for: Badger # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=6)

138 Responsive Management Table 49. Traps Used for Badger, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Badger Trap Type West (n=4) Midwest (n=) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring 4 #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 8 4 # Coil-spring 4 9 # Coil-spring 9 #4 Coil-spring 9 9 #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB MB 65 5 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring 4 # Longspring # Longspring 8 #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 7 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other

139 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 5. Trap Family Used for Badger Badger Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United States West Midwest Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare 5 7 Bodygrip Cage or box trap Table 5. Locks Used for Badger Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock.4 Amberg lock 4.64 Berkshire sure lock.4 Berkshire washer lock 8. Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock.6 Don t know 8.94 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock.9 Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock 6.4 Kieper lock Micro-lock Other Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock.7 Slim lock Thompson lock Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock.4 Table 5. Trends in Trap Use for Badger 4 6 # Coil # Coil-spring 4 #4 Coil # Coil-spring # Body - Standard Snare or cable restraint 4 # Longspring 5 # /4 or.75 Coil-spring #4 Longspring 5 Cage or box trap

140 4 Responsive Management Table 5. Badger Trapping Part Badger By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States West Midwest Standard or regular 44 6 Offset 5 7 Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Yes No 5 Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan 4 5 Bend dog 6 Other pan tension Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring 6 7 None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag 7 4 As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these 5 9 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

141 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Table 54. Badger Trapping Part Badger Answer set United States West Midwest /64 /6 4 5/ What is the cable diameter of this snare? / 5 (Asked of those who use snares.) 7/64 4 /8 6 8 Other To kill To live catch When you use this snare, do you usually set Both about equally 4 6 it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Set without preference 7 7 Don t know 4 Yes Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of No those who use snares.) Don t know Yes Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop No stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Don t know 4 Yes Do you use a swivel at the staking end? No 6 54 (Asked of those who use snares.) Don t know 4 Do you use an in-line swivel between staking Yes end and snare loop? (Asked of those who No use snares.) Don t know 4 Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid When you set this snare, how do you secure without entanglement it? (Asked of those who use snares.) On a drag None of these Don t know Do you personally make any of the snares Yes that you use for (species)? (Asked of those No who use snares.) Don t know 4 For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

142 6 Responsive Management Table 55. Badger Trapping Part Badger Answer set United States West Midwest Standard Is this trap standard or magnum? (Asked of Magnum 6 those who use bodygrip traps.) Don t know 8 8 Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or a pan Pan trigger trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set 5 Dryland trail set Baited cubby or enclosure Which of the following best describes how on the ground this trap is most often set? (Asked of those Elevated bait set who use bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these 6 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

143 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 BEAVER Figure 6. Traps Used for Beaver Overall Traps used for: Beaver # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=5)

144 8 Responsive Management Table 56. Traps Used for Beaver, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Beaver Trap Type Alaska West Midwest South Northeast (n=8) (n=48) (n=758) (n=68) (n=5) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring 5 #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring 6 4 # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring 4 4 #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 7 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap 6 Other 5 5

145 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Table 57. Trap Family Used for Beaver Beaver Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip Cage or box trap 6 Table 58. Locks Used for Beaver Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock.6 Amberg lock.5 Berkshire sure lock.88 Berkshire washer lock.76 Butera BMI mini lock. Butera BMI slide free lock.44 Cam lock.99 Don t know 4.84 Drowner lock.7 Grawes bullet lock 6.7 Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock.65 Kaatz Relax-a-lock.6 Kieper lock.5 Micro-lock.54 Other 6.47 Penny size washer lock.5 Quarter size washer lock 7.89 Slim lock.8 Thompson lock 4. Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock.8 Wedge lock. Table 59. Trends in Trap Use for Beaver 4 6 # Body - Standard 57 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 78 Snares 4 Snare or cable restraint # Body - Magnum #4 Coil-spring 9 #4 Longspring 8 MB 75 9 # Coil 8 # Coil-spring 8

146 Responsive Management Table 6. Beaver Trapping Part Beaver By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States Alaska West Mid- South west Northeast Standard or regular Offset 7 4 Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Yes No Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan Bend dog Other pan tension Don t know 4 Push trigger 67 Pull trigger Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring None of these 5 7 Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag 5 As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

147 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 6. Beaver Trapping Part Beaver What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States / / / / /64 5 / Other 4 9 To kill To live catch 6 8 Both about equally Set without preference Don t know Yes No Don t know 7 6 Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know 6 Yes No Don t know Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag 4 6 None of these 6 9 Don t know 6 Yes No Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

148 Responsive Management Table 6. Beaver Trapping Part Beaver Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum traps.) Don t know Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or Pan trigger a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither 4 Don t know Water set Dryland trail set 4 4 Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the describes how this trap is most ground often set? (Asked of those who use Elevated bait set bodygrip traps.) Other type of set 4 None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

149 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 BOBCAT Figure 6. Traps Used for Bobcat Overall Traps used for: Bobcat # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=5)

150 4 Responsive Management Table 6. Traps Used for Bobcat, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Bobcat Trap Type West Midwest South Northeast (n=54) (n=578) (n=6) (n=7) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring 6 6 #.65 Coil-spring 5 # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 7 # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring 5 5 #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 7 MB MB MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring 4 #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 4 9 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 8 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap 6 8 Other

151 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Table 64. Trap Family Used for Bobcat Bobcat Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare 4 9 Bodygrip 8 5 Cage or box trap 6 8 Table 65. Locks Used for Bobcat Overall Adams lock.6 ADC Washer lock.7 Amberg lock.9 Berkshire sure lock 5.9 Berkshire washer lock.65 Butera BMI mini lock.8 Butera BMI slide free lock.4 Cam lock 5.6 Don t know 9.54 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock.79 Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock.6 Kaatz Relax-a-lock.78 Kieper lock Micro-lock. Other 4. Penny size washer lock.6 Quarter size washer lock 5.88 Slim lock.6 Thompson lock. Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock.47 Wedge lock.4 Table 66. Trends in Trap Use for Bobcat 4 6 # Coil # Coil-spring - Bobcat # Coil 4 # Coil-spring - Bobcat 8 # Longspring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring - Bobcat Snares 8 MB 55 - Bobcat #4 Coil 6 Snare or cable restraint - Bobcat

152 6 Responsive Management Table 67. Bobcat Trapping Part Bobcat By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States West South Midwest Northeast Standard or regular Offset Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws 5 Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Yes No Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan Bend dog Other pan tension 4 7 Don t know Push trigger Pull trigger Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

153 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Table 68. Bobcat Trapping Part Bobcat What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States /64 5 / / / /64 4 / Other To kill To live catch Both about equally Set without preference Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know 4 Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag None of these Don t know 4 Yes No Don t know 4 8 For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

154 8 Responsive Management Table 69. Bobcat Trapping Part Bobcat Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum 7 5 traps.) Don t know Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or Pan trigger 8 4 a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know 4 Water set Dryland trail set 4 Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the describes how this trap is most ground often set? (Asked of those who use Elevated bait set 8 8 bodygrip traps.) Other type of set 7 None of these 4 Don t know 4 For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

155 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 COYOTE Figure 6. Traps Used for Coyote Overall Traps used for: Coyote # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=9)

156 Responsive Management Table 7. Traps Used for Coyote, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Coyote Trap Type Alaska West Midwest South Northeast (n=5) (n=987) (n=46) (n=959) (n=55) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring 4 6 #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB MB MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring 7 #4 Longspring 7 #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 7 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 7 #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap 4 Other 7

157 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 7. Trap Family Used for Coyote Coyote Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip 7 Cage or box trap 4 Table 7. Locks Used for Coyote Overall Adams lock.4 ADC Washer lock 6. Amberg lock.8 Berkshire sure lock.89 Berkshire washer lock 4.5 Butera BMI mini lock.5 Butera BMI slide free lock. Cam lock 7. Don t know 5. Drowner lock. Grawes bullet lock 7.6 Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock.98 Kaatz Relax-a-lock.4 Kieper lock.6 Micro-lock.96 Other 4.58 Penny size washer lock. Quarter size washer lock 7.4 Slim lock. Thompson lock.6 Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock.84 Wedge lock.4 Table 7. Trends in Trap Use for Coyote 4 6 # Coil 7 # Coil-spring - Coyote 5 # Coil # Coil-spring - Coyote 5 Snares 4 Snare or cable restraint - Coyote 4 # Longspring 9 # /4 or.75 Coil-spring - Coyote 5 # /4 Coil 8 MB 55 - Coyote 4

158 Responsive Management Table 74. Coyote Trapping Part Coyote By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States Alaska West Mid- South west Northeast Standard or regular Offset Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Yes No Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan Bend dog Other pan tension Don t know Push trigger Pull trigger 6 Push/pull trigger 8 Don t know 5 9 Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

159 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 75. Coyote Trapping Part Coyote What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States /64 / / / / / Other To kill To live catch Both about equally Set without preference Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know 5 Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag 5 None of these Don t know 4 Yes No Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

160 4 Responsive Management Table 76. Coyote Trapping Part Coyote Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum traps.) Don t know Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or Pan trigger 5 a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set 5 47 Dryland trail set Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the 5 55 describes how this trap is most ground often set? (Asked of those who use Elevated bait set bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these 9 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

161 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 FISHER Figure 64. Traps Used for Fisher Overall Traps used for: Fisher # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=95)

162 6 Responsive Management Table 77. Traps Used for Fisher, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Fisher Trap Type Midwest (n=6) Northeast (n=88) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring 5 #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 5 # Coil-spring 7 # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 6 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 8 #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 9 #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 5 4 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 6 #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap 5 Other

163 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Table 78. Trap Family Used for Fisher Fisher Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Northeast Midwest States Foothold 6 Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip Colony trap Cage or box trap 9 5 Table 79. Locks Used for Fisher Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock. Don t know Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock Micro-lock Other. Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock Slim lock.6 Thompson lock.76 Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock Table 8. Trends in Trap Use for Fisher 4 6 # Body - Standard 55 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Fisher 46 # Coil 9 #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Fisher 5 # Body - Magnum 8 # Coil-spring - Fisher # Body - Standard 8 Cage or box trap - Fisher 9 #6 Body - Standard 7 # /4 or.75 Coil-spring - Fisher 8

164 8 Responsive Management Table 8. Fisher Trapping Part Fisher Answer set United Northeast Midwest States Standard or regular Offset 6 By either original design or modification, Wide jaw 9 8 are the jaws of this? (Asked of those Padded or rubber jaws who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? Yes (Asked of those who use foothold traps, No 4 4 not including dog proof traps.) Don t know 9 Pan tension screw How do you adjust pan tension on this Paws-i-trip pan 4 trap? (Asked of those who can adjust Bend dog 6 4 pan tension.) Other pan tension Don t know Push trigger What kind of trigger does this trap have? Pull trigger (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain By either original design or modification, Swivel at trap does the chain of this trap have a? Swivel in between (Asked of those who use foothold traps, Shock or lunge spring 9 5 including dog proof traps.) None of these 5 Don t know 6 4 Stake or wired solid On a drag 9 4 As a drowning set with a When you set this trap, how do you slide wire or rod secure it? (Asked of those who use As some other drowning foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) set None of these 5 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

165 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Table 8. Fisher Trapping Part Fisher What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Northeast Midwest States /64 /6 5/ / 7/64 /8 Other To kill To live catch Both about equally Set without preference Don t know Yes 4 5 No Don t know Yes 55 5 No Don t know Yes 55 5 No Don t know Yes 54 No Staked or wired solid with entanglement When you set this snare, how do you Staked or wired solid secure it? (Asked of those who use without entanglement snares.) On a drag None of these Don t know Do you personally make any of the Yes 68 snares that you use for (species)? No (Asked of those who use snares.) Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

166 4 Responsive Management Table 8. Fisher Trapping Part Fisher Answer set United Northeast Midwest States Standard Is this trap standard or magnum? (Asked Magnum 5 of those who use bodygrip traps.) Don t know 4 Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or a Pan trigger pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Baited cubby or Which of the following best describes enclosure on the ground how this trap is most often set? (Asked Elevated bait set of those who use bodygrip traps.) Other type of set 4 None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

167 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 4 GRAY FOX Figure 65. Traps Used for Gray Fox Overall Traps used for: Gray fox # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=)

168 4 Responsive Management Table 84. Traps Used for Gray Fox, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Gray fox Trap Type West Midwest South Northeast (n=4) (n=45) (n=445) (n=9) # Coil-spring 4 # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 4 8 # Coil-spring 6 6 # Coil-spring 8 5 #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB MB MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring 4 # Longspring 5 #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 4 8 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap 5 4 Other

169 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 4 Table 85. Trap Family Used for Gray Fox Gray fox Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip 5 Cage or box trap Table 86. Locks Used for Gray Fox Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock.84 Amberg lock.4 Berkshire sure lock.4 Berkshire washer lock.4 Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock 4.85 Don t know 6.8 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock.45 Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock 8.6 Kaatz Relax-a-lock 5.9 Kieper lock Micro-lock.97 Other.6 Penny size washer lock.7 Quarter size washer lock 9.9 Slim lock 6.6 Thompson lock.58 Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock. Table 87. Trends in Trap Use for Gray Fox 4 6 # / Coil 7 # Coil-spring - Gray fox # Coil 7 # / Coil-spring - Gray fox # /4 Coil 8 # /4 or.75 Coil-spring - Gray fox 5 # Coil 5 # Coil-spring - Gray fox 9 # / Longspring 4 Snare or cable restraint - Gray fox 7

170 44 Responsive Management Table 88. Gray Fox Trapping Part Gray fox By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States West South Midwest Northeast Standard or regular Offset Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Yes No Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan Bend dog Other pan tension 5 Don t know Push trigger 6 Pull trigger Push/pull trigger 74 Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

171 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 45 Table 89. Gray Fox Trapping Part Gray fox What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States / / / / 9 8 7/64 4 /8 4 6 Other To kill To live catch Both about equally 7 9 Set without preference 5 9 Don t know Yes No Don t know 7 Yes No Don t know Yes No 9 4 Don t know Yes No Don t know 4 Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag 6 5 None of these Don t know 4 6 Yes No Don t know 4 For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

172 46 Responsive Management Table 9. Gray Fox Trapping Part Gray fox Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard 8 76 (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum 9 4 traps.) Don t know Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or Pan trigger 56 a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither 9 4 Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the 5 8 describes how this trap is most ground often set? (Asked of those who use Elevated bait set 44 bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

173 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 47 KIT OR SWIFT FOX Figure 66. Traps Used for Kit or Swift Fox Overall Traps used for: Kit or swift fox # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=64)

174 48 Responsive Management Table 9. Traps Used for Kit or Swift Fox, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Kit or swift fox Trap Type West (n=6) # Coil-spring 5 # / Coil-spring 8 #.65 Coil-spring 4 # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 9 # Coil-spring 6 # Coil-spring 8 #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring 4 # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring 5 # Longspring 5 #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 5 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap 5 Other

175 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 49 Table 9. Trap Family Used for Kit or Swift Fox Kit or swift fox Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United States West Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare 5 7 Bodygrip 4 Cage or box trap 5 Table 9. Locks Used for Kit or Swift Fox Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock 4 Don t know 4 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock Micro-lock Other Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock Slim lock Thompson lock Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock Table 94. Trends in Trap Use for Kit or Swift Fox 4 6 # Coil 4 # Coil-spring - Kit or swift fox # /4 Coil # /4 or.75 Coil-spring - Kit or swift fox # Longspring 9 # / Coil-spring - Kit or swift fox 4 #4 Coil 6 # Coil-spring - Kit or swift fox 4 # Coil 5 Cage or box trap - Kit or swift fox

176 5 Responsive Management Table 95. Kit or Swift Fox Trapping Part Kit or swift fox Answer set United States West Standard or regular 6 Offset 77 7 By either original design or modification, are Wide jaw the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use Padded or rubber jaws foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? Yes 9 9 (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not No 5 6 including dog proof traps.) Don t know 4 Pan tension screw 77 8 Paws-i-trip pan 4 5 How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? Bend dog 4 8 (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) Other pan tension 8 Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain 87 8 By either original design or modification, does Swivel at trap 8 85 the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of Swivel in between 9 those who use foothold traps, including dog Shock or lunge spring 5 9 proof traps.) None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid 85 8 On a drag As a drowning set with a When you set this trap, how do you secure it? slide wire or rod (Asked of those who use foothold traps, As some other drowning including dog proof traps.) set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

177 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Table 96. Kit or Swift Fox Trapping Part Kit or swift fox What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United States West /64 / /64 / 7/64 /8 Other To kill 6 6 To live catch Both about equally Set without preference 4 4 Don t know Yes 4 4 No 6 6 Don t know Yes No 6 6 Don t know Yes 8 8 No Don t know Yes 6 6 No 4 4 Staked or wired solid with entanglement 8 8 Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag None of these Don t know Yes 4 4 No 6 6 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

178 5 Responsive Management Table 97. Kit or Swift Fox Trapping Part Kit or swift fox Answer set United States West Standard Is this trap standard or magnum? (Asked of Magnum those who use bodygrip traps.) Don t know Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or a pan Pan trigger trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Baited cubby or enclosure Which of the following best describes how this 5 5 on the ground trap is most often set? (Asked of those who Elevated bait set use bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these 5 5 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

179 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 LYNX Figure 67. Traps Used for Lynx Overall Traps used for: Lynx # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=6)

180 54 Responsive Management Table 98. Traps Used for Lynx, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Lynx Trap Type Alaska (n=) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring 4 #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring 5 #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 9 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other

181 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 55 Table 99. Trap Family Used for Lynx Lynx Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United States Alaska Foothold 7 7 Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare 9 9 Bodygrip Cage or box trap Table. Locks Used for Lynx Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock 5.8 Don t know 8.46 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock 7.69 Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock 7.69 Micro-lock Other Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock Slim lock Thompson lock.77 Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock Table. Trends in Trap Use for Lynx 4 6 Snares Snare or cable restraint - Lynx 9 # Coil 8 #4 Coil-spring - Lynx 4 #4 Longspring 8 #4 Longspring - Lynx 5 #4 Coil 9 # Coil-spring - Lynx # Longspring 9 MB 65 - Lynx

182 56 Responsive Management Table. Lynx Trapping Part Lynx Answer set United States Alaska Standard or regular Offset 4 9 By either original design or modification, are Wide jaw 8 9 the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use Padded or rubber jaws foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? Yes (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not No 4 5 including dog proof traps.) Don t know 5 4 Pan tension screw 58 6 Paws-i-trip pan 6 7 How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? Bend dog (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) Other pan tension Don t know Push trigger What kind of trigger does this trap have? Pull trigger (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain By either original design or modification, does Swivel at trap 6 6 the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of Swivel in between 4 those who use foothold traps, including dog Shock or lunge spring 4 4 proof traps.) None of these 4 4 Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag As a drowning set with a When you set this trap, how do you secure it? slide wire or rod (Asked of those who use foothold traps, As some other drowning including dog proof traps.) set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

183 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 57 Table. Lynx Trapping Part Lynx What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United States Alaska /64 / / / 5 5 7/64 /8 Other 8 8 To kill To live catch 8 8 Both about equally Set without preference 5 5 Don t know Yes No 6 6 Don t know 8 8 Yes 5 5 No Don t know Yes 6 6 No Don t know 8 8 Yes 5 5 No Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag 5 5 None of these Don t know 8 8 Yes No Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

184 58 Responsive Management Table 4. Lynx Trapping Part Lynx Answer set United States Alaska Standard Is this trap standard or magnum? (Asked of Magnum 5 5 those who use bodygrip traps.) Don t know Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or a pan Pan trigger trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set 5 5 Baited cubby or Which of the following best describes how this enclosure on the ground trap is most often set? (Asked of those who Elevated bait set use bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

185 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 59 MARTEN Figure 68. Traps Used for Marten Overall Traps used for: Marten # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=)

186 6 Responsive Management Table 5. Traps Used for Marten, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Marten Trap Type Alaska Midwest Northeast West (n=9) (n=59) (n=5) (n=7) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 4 # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring 5 # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring 5 # Longspring 7 8 # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring 8 8 # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 5 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 7 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 8 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 8 #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 6 #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 8 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap 5 Other 4

187 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 6 Table 6. Trap Family Used for Marten Marten Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare 5 Bodygrip Cage or box trap 5 Table 7. Locks Used for Marten Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock.89 Don t know 69. Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock Micro-lock Other Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock Slim lock Thompson lock Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock Table 8. Trends in Trap Use for Marten 4 6 # Body - Standard # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Marten # Body - Standard # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Marten 5 # Longspring 5 # Longspring - Marten 5 # Coil #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Marten # Body - Standard # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Marten 8

188 6 Responsive Management Table 9. Marten Trapping Part Marten By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States Alaska West Midwest Northeast Standard or regular Offset 4 7 Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws 7 Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Yes No Don t know 9 Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan 5 Bend dog Other pan tension Don t know 5 Push trigger Pull trigger Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring 4 6 None of these 5 4 Don t know 7 Stake or wired solid On a drag As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

189 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 6 Table. Marten Trapping Part Marten What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) No Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without 8 entanglement On a drag None of these Don t know Yes No Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %. Answer set United Midwest Alaska West States /64 /6 5/64 7 / 7/64 /8 Other To kill To live catch Both about equally Set without preference Don t know Yes No 6 67 Don t know 7 Yes No 8 Don t know 6 67 Yes No Don t know Yes Northeast

190 64 Responsive Management Table. Marten Trapping Part Marten Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West States Standard Is this trap standard or magnum? (Asked Magnum of those who use bodygrip traps.) Don t know 4 9 Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or a Pan trigger pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Which of the following best describes Baited cubby or enclosure on the 4 how this trap is most often set? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) ground Elevated bait set Other type of set 4 4 None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

191 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 65 MINK Figure 69. Traps Used for Mink Overall Traps used for: Mink # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=)

192 66 Responsive Management Table. Traps Used for Mink, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Mink Trap Type Alaska West Midwest South Northeast (n=) (n=) (n=5) (n=9) (n=74) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring 4 9 #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring 6 9 # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap 5 4 # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring 7 Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 5 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 5 4 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 5 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size 5 Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap 5 7 Other 5

193 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 67 Table. Trap Family Used for Mink Mink Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare 5 Bodygrip Muskrat float Colony trap Cage or box trap 5 7 Table 4. Locks Used for Mink Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock Amberg lock.8 Berkshire sure lock.8 Berkshire washer lock.8 Butera BMI mini lock 4.5 Butera BMI slide free lock.8 Cam lock.6 Don t know 8.7 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock 6.8 Kaatz Relax-a-lock.8 Kieper lock Micro-lock 4.6 Other.8 Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock 5.7 Slim lock.87 Thompson lock Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock Table 5. Trends in Trap Use for Mink 4 6 # Body - Standard 7 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Mink 55 # / Coil 5 # / Coil-spring - Mink 7 # Coil 7 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Mink # / Longspring # Coil-spring - Mink # Longspring 7 # Longspring - Mink 9

194 68 Responsive Management Table 6. Mink Trapping Part Mink By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States Alaska West Mid- South west Northeast Standard or regular Offset 6 4 Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws Double jaw 4 5 Toothed or studded None of these Yes No 6 8 Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan 5 4 Bend dog Other pan tension 6 5 Don t know 4 Push trigger Pull trigger Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring 4 None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

195 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 69 Table 7. Mink Trapping Part Mink What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States /64 5 / / / / /8 Other 4 To kill To live catch 9 8 Both about equally Set without preference 5 5 Don t know Yes 5 64 No Don t know 6 Yes No Don t know 6 Yes No Don t know Yes 4 7 No Don t know 7 Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag None of these Don t know Yes No Don t know 6 For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

196 7 Responsive Management Table 8. Mink Trapping Part Mink Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum traps.) Don t know 7 8 Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or Pan trigger a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the describes how this trap is most ground often set? (Asked of those who use Elevated bait set 4 bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

197 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 MUSKRAT Figure 7. Traps Used for Muskrat Overall Traps used for: Muskrat # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=987)

198 7 Responsive Management Table 9. Traps Used for Muskrat, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Muskrat Trap Type Alaska West Midwest South Northeast (n=5) (n=98) (n=948) (n=5) (n=5) # Coil-spring 4 8 # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring 4 5 # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring 4 # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap 9 # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring 5 Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 6 5 #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 5 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) 5 Colony trap Cage or box trap 4 Other

199 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Table. Trap Family Used for Muskrat Muskrat Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip Muskrat float 5 Colony trap Cage or box trap 4 Table. Locks Used for Muskrat Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock 4.6 Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock.47 Butera BMI mini lock.47 Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock.65 Don t know 4.8 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock 6. Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock Micro-lock 6.88 Other Penny size washer lock.47 Quarter size washer lock 4. Slim lock.9 Thompson lock.47 Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock.4 Table. Trends in Trap Use for Muskrat 4 6 # Body - Standard 59 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Muskrat 69 # Coil 5 # / Coil-spring - Muskrat 8 # Longspring # Longspring - Muskrat 7 # Stop-Loss Colony trap - Muskrat 5 # / Longspring 8 # Coil-spring - Muskrat

200 74 Responsive Management Table. Muskrat Trapping Part Muskrat By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States Alaska West Mid- South west Northeast Standard or regular Offset 8 Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws Double jaw 7 Toothed or studded None of these Yes No Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan 4 4 Bend dog Other pan tension 6 5 Don t know 7 Push trigger 5 Pull trigger Push/pull trigger 4 Don t know 8 Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring None of these Don t know 4 Stake or wired solid On a drag As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

201 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 75 Table 4. Muskrat Trapping Part Muskrat What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States / / /64 6 / / / Other To kill 66 5 To live catch Both about equally 7 9 Set without preference Don t know 4 6 Yes 5 7 No Don t know 4 6 Yes No Don t know Yes No 4 Don t know 4 6 Yes No Don t know 4 6 Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag None of these Don t know 4 6 Yes No Don t know 4 6 For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

202 76 Responsive Management Table 5. Muskrat Trapping Part Muskrat Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum traps.) Don t know 5 Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or Pan trigger a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set 4 Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the describes how this trap is most ground often set? (Asked of those who use Elevated bait set bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

203 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 77 NUTRIA Figure 7. Traps Used for Nutria Overall Traps used for: Nutria # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=57)

204 78 Responsive Management Table 6. Traps Used for Nutria, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Nutria Trap Type West (n=9) South (n=47) # Coil-spring 8 7 # / Coil-spring 7 #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring 4 # Coil-spring 5 #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring 9 # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) 4 5 Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 5 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 9 7 #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other 5

205 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 79 Table 7. Trap Family Used for Nutria Nutria Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Table 8. Locks Used for Nutria Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock Don t know Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock Micro-lock Other Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock Slim lock Thompson lock Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock Answer set United States West South Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip Cage or box trap Note: Sample size in one or both years not large enough to show trends in trap use for nutria.

206 8 Responsive Management Table 9. Nutria Trapping Part Nutria By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States West South Standard or regular Offset Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws Double jaw 7 7 Toothed or studded None of these Yes 5 49 No 4 44 Don t know 4 5 Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan 7 7 Bend dog 5 7 Other pan tension 7 7 Don t know 7 7 Push trigger 6 5 Pull trigger 4 5 Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain 7 69 Swivel at trap Swivel in between 6 7 Shock or lunge spring None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid 84 8 On a drag 5 As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod 6 5 As some other drowning set None of these 6 7 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

207 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 8 Table. Nutria Trapping Part Nutria What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United States West South /64 /6 5/64 / 7/64 /8 7 7 Other To kill To live catch Both about equally Set without preference 7 7 Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No 7 7 Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No 7 7 Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement 7 7 On a drag None of these Don t know Yes No 7 7 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

208 8 Responsive Management Table. Nutria Trapping Part Nutria Answer set United States West South Standard Is this trap standard or magnum? (Asked of Magnum those who use bodygrip traps.) Don t know Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or a pan Pan trigger trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set 6 Baited cubby or enclosure Which of the following best describes how on the ground this trap is most often set? (Asked of those Elevated bait set who use bodygrip traps.) Other type of set 6 None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

209 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 8 OPOSSUM Figure 7. Traps Used for Opossum Overall Traps used for: Opossum # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=65)

210 84 Responsive Management Table. Traps Used for Opossum, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Opossum Trap Type West (n=4) Midwest South Northeast (n=9) (n=6) (n=4) # Coil-spring 6 4 # / Coil-spring 7 #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 4 5 # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring 6 # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) 5 5 Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 7 #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 6 6 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other 4 8

211 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 85 Table. Trap Family Used for Opossum Opossum Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip Cage or box trap Table 4. Locks Used for Opossum Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock 4.6 Don t know 9.9 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock 6.4 Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock Micro-lock.59 Other 6.4 Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock.59 Slim lock Thompson lock Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock.5 Table 5. Trends in Trap Use for Opossum 4 6 Cage Traps 5 Cage or box trap - Opossum 45 # / Coil 9 Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) - Opossum 6 # Coil 7 # / Coil-spring - Opossum 7 # Body - Standard 6 # Coil-spring - Opossum Others 5 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Opossum

212 86 Responsive Management Table 6. Opossum Trapping Part Opossum By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Standard or regular Offset Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws 4 6 Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Yes No Don t know 7 6 Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan 5 Bend dog 7 7 Other pan tension 5 Don t know 5 Push trigger Pull trigger Push/pull trigger 4 79 Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between 6 7 Shock or lunge spring 6 7 None of these 8 Don t know 4 5 Stake or wired solid On a drag As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

213 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 87 Table 7. Opossum Trapping Part Opossum What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States /64 /6 5/ / 6 7/64 7 /8 Other 6 5 To kill 56 To live catch 44 Both about equally 4 Set without preference Don t know Yes 4 No 86 Don t know Yes 68 4 No 59 Don t know Yes 8 6 No 7 Don t know Yes 58 No 4 78 Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without 8 5 entanglement On a drag None of these Don t know Yes 8 6 No 7 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

214 88 Responsive Management Table 8. Opossum Trapping Part Opossum Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum traps.) Don t know 4 Wire trigger 87 8 Does this trap have a wire trigger or a Pan trigger 7 pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither 5 8 Don t know Water set 4 Dryland trail set Which of the following best describes Baited cubby or enclosure on the how this trap is most often set? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) ground Elevated bait set Other type of set 4 9 None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

215 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 89 RACCOON Figure 7. Traps Used for Raccoon Overall Traps used for: Raccoon # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=768)

216 9 Responsive Management Table 9. Traps Used for Raccoon, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Raccoon Trap Type West Midwest South Northeast (n=44) (n=848) (n=946) (n=55) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring 4 #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring 9 # Coil-spring 5 #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 8 6 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other

217 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Table 4. Trap Family Used for Raccoon Raccoon Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip Cage or box trap Table 4. Locks Used for Raccoon Overall Adams lock. ADC Washer lock 4.85 Amberg lock.97 Berkshire sure lock 4.94 Berkshire washer lock.5 Butera BMI mini lock. Butera BMI slide free lock. Cam lock 8. Don t know 4.6 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock 4.5 Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock 5.5 Kaatz Relax-a-lock.54 Kieper lock Micro-lock. Other 4.9 Penny size washer lock. Quarter size washer lock 4.6 Slim lock.58 Thompson lock.89 Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock.6 Wedge lock.6 Table 4. Trends in Trap Use for Raccoon 4 6 # / Coil 4 Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) - Raccoon 54 # Body - Standard 6 # / Coil-spring - Raccoon Cage Traps 6 Cage or box trap - Raccoon 6 # Coil # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Raccoon 5 Snares 6 # Coil-spring - Raccoon

218 9 Responsive Management Table 4. Raccoon Trapping Part Raccoon By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Standard or regular Offset Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws 4 Double jaw 4 4 Toothed or studded None of these Yes No Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan 4 4 Bend dog Other pan tension 8 Don t know Push trigger Pull trigger Push/pull trigger Don t know 4 Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring 6 5 None of these 4 Don t know 4 Stake or wired solid On a drag 8 As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

219 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Table 44. Raccoon Trapping Part Raccoon Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States / / What is the cable diameter of this 5/ snare? (Asked of those who use / snares.) 7/64 /8 4 Other 4 5 To kill To live catch When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who Both about equally use snares.) Set without preference Don t know Yes Do you use a break-away device? No (Asked of those who use snares.) Don t know 6 9 Do you use a deer stop or minimum Yes loop stop? (Asked of those who use No snares.) Don t know 4 Yes Do you use a swivel at the staking end? No (Asked of those who use snares.) Don t know Do you use an in-line swivel between Yes staking end and snare loop? (Asked of No those who use snares.) Don t know Staked or wired solid with entanglement When you set this snare, how do you Staked or wired secure it? (Asked of those who use solid without snares.) entanglement On a drag 4 None of these 5 Don t know 9 Do you personally make any of the Yes snares that you use for (species)? No (Asked of those who use snares.) Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

220 94 Responsive Management Table 45. Raccoon Trapping Part Raccoon Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum 7 8 traps.) Don t know 5 Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or a Pan trigger pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Which of the following best describes Baited cubby or enclosure on the how this trap is most often set? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) ground Elevated bait set 6 5 Other type of set 4 6 None of these Don t know 4 For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

221 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 95 RED FOX Figure 74. Traps Used for Red Fox Overall Traps used for: Red fox # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=4)

222 96 Responsive Management Table 46. Traps Used for Red Fox, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Red fox Trap Type Alaska West Midwest South Northeast (n=) (n=45) (n=654) (n=48) (n=56) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring 4 4 # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring 6 6 #4 Coil-spring 4 #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB MB MB 65 4 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring 4 # Longspring 9 4 # Longspring 9 #4 Longspring 9 #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other

223 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 97 Table 47. Trap Family Used for Red Fox Red fox Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip Cage or box trap Table 48. Locks Used for Red Fox Overall Adams lock. ADC Washer lock 4.6 Amberg lock.45 Berkshire sure lock 4.56 Berkshire washer lock.8 Butera BMI mini lock.9 Butera BMI slide free lock.7 Cam lock 9. Don t know 7.7 Drowner lock.6 Grawes bullet lock 6. Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock 4.94 Kaatz Relax-a-lock.6 Kieper lock.5 Micro-lock.46 Other.87 Penny size washer lock.44 Quarter size washer lock.98 Slim lock 4.48 Thompson lock.68 Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock. Wedge lock.85 Table 49. Trends in Trap Use for Red Fox 4 6 # / Coil 6 # Coil-spring - Red fox 4 # Coil 8 # / Coil-spring - Red fox # /4 Coil # /4 or.75 Coil-spring - Red fox 5 Snares 9 Snare or cable restraint - Red fox 7 # Coil 5 # Coil-spring - Red fox 8

224 98 Responsive Management Table 5. Red Fox Trapping Part Red fox By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Standard or regular Offset Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Yes No Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan Bend dog Other pan tension 8 Don t know 9 Push trigger 8 78 Pull trigger 9 Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring 4 5 None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

225 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 99 Table 5. Red Fox Trapping Part Red fox What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States / / / / /64 6 / Other To kill To live catch Both about equally 6 5 Set without preference Don t know Yes No Don t know 5 Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know 8 Yes No Don t know Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag None of these Don t know 9 Yes No Don t know 4 For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

226 Responsive Management Table 5. Red Fox Trapping Part Red fox Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum traps.) Don t know 5 Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger Pan trigger or a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither 7 9 Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the describes how this trap is most ground often set? (Asked of those who Elevated bait set 5 use bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these Don t know 8 For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

227 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 RINGTAIL Figure 75. Traps Used for Ringtail Overall Traps used for: Ringtail # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=5)

228 Responsive Management Table 5. Traps Used for Ringtail, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Ringtail Trap Type West (n=) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring 8 #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 7 # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring 9 # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 6 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 9 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other

229 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 54. Trap Family Used for Ringtail Ringtail Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United States West Foothold 8 8 Dog proof or foot enclosing 7 Snare 6 Bodygrip 8 Cage or box trap 4 Table 55. Locks Used for Ringtail Overall Adams lock 7.9 ADC Washer lock 6.86 Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock. Don t know 6.86 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock Micro-lock Other Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock Slim lock Thompson lock Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock Note: Sample size in one or both years not large enough to show trends in trap use for ringtail.

230 4 Responsive Management Table 56. Ringtail Trapping Part Ringtail Answer set United States West Standard or regular 5 Offset 5 5 By either original design or modification, Wide jaw 5 8 are the jaws of this? (Asked of those Padded or rubber jaws 5 7 who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? Yes 8 74 (Asked of those who use foothold traps, No 8 not including dog proof traps.) Don t know 5 Pan tension screw 9 84 How do you adjust pan tension on this Paws-i-trip pan trap? (Asked of those who can adjust Bend dog 6 pan tension.) Other pan tension Don t know Push trigger 7 What kind of trigger does this trap have? Pull trigger 9 (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain 88 8 By either original design or modification, Swivel at trap does the chain of this trap have a? Swivel in between 4 (Asked of those who use foothold traps, Shock or lunge spring 4 including dog proof traps.) None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid 95 9 On a drag 9 56 As a drowning set with When you set this trap, how do you a slide wire or rod secure it? (Asked of those who use As some other drowning foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

231 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Table 57. Ringtail Trapping Part Ringtail What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United States West /64 6 / /64 54 / 7/64 /8 Other To kill To live catch 6 Both about equally 54 Set without preference 8 46 Don t know Yes No 8 54 Don t know Yes No 6 Don t know Yes No 6 Don t know Yes 8 54 No 8 46 Staked or wired solid with entanglement When you set this snare, how do you Staked or wired solid 8 54 secure it? (Asked of those who use without entanglement snares.) On a drag None of these Don t know Do you personally make any of the Yes snares that you use for (species)? No 54 (Asked of those who use snares.) Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

232 6 Responsive Management Table 58. Ringtail Trapping Part Ringtail Is this trap standard or magnum? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Does this trap have a wire trigger or a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Which of the following best describes how this trap is most often set? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Answer set United States West Standard Magnum 5 5 Don t know Wire trigger Pan trigger 6 6 Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Baited cubby or enclosure on the ground Elevated bait set 6 6 Other type of set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

233 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 RIVER OTTER Figure 76. Traps Used for River Otter Overall Traps used for: River otter # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=6)

234 8 Responsive Management Table 59. Traps Used for River Otter, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) River otter Trap Type Alaska West Midwest South Northeast (n=) (n=5) (n=77) (n=4) (n=8) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring 5 6 #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 4 6 # Coil-spring # Coil-spring 6 #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring 4 # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring 5 #4 Longspring 4 #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 6 5 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 5 #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 5 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 8 4 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 9 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other

235 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Table 6. Trap Family Used for River Otter River otter Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare 6 5 Bodygrip Cage or box trap Table 6. Locks Used for River Otter Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock.99 Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock. Berkshire washer lock 5.4 Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock.9 Don t know 6.8 Drowner lock 4.7 Grawes bullet lock.54 Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock Micro-lock 5.98 Other.65 Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock 4.5 Slim lock 5.9 Thompson lock.99 Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock.54 Table 6. Trends in Trap Use for River Otter 4 6 # Body - Standard # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - River otter 58 # Body - Standard 6 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - River otter #8 Body - Standard 4 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - River otter 6 # Body - Magnum 8 # Coil-spring - River otter 7 # Body - Magnum 7 # Coil-spring - River otter 6

236 Responsive Management Table 6. River Otter Trapping Part River otter By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States Alaska West Mid- South west Northeast Standard or regular Offset Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws 4 7 Double jaw Toothed or studded 4 None of these Yes No Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan 6 Bend dog 4 Other pan tension 5 Don t know 4 Push trigger Pull trigger Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag 4 4 As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

237 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 64. River Otter Trapping Part River otter What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States /64 4 / / / 6 5 7/64 /8 4 Other 9 4 To kill To live catch Both about equally Set without preference 8 Don t know Yes 6 No Don t know 6 5 Yes No Don t know 5 Yes No 6 6 Don t know Yes No Don t know Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag 9 4 None of these 7 4 Don t know 5 5 Yes No Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

238 Responsive Management Table 65. River Otter Trapping Part River otter Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum traps.) Don t know 4 4 Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or Pan trigger 6 a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the describes how this trap is most often ground set? (Asked of those who use Elevated bait set bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

239 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 SKUNK Figure 77. Traps Used for Skunk Overall Traps used for: Skunk # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=)

240 4 Responsive Management Table 66. Traps Used for Skunk, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Skunk Trap Type West Midwest South Northeast (n=) (n=) (n=7) (n=54) # Coil-spring 5 8 # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 4 # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) 6 Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 6 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 5 #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 6 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 7 7 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 5 #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other 5

241 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Table 67. Trap Family Used for Skunk Skunk Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing 6 Snare 5 Bodygrip Cage or box trap Table 68. Locks Used for Skunk Overall Adams lock 8.59 ADC Washer lock Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock.84 Don t know 4.6 Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock Micro-lock Other Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock Slim lock.45 Thompson lock Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock Table 69. Trends in Trap Use for Skunk 4 6 Cage Traps 56 Cage or box trap - Skunk 58 # / Coil # / Coil-spring - Skunk 4 # Body - Standard Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) - Skunk Others #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Skunk 8 # Coil 4 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Skunk 7

242 6 Responsive Management Table 7. Skunk Trapping Part Skunk By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Standard or regular Offset 44 9 Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws 6 Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these 4 Yes No Don t know 4 Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan 4 4 Bend dog Other pan tension Don t know 5 Push trigger Pull trigger Push/pull trigger Don t know 4 5 Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag 6 8 As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod 4 As some other drowning set None of these 4 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

243 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Table 7. Skunk Trapping Part Skunk What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Yes No Don t know Yes 9 8 No Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes 4 4 No Staked or wired solid with entanglement When you set this snare, how do you Staked or wired solid 9 8 secure it? (Asked of those who use without entanglement snares.) On a drag None of these Don t know Do you personally make any of the Yes snares that you use for (species)? No (Asked of those who use snares.) Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %. Answer set United Midwest West States South /64 / /64 4 / 4 4 7/ /8 Other To kill To live catch Both about equally Set without preference 5 8 Don t know Northeast

244 8 Responsive Management Table 7. Skunk Trapping Part Skunk Answer set United Midweseast North- West South States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum 4 traps.) Don t know 6 5 Wire trigger 9 8 Does this trap have a wire trigger or Pan trigger a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither 7 Don t know Water set Dryland trail set 9 Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the describes how this trap is most often ground set? (Asked of those who use Elevated bait set bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

245 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 WEASEL Figure 78. Traps Used for Weasel Overall Traps used for: Weasel # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=6)

246 Responsive Management Table 7. Traps Used for Weasel, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Weasel Trap Type Alaska (n=5) West (n=) Midwest Northeast (n=) (n=4) # Coil-spring 7 # / Coil-spring 8 7 #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 7 # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring 8 # Longspring 4 # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring 7 7 # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 6 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 7 7 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 7 #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other

247 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 74. Trap Family Used for Weasel Weasel Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare 6 Bodygrip 4 5 Cage or box trap Table 75. Locks Used for Weasel Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock Don t know Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock 4.6 Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock Micro-lock Other Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock Slim lock Thompson lock Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock Note: Sample size in one or both years not large enough to show trends in trap use for weasel.

248 Responsive Management Table 76. Weasel Trapping Part Weasel By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West States Standard or regular Offset 69 Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these 9 Yes No Don t know Pan tension screw 7 74 Paws-i-trip pan 5 Bend dog Other pan tension 5 4 Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain 7 66 Swivel at trap Swivel in between 6 Shock or lunge spring 7 None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid 6 7 On a drag 69 As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod 9 As some other drowning set None of these 6 4 Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

249 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 77. Weasel Trapping Part Weasel What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West States /64 /6 57 5/64 4 / 7/64 /8 Other To kill To live catch Both about equally Set without preference Don t know Yes 4 No 57 Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No Staked or wired solid with entanglement When you set this snare, how do you Staked or wired solid secure it? (Asked of those who use without entanglement snares.) On a drag None of these Don t know Do you personally make any of the Yes snares that you use for (species)? No (Asked of those who use snares.) Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

250 4 Responsive Management Table 78. Weasel Trapping Part Weasel Answer set United Midweseast North- Alaska West States Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum 6 5 traps.) Don t know Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or Pan trigger a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the describes how this trap is most often ground set? (Asked of those who use Elevated bait set bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

251 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 WOLF Figure 79. Traps Used for Wolf Overall Traps used for: Wolf # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=88)

252 6 Responsive Management Table 79. Traps Used for Wolf, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Wolf Trap Type Alaska (n=) West (n=4) Midwest (n=4) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring 7 # Coil-spring 4 #4 Coil-spring 5 #5 Coil-spring 9 5 # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 7 MB MB Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring 5 5 #5 Longspring 9 8 #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) 5 Snare or cable restraint 68 9 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other 5 8

253 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Table 8. Trap Family Used for Wolf Wolf Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United Midwest Alaska West States Foothold Dog proof or foot enclosing 5 Snare Bodygrip Table 8. Locks Used for Wolf Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock 7.45 Berkshire washer lock 4.8 Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock.48 Cam lock.5 Don t know. Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock.5 Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock 9.64 Micro-lock Other.5 Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock 4.8 Slim lock Thompson lock.88 Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock.48 Table 8. Trends in Trap Use for Wolf 4 6 Snares 49 Snare or cable restraint - Wolf 5 Others MB 75 - Wolf MB 75 4 MB 65 - Wolf 5 #4 Longspring Other - Wolf #5 Longspring # Coil-spring - Wolf 9

254 8 Responsive Management Table 8. Wolf Trapping Part Wolf By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) What kind of trigger does this trap have? (Asked of those who use a dog proof / foot enclosing trap.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United Midwest Alaska West States Standard or regular 57 4 Offset Wide jaw 8 6 Padded or rubber jaws 6 Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Yes No Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan 8 Bend dog 7 6 Other pan tension Don t know Push trigger Pull trigger Push/pull trigger Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain Swivel at trap Swivel in between Shock or lunge spring 4 68 None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid On a drag As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

255 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Table 84. Wolf Trapping Part Wolf What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United Midwest Alaska West States /64 / / / 7 7/64 /8 7 Other 9 To kill To live catch 5 7 Both about equally Set without preference 9 Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No 54 7 Don t know 9 Yes No Don t know Yes 8 No Don t know Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without 4 8 entanglement On a drag 4 None of these Don t know 9 Yes No Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

256 Responsive Management WOLVERINE Figure 8. Traps Used for Wolverine Overall Traps used for: Wolverine # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 MB 75 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring # Longspring # Longspring #4 Longspring #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other Percent (n=)

257 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 85. Traps Used for Wolverine, by Region (Multiple Responses Allowed) Wolverine Trap Type Alaska (n=8) # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring # /4 or.75 Coil-spring # Coil-spring # Coil-spring #4 Coil-spring 4 #5 Coil-spring # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 4 MB 75 4 Sterling MJ 5 Sterling MJ 6 Sterling MJ 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring 7 # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring 4 # Longspring # Longspring 4 #4 Longspring 7 #5 Longspring #7 Longspring # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snare or cable restraint 9 Belisle footsnare or other footsnare #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 6 #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) Colony trap Cage or box trap Other 4

258 Responsive Management Table 86. Trap Family Used for Wolverine Wolverine Trap family: (Multiple responses allowed) Answer set United States Alaska Foothold 4 6 Dog proof or foot enclosing Snare Bodygrip Cage or box trap 4 Table 87. Locks Used for Wolverine Overall Adams lock ADC Washer lock. Amberg lock Berkshire sure lock Berkshire washer lock Butera BMI mini lock Butera BMI slide free lock Cam lock. Don t know. Drowner lock Grawes bullet lock Gregerson L-4 or #4 lock Kaatz Relax-a-lock Kieper lock. Micro-lock Other. Penny size washer lock Quarter size washer lock Slim lock Thompson lock. Thompson release lock or NWRC breakaway lock Wedge lock Table 88. Trends in Trap Use for Wolverine 4 6 # Body - Standard # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw - Wolverine 58 #4 Longspring 5 Snare or cable restraint - Wolverine 7 # Body - Magnum MB 75 - Wolverine 4 # Coil #4 Coil-spring - Wolverine 4 #4 Coil #4 Longspring - Wolverine 7

259 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 Table 89. Wolverine Trapping Part Wolverine By either original design or modification, are the jaws of this? (Asked of those who use foothold traps not including dog proof traps.) Can you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, not including dog proof traps.) How do you adjust pan tension on this trap? (Asked of those who can adjust pan tension.) By either original design or modification, does the chain of this trap have a? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) When you set this trap, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use foothold traps, including dog proof traps.) Answer set United States Alaska Standard or regular 6 6 Offset 4 4 Wide jaw Padded or rubber jaws Double jaw Toothed or studded None of these Yes 89 9 No Don t know Pan tension screw Paws-i-trip pan Bend dog Other pan tension Don t know Swivel at staking end of chain 9 9 Swivel at trap 8 8 Swivel in between 5 5 Shock or lunge spring None of these Don t know Stake or wired solid 9 9 On a drag As a drowning set with a slide wire or rod As some other drowning set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

260 4 Responsive Management Table 9. Wolverine Trapping Part Wolverine What is the cable diameter of this snare? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you use this snare, do you usually set it...? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a break-away device? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a deer stop or minimum loop stop? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use a swivel at the staking end? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you use an in-line swivel between staking end and snare loop? (Asked of those who use snares.) When you set this snare, how do you secure it? (Asked of those who use snares.) Do you personally make any of the snares with a that you use for (species)? (Asked of those who use snares.) Answer set United States Alaska /64 /6 5/64 / 7/ /8 Other To kill To live catch Both about equally Set without preference Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No Staked or wired solid with entanglement Staked or wired solid without entanglement On a drag None of these Don t know Yes No Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

261 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Table 9. Wolverine Trapping Part Wolverine Answer set United States Alaska Is this trap standard or magnum? Standard 6 6 (Asked of those who use bodygrip Magnum 7 7 traps.) Don t know Wire trigger Does this trap have a wire trigger or Pan trigger a pan trigger? (Asked of those who use bodygrip traps.) Neither Don t know Water set Dryland trail set Baited cubby or Which of the following best enclosure on the describes how this trap is most often ground set? (Asked of those who use Elevated bait set bodygrip traps.) Other type of set None of these Don t know For most questions, respondents can answer for multiple traps; on some questions, multiple responses are allowed. For this reason, some question results sum to more than %.

262 6 Responsive Management BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) More than two-fifths of trappers (4%) have heard of BMPs for trapping; of those who have heard of them, 64% know a great deal or moderate amount about them. In the 4 study, 5% of respondents had heard of BMPs (a lower percentage than now); of those, 55% responded that they knew a great deal or moderate amount. Of those who know a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little about BMPs, a strong majority (7%) support BMPs, with 7% expressing strong support. Only % oppose BMPs. Support for BMPs is higher than that reported in the 4 study (69%). Among trappers who support BMPs, the most common reasons given for this support (in an open-ended question) are for humane / ethical / animal welfare reasons (4% stated this), that it is good for animal populations (4%), that it is good for the future of trapping (%), that it is good to have guidelines (%), and that it is good to educate the public / improve the image of trapping (7%). Among trappers who oppose BMPs, the most common reason given for this opposition (in an open-ended question) is that there is too much regulation or the regulation is too universal (5%) by far the top response. Among trappers who have heard of BMPs, 66% currently use them and plan to continue using them.

263 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 7 Figure 8. Awareness of BMPs Overall Q44. Have you heard of best management practices, also called BMPs, for trapping? Yes 4 No 54 Don't know Percent (n=6668)

264 8 Responsive Management Figure 8. Awareness of BMPs Regionally Q44. Have you heard of best management practices, also called BMPs, for trapping? 4 5 Yes No Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) 5 Northeast (n=4) 4 Don't know Percent

265 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 9 Table 9. Awareness of BMPs, by State West Midwest South Northeast Q44. Have you heard of best management State of practices, also called BMPs, for trapping? residence Yes No Don't know Alaska 5% 48% % Arizona 4% 57% % California 8% 58% 4% Colorado % 66% % Idaho 58% 8% % Montana 44% 5% % Nevada % 69% % New Mexico 4% 5% 6% Oregon 4% 58% % Texas 9% 7% % Utah % 6% 8% Washington 67% 6% 7% Wyoming 47% 5% % Illinois 4% 7% % Indiana % 69% % Iowa 9% 66% 4% Kansas 8% 58% 4% Michigan 4% 55% 5% Minnesota 44% 5% 4% Missouri 6% 59% 5% Nebraska 7% 7% % North Dakota 6% 6% 5% Ohio 9% 56% 5% Oklahoma % 79% % South Dakota 9% 65% 6% Wisconsin 6% 6% 5% Alabama 47% 49% 4% Arkansas % 68% % Florida 4% 5% % Georgia 4% 56% % Kentucky % 65% 4% Louisiana 8% 8% % Mississippi % 68% % North Carolina 57% 4% % South Carolina % 6% 4% Tennessee 4% 56% % Virginia 5% 64% % West Virginia 9% 7% % Connecticut 6% % 7% Maine 75% % % Maryland 48% 5% % Massachusetts 8% 8% % New Hampshire 7% 7% % New Jersey 44% 47% 9% New York 6% 4% 6% Pennsylvania 5% 47% % Rhode Island 45% 5% 5% Vermont 74% % 4%

266 4 Responsive Management Figure 8. Knowledge of BMPs Overall Q45. How much would you say you know about trapping best management practices? Would you say you know a great deal, a moderate amount, a little, or nothing? (Asked of those who have heard of BMPs.) A great deal A moderate amount 4 A little Nothing 4 Don't know Percent (n=8)

267 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 4 Figure 84. Knowledge of BMPs Regionally Q45. How much would you say you know about trapping best management practices? (Asked of those who have heard about BMPs.) A great deal A moderate amount A little 4 5 Alaska (n=5) West (n=64) Midwest (n=84) South (n=589) Northeast (n=685) Nothing Don't know Percent

268 4 Responsive Management Table 9. Knowledge of BMPs, by State West Midwest South Northeast Q45. How much would you say you know about trapping best management practices State of residence A moderate A great deal A little Nothing Don't know amount Alaska 6% 4% % 8% % Arizona 6% 57% 7% % % California 6% 4% % % % Colorado 7% 55% % % % Idaho 6% 6% 6% % % Montana 4% % % 9% % Nevada 47% 6% 6% % % New Mexico % 5% % 6% % Oregon 7% 4% 9% % % Texas 5% 5% % % % Utah 8% 9% 4% % % Washington % 9% 7% % % Wyoming % 5% 9% 5% % Illinois % 5% % 7% % Indiana 6% 7% 7% % % Iowa 9% 45% 4% % % Kansas % 6% 5% % % Michigan % 47% 9% % % Minnesota 7% 48% % % % Missouri % 9% 4% 6% % Nebraska % 8% 8% % % North Dakota 4% 5% 6% 5% % Ohio 8% 48% % % % Oklahoma 8% 4% 46% 4% % South Dakota 7% 4% 7% 4% % Wisconsin % 4% % 4% % Alabama 4% 8% 5% 8% % Arkansas % % 5% 7% % Florida % 4% 7% % % Georgia % 44% 9% 4% % Kentucky 4% 8% 4% 6% % Louisiana 6% 4% % 5% 5% Mississippi 6% 9% 4% % % North Carolina 9% 4% 5% % % South Carolina % 4% 8% 5% 5% Tennessee 6% 7% % 7% % Virginia 6% % 8% % % West Virginia % 7% % 7% % Connecticut % 5% % % % Maine % 57% 7% % % Maryland % 4% 5% 4% % Massachusetts 4% 5% 5% % % New Hampshire 9% 44% 4% % % New Jersey % 49% 8% % % New York 9% 4% 5% % % Pennsylvania 5% 46% 8% % % Rhode Island 4% 4% % % % Vermont 5% 5% % 4% %

269 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 4 Figure 85. Support for / Opposition to BMPs Overall Q46. Overall, do you support or oppose best management practices? (Asked of those who have heard of BMPs and did not answer that they knew nothing about them.) Strongly support 7 Moderately support 6 Neither support nor oppose 9 Moderately oppose Strongly oppose Don't know Percent (n=676)

270 44 Responsive Management Figure 86. Support for / Opposition to BMPs Regionally Q46. Overall, do you support or oppose best management practices? (Asked of those who know a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little about BMPs.) Strongly support Moderately support Neither support nor oppose Moderately oppose Alaska (n=49) West (n=68) Midwest (n=86) South (n=555) Northeast (n=658) Strongly oppose Don't know Percent

271 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 45 Table 94. Support for / Opposition to BMPs, by State West Midwest South Northeast Q46. Overall, do you support or oppose best management practices? Neither State of residence Strongly Moderately Moderately Strongly Don't support support support oppose oppose know nor oppose Alaska % 45% % 6% % 4% Arizona 4% 57% % % % % California 8% 4% 4% % % % Colorado % % 7% 4% % % Idaho 4% % 9% % % % Montana % 48% % % % % Nevada 6% 6% 5% % % 5% New Mexico % 7% 4% % % 5% Oregon % 45% % % % % Texas % 5% 5% % % % Utah 9% 8% 8% % % % Washington 9% % 8% % % % Wyoming 7% % % % % 8% Illinois 9% 4% 4% 4% % % Indiana 7% 46% % % % % Iowa 7% 4% 7% 4% 6% 6% Kansas 8% % 5% % % 5% Michigan 9% 4% 7% 7% % % Minnesota % 5% % % % % Missouri % % % % % 6% Nebraska 54% % 7% 4% 4% % North Dakota 5% % % % % % Ohio % 5% % 4% % 5% Oklahoma 7% % 5% 4% % % South Dakota 9% 8% % % % % Wisconsin 9% 4% % % % 4% Alabama % 4% 4% % % % Arkansas 5% 4% 4% % % 4% Florida 8% % 7% 8% % 4% Georgia 5% 46% % % % % Kentucky 5% 4% 9% 4% 8% 9% Louisiana 47% 5% 6% % % % Mississippi 6% 7% 8% % 9% 6% North Carolina 4% % % % % 6% South Carolina 9% 4% 9% % % % Tennessee % 8% 6% % % 4% Virginia 56% 4% 9% % % % West Virginia 4% 4% 7% 4% % 4% Connecticut 5% % 8% % % % Maine 44% 5% 8% % % % Maryland 9% 7% 5% % % 9% Massachusetts 7% % % % % 6% New Hampshire 5% 9% 7% % % % New Jersey 7% 9% 9% % % % New York 9% 6% % % % % Pennsylvania 44% 4% % % % % Rhode Island 4% % % % % % Vermont 54% % % % % %

272 46 Responsive Management Figure 87. Reasons for Supporting BMPs Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Q47. What are the main reasons you support best management practices? (Asked of those who support BMPs.) Humane / ethical / animal welfare 4 Good for animal populations Good for future of trapping / preserve the tradition Good to have guidelines / good in general / common sense Educate the public / improve the image of trappers Provide outline for proper use of traps Efficiency Good for non-target animals Good for conservation Provide good research / scientific analysis Good for environment Good for landowner relations Better traps / equipment Other Don't know Percent (n=94)

273 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 47 Figure 88. Reasons for Supporting BMPs Regionally, Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Q47. What are the main reasons you support best management practices? (Asked of those who support BMPs.) (Part.) Humane / ethical / animal welfare 4 4 Good for animal populations Good for future of trapping / preserve the tradition Good to have guidelines / good in general / common sense Educate the public / improve the image of trappers Alaska (n=8) West (n=49) Midwest (n=56) South (n=4) Northeast (n=5) Provide outline for proper use of traps Percent

274 48 Responsive Management Figure 89. Reasons for Supporting BMPs Regionally, Part (Multiple Responses Allowed) Q47. What are the main reasons you support best management practices? (Asked of those who support BMPs.) (Part.) Provide outline for proper use of traps Efficiency Good for non-target animals Good for conservation Provide good research / scientific analysis Good for environment Good for landowner relations Better traps / equipment Other Don't know Alaska (n=8) West (n=49) Midwest (n=56) South (n=4) Northeast (n=5) Percent

275 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 49 Figure 9. Reasons for Opposing BMPs Overall (Multiple Responses Allowed) Q49. What are the main reasons you oppose best management practices? (Asked of those who oppose BMPs.) Too much regulation / too universalized 5 Regulations come from uninformed people 5 Too much politics 9 They will be used to stop or hinder trapping in the long run 9 Disagree with testing methods 7 They are unnecessary 5 Other 5 Don't know Percent (n=77)

276 5 Responsive Management Figure 9. Reasons for Opposing BMPs Regionally (Multiple Responses Allowed) Q49. What are the main reasons you oppose best management practices? (Asked of those who oppose BMPs.) Too much regulation / too universalized Regulations come from uninformed people Too much politics 7 5 They will be used to stop or hinder trapping in the long run Disagree with testing methods They are unnecessary Alaska (n=) West (n=5) Midwest (n=7) South (n=) Northeast (n=) Other 4 Don't know Percent

277 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 Figure 9. Current Use of BMPs Overall Q44. Which of the following best describes your current use of best management practices? (Asked of those who have heard of BMPs.) Have never used them and don't plan to Have never used them and don't know if I will 8 Have never used them but intend to in the future Currently use them and plan to continue to use them 66 Currently use them but don't know if I will continue 4 Currently use them but intend to stop using them Don't know Percent (n=8)

278 5 Responsive Management Figure 9. Current Use of BMPs Regionally Q44. Which of the following best describes your current use of best management practices? Have never used them and don't plan to Have never used them and don't know if I will Have never used them but intend to in the future Currently use them and plan to continue to use them Currently use them but don't know if I will continue Currently use them but intend to stop using them Alaska (n=5) West (n=64) Midwest (n=84) South (n=589) Northeast (n=685) Don't know Percent

279 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 5 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA An overwhelming 98% of trappers are male. This corresponds to previous years: 99% of trappers were male in the 4 study. The mean age of trappers is 47.7 years. The average household income (pre-tax) of respondents most often falls within the range of $4, to $59,999 (8% gave a response in this range).

280 54 Responsive Management Figure 94. Trapper Gender Overall Q45. Respondent's gender (not asked; observed by interviewer for telephone surveys). Male 98 Female Percent (n=6668)

281 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 55 Figure 95. Trapper Gender Regionally Q45. Respondent's gender (not asked; observed by interviewer for telephone surveys) Male Female 4 Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Percent

282 56 Responsive Management Table 95. Gender of Trappers, by State West Midwest South Northeast State of Gender of respondent. residence Male Female Alaska 9% 7% Arizona 98% % California 96% % Colorado % % Idaho 98% % Montana 94% 6% Nevada 98% % New Mexico 97% % Oregon 97% % Texas % % Utah 96% 4% Washington 96% 4% Wyoming 98% % Illinois 98% % Indiana 98% % Iowa 98% % Kansas 99% % Michigan 99% % Minnesota 97% % Missouri 98% % Nebraska 96% 4% North Dakota 95% 5% Ohio 97% % Oklahoma 96% 4% South Dakota 99% % Wisconsin 99% % Alabama 97% % Arkansas 97% % Florida 9% 7% Georgia 98% % Kentucky 99% % Louisiana 94% 6% Mississippi 95% 5% North Carolina 99% % South Carolina % % Tennessee 98% % Virginia 96% 4% West Virginia 96% 4% Connecticut 97% % Maine 94% 5% Maryland 98% % Massachusetts 98% % New Hampshire 9% 8% New Jersey 99% % New York % % Pennsylvania 99% % Rhode Island 95% 5% Vermont 99% %

283 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 57 Figure 96. Trapper Age Overall Q447. May I ask your age? 65 years old or older years old years old 4 Mean: years old years old years old 6 Under 8 years old Don't know Refused Percent (n=6668)

284 58 Responsive Management Figure 97. Trapper Age Regionally Q447. May I ask your age? 65 years old or older years old years old 5-44 years old Means Alaska: 46.7 West: 48.8 Midwest: 47.8 South: 45.6 Northeast: years old years old Under 8 years old Don't know Alaska (n=5) West (n=56) Midwest (n=5) South (n=544) Northeast (n=4) Refused Percent

285 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 59 Table 96. Mean Age of Trappers, by State State of residence Mean age of trappers Alaska 46.7 Arizona 49. California 48. Colorado 45.4 Idaho 4.9 Montana 5.6 Nevada 57. New Mexico 45.4 Oregon 49. Texas 5. Utah 4.8 Washington 48.7 Wyoming 48.9 Illinois 5. Indiana 5. Iowa 4.6 Kansas 45. Michigan 48. Minnesota 46. Missouri 4. Nebraska 47.6 North Dakota 4.5 Ohio 47. Oklahoma 6. South Dakota 44. Wisconsin 5.5 Alabama 5.8 Arkansas 46. Florida 46. Georgia 5. Kentucky 45.4 Louisiana 47.6 Mississippi 5.9 North Carolina 44.5 South Carolina 46.6 Tennessee 4. Virginia 46. West Virginia 4.6 Connecticut 55.4 Maine 49.4 Maryland 46. Massachusetts 49.7 New Hampshire 5. New Jersey 46.5 New York 5.4 Pennsylvania 47. Rhode Island 5.9 Vermont 46.8

286 6 Responsive Management Table 97. Age Breakdown of Trappers, by State West Midwest South Northeast State of residence 65 years old or older years old years old Age of respondent years old 5-4 years old 8-4 years old Under 8 years old Don't know Refused Alaska % % 7% 7% 8% 6% % % 4% Arizona 7% 8% 7% 9% 6% % 4% % 6% California 7% 5% 9% 6% 7% % % % 4% Colorado % 7% % 6% 5% % % % % Idaho % % % 4% 6% 7% 4% % % Montana % % 8% 4% 4% 4% 5% % % Nevada 4% 6% 8% % 5% 5% % % % New Mexico % 8% % % 7% 9% % % % Oregon 5% 6% 7% 5% 9% 6% % % % Texas 9% 4% 4% % % 4% % % % Utah 6% 5% 9% 9% 5% % % % % Washington 7% % 7% 6% 9% 4% 4% % % Wyoming % % 8% % 5% % % % % Illinois 5% 7% % % 6% 6% % % % Indiana 6% % 4% % % % % % % Iowa % 5% 5% 5% % 8% % % % Kansas 8% 9% 4% 4% 8% 6% % % % Michigan 6% % % 8% 5% 4% % % % Minnesota % 6% 5% % % 4% % % % Missouri % 5% 4% 4% % 9% 4% % % Nebraska 7% 8% 5% 4% 7% % 7% % % North Dakota 8% 6% % 5% 6% % % % % Ohio % 4% 9% 4% % 8% % % % Oklahoma % % % 6% 4% % % % % South Dakota 8% 7% 4% % % 6% % % % Wisconsin 5% 6% % % % % % % % Alabama % 5% % 7% 7% 4% % % % Arkansas % % 8% % % 8% % % % Florida % % 7% % % 7% % % % Georgia 5% 6% 7% 5% 9% % % % % Kentucky 8% 6% 9% 5% 7% 5% % % % Louisiana 7% 9% 6% 9% 8% 7% % % 4% Mississippi 4% % 5% 6% 6% % % % % North Carolina 6% 8% 7% % 8% 7% % % % South Carolina % % 4% 9% % 4% % % % Tennessee % 9% 7% 4% % % % % % Virginia % % % % 8% % 4% % % West Virginia % 5% 8% % % % % % % Connecticut % 6% % 8% 8% % % % % Maine 6% 4% 4% 9% % % % % % Maryland 4% 9% 5% 5% 5% 8% % % % Massachusetts 4% 5% % 8% 7% 4% % % % New Hampshire 5% 6% % 4% 4% 5% % % 5% New Jersey 7% % % % 8% % % % % New York 6% 4% 8% 8% 9% 5% % % % Pennsylvania % % % 7% 4% % 4% % % Rhode Island % 8% 7% 7% % 5% % % % Vermont 8% 7% 4% 8% % % % % %

287 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 6 Figure 98. Trapper Household Income Overall Q44. Which of these categories best describes your total household income before taxes last year? $, or more $,-$9,999 8 $8,-$99,999 $6,-$79,999 4 $4,-$59,999 8 $,-$9,999 5 Under $, 8 Don't know 7 Refused Percent (n=668)

288 6 Responsive Management Figure 99. Trapper Household Income Regionally Q44. Which of these categories best describes your total household income before taxes last year? $, or more $,-$9,999 $8,-$99,999 $6,-$79,999 $4,-$59,999 $,-$9,999 Under $, Don't know Refused Alaska (n=5) West (n=554) Midwest (n=) South (n=58) Northeast (n=9) Percent

289 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 6 Table 98. Household Income (Pre-Tax), by State West Midwest South Northeast Household income (pre-tax). State of residence $, $,- $8,- $6,- $4,- $,- Under Don't Refused or more $9,999 $99,999 $79,999 $59,999 $9,999 $, know Alaska % 5% 8% 8% 8% 5% % 5% 7% Arizona 6% 8% % 7% 9% 7% 7% 6% 8% California % 7% 9% 6% 9% % % 6% % Colorado % 7% 9% 6% 6% 5% 6% % % Idaho 4% 7% % % % 8% % % 9% Montana 7% 4% 6% % 7% % 5% % 7% Nevada 8% % % 5% 5% % % % % New Mexico 6% 8% 8% 9% % 5% % % % Oregon 9% % 5% % 6% 6% 6% % % Texas 4% 4% % 4% 9% 4% % 4% % Utah % 7% % % % 6% 4% 7% % Washington 7% % % 5% 6% % % 8% 4% Wyoming % 8% 4% % 8% % 5% % % Illinois 7% 4% % % % 7% 7% 9% 4% Indiana 5% % 8% % 6% 5% 8% 6% 6% Iowa 9% % 8% 7% 6% 8% % 7% % Kansas % 9% % 7% 7% % 4% 9% 6% Michigan % % 5% 6% % % 4% 8% % Minnesota 7% % 4% 6% 7% % 6% 4% % Missouri % 4% 5% 6% 7% % 8% 8% % Nebraska 8% 4% % % % 6% 8% 6% % North Dakota % 4% 5% 6% 9% % 5% 8% % Ohio 8% 7% 5% % % % 8% 8% 5% Oklahoma % 8% % % 4% 4% 5% % % South Dakota 9% 8% % 8% % 6% 5% % % Wisconsin % % 6% 4% 7% 4% 5% 8% 5% Alabama 7% 7% 4% 4% % % 8% 7% 8% Arkansas % 4% % % 7% 6% 7% % % Florida 5% 5% % 4% 5% % 8% 7% % Georgia 7% % 7% % 4% % 9% 5% % Kentucky % 6% 6% 6% 7% 6% 4% 5% % Louisiana % % 7% 8% 8% 8% 5% 6% 7% Mississippi 8% 6% 5% 9% % 9% 9% % % North Carolina 4% % % 9% 5% 5% 5% 9% % South Carolina % % % % 6% % 7% 7% % Tennessee 5% 8% % 9% % 4% 4% 6% % Virginia 9% % 8% % 5% 4% % % 6% West Virginia 4% 5% 4% 8% % 6% % % % Connecticut 5% 8% 4% 9% 8% % % 7% % Maine % 8% % % 4% 8% % 8% 9% Maryland 6% 4% % % 4% % 7% % 6% Massachusetts % 5% 4% 6% 9% 9% 4% 5% 6% New Hampshire 5% 6% % % % % % % 9% New Jersey 9% 4% % 4% 4% 5% % % % New York 5% % 4% 8% 6% % 6% 6% 5% Pennsylvania 7% 9% % 7% 7% 8% 7% 6% 9% Rhode Island 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 9% 9% 5% 8% Vermont 8% 7% % % 9% 9% 7% 5% %

290 64 Responsive Management ABOUT THE ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES (AFWA) The Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) was founded in 9. AFWA represents North America s fish and wildlife agencies to advance sound, science-based management and conservation of fish and wildlife and their habitats in the public interest. AFWA represents its state agency members on Capitol Hill and before the Administration to advance favorable fish and wildlife conservation policy and funding and works to ensure that all entities work collaboratively on the most important issues. AFWA also provides member agencies with coordination services on cross-cutting as well as species-based programs that range from birds, fish habitat, and energy development to climate change, wildlife action plans, conservation education, leadership training, and international relations. Working together, AFWA s member agencies are ensuring that North American fish and wildlife management has a clear and collective voice. ABOUT RESPONSIVE MANAGEMENT Responsive Management is an internationally recognized public opinion and attitude survey research firm specializing in natural resource and outdoor recreation issues. Our mission is to help natural resource and outdoor recreation agencies and organizations better understand and work with their constituents, customers, and the public. Utilizing our in-house, full-service telephone, mail, and web-based survey center with 5 professional interviewers, we have conducted more than, telephone surveys, mail surveys, personal interviews, and focus groups, as well as numerous marketing and communication plans, needs assessments, and program evaluations. Clients include the federal natural resource and land management agencies, most state fish and wildlife agencies, state departments of natural resources, environmental protection agencies, state park agencies, tourism boards, most of the major conservation and sportsmen s organizations, and numerous private businesses. Responsive Management also collects attitude and opinion data for many of the nation s top universities.

291 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 65 Specializing in research on public attitudes toward natural resource and outdoor recreation issues, Responsive Management has completed a wide range of projects during the past years, including dozens of studies of hunters, anglers, wildlife viewers, boaters, park visitors, historic site visitors, hikers, birdwatchers, campers, and rock climbers. Responsive Management has conducted studies on endangered species; waterfowl and wetlands; and the reintroduction of large predators such as wolves, grizzly bears, and the Florida panther. Responsive Management has assisted with research on numerous natural resource ballot initiatives and referenda and has helped agencies and organizations find alternative funding and increase their membership and donations. Additionally, Responsive Management has conducted major organizational and programmatic needs assessments to assist natural resource agencies and organizations in developing more effective programs based on a solid foundation of fact. Responsive Management has conducted research on public attitudes toward natural resources and outdoor recreation in almost every state in the United States, as well as in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan. Responsive Management has also conducted focus groups and personal interviews with residents of the African countries of Algeria, Cameroon, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Responsive Management routinely conducts surveys in Spanish and has conducted surveys in Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese and has completed numerous studies with specific target audiences, including Hispanics; African-Americans; Asians; women; children; senior citizens; urban, suburban, and rural residents; large landowners; and farmers. Responsive Management s research has been upheld in U.S. District Courts; used in peer-reviewed journals; and presented at major natural resource, fish and wildlife, and outdoor recreation conferences across the world. Company research has been featured in most of the nation s major media, including CNN, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and on the front pages of USA Today and The Washington Post. Responsive Management s research has also been highlighted in Newsweek magazine. Visit the Responsive Management website at:

292 66 Responsive Management APPENDIX A: AND LETTER TEMPLATES Template for Invitations to Trappers to Participate in the Survey Dear, The [STATE AGENCY] is participating in a nationwide study coordinated by the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) concerning the use of traps in the United States. As a licensed trapper, your address was one of only a small number that have been randomly selected to help us with this study by answering a brief questionnaire. Although participation is completely voluntary, we would greatly appreciate your cooperation in this important effort. The results will help protect the ability of the states to manage furbearers through trapping. Click Here to Start the Survey The questions take approximately 5 minutes to complete, and our goal is to have all surveys completed by September, 5, in order to have time to analyze data and develop a report within the study s timeline. Please be assured that your answers will never be associated with your name, address, trapping license, or other contact information. The Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) is a nationwide association that each state fish and wildlife agency is a member of, including the [STATE AGENCY]. AFWA represents the state agencies on Capitol Hill and in other national forums to advance favorable fish and wildlife conservation policy and funding and works to ensure that all entities work collaboratively on the most important fish and wildlife issues. Each state agency is participating in this AFWA study, and you are being asked to participate as a license holder whose privileges may include trapping. The goal of this study is for AFWA to better understand trapping participation and, more specifically, trap use, such as which types of traps and features are being used for which species, which traps are most popular, and which species are most often trapped, as well as some related trapping information, such as expenditures (to better understand the economic impact of trapping on the states), membership in trapping organizations, and more. The results of the study will be used to help protect and manage trapping opportunities in each state. Responsive Management, an independent research firm specializing in outdoor recreation and natural resource issues, has been contracted by AFWA to conduct the survey with trappers. Each state agency has provided trapping license contact information under a confidentiality agreement with Responsive Management that the contact information is used only for this licensed trapper study. Again, please be assured that your answers will never be associated with your name, address, trapping license, or other contact information and that your contact information will only be used for contacting you directly for this study. Responsive Management also conducted the study previously in 4, and a copy of the report is accessible online at Click Here to Start the Survey If you have any questions, have technical issues, or need further clarification about this study please feel free to contact Responsive Management at research@responsivemanagement.com. Thank you in advance for your time and feedback. Sincerely, Alison Lanier Responsive Management

293 Trap Use, Furbearers Trapped, and Trapper Characteristics in the United States in 5 67 Template for Letter Inviting Recipients to Participate in the Survey Dear licensed trapper, The [INSERT STATE AGENCY] is participating in a nationwide study coordinated by the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) concerning the use of traps in the United States. Your address was one of only a small number that have been randomly selected to help us with this study by answering a brief questionnaire. Although participation is completely voluntary, we would greatly appreciate your cooperation in this important effort. The results will help protect the ability of the states to manage furbearers through trapping. The study was previously completed in 4, and a copy of the report is accessible online at Responsive Management, an independent research firm specializing in outdoor recreation and natural resource issues, has been contracted to conduct the survey with trappers. The questions take approximately 5 minutes to complete, and you may participate in several ways: If you would like to participate online, the questionnaire can be accessed at this link: You may also call our toll-free number at between 9: a.m. and 9: p.m. Eastern time, and an interviewer will read the questions and enter your responses. If we do not hear from you within a couple of weeks, you may receive a call from an interviewer to ask for your time in completing a telephone survey. Please be assured that your answers will never be associated with your name, address, trapping license, or other contact information. Our goal is to have all surveys completed by September, 5, in order to have time to analyze data and develop a report within the study s timeline. If you have any questions, have technical issues, or need further clarification about this study please feel free to contact me at Thank you in advance for your time and feedback. Sincerely, Alison Lanier Research Associate Responsive Management Franklin Street Harrisonburg, VA 8 (

294 68 Responsive Management APPENDIX B: CATEGORIES AND TYPES OF TRAPS TRAPPING TRAP LIST Foothold Traps # Coil-spring # / Coil-spring #.65 Coil-spring 4 # /4 or.75 Coil-spring 5 # Coil-spring 6 # Coil-spring 7 #4 Coil-spring 8 #5 Coil-spring 9 # Coyote cuffs # Coyote cuffs MB 45 MB 55 MB 65 4 MB 75 5 Sterling MJ 5 6 Sterling MJ 6 7 Sterling MJ 8 8 Jake Trap (JC Connor) 9 TS-85 Beaver Trap # Longspring # Longspring # stop-loss or guard trap # / Longspring 4 # Longspring 5 # Longspring 6 #4 Longspring 7 #5 Longspring 8 #7 Longspring 9 # Longspring Dog proof raccoon trap (or foot enclosing trap) Snares Snare or cable restraint Belisle footsnare or other footsnare Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Traps #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 5 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 6 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 7 #5 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 8 #55 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 9 #6 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 #8 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 # Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 4 #66 Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw 44 Other Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw trap size Additional Traps 45 Muskrat float (submersion cage-type) 46 Colony trap 47 Cage or box trap 48 Other (ENTER OTHER TYPE OF TRAP) Coil-spring trap Longspring traps Dog proof Raccoon Trap (foot enclosing trap) Simple Snare Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Trap Bodygrip / Rotating Jaw Trap Cage or box trap

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