Police Violence Against Youth in Community Context
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1 Police Violence Against Youth in Community Context 14 th Annual Youth Violence Prevention Conference April 9 th, 2015 David Klinger University of Missouri- St. Louis
2 Background Longstanding concerns about police use of force/violence Recent events in St. Louis area (and other places) have heightened concerns Primarily about use of deadly force, & primarily vs. minority youth Michael Brown - Ferguson Tamir Rice Cleveland Tony Robinson - Madison Many questions about DF around the nation How often do police shoot? vs. whom (race, age, other demographics)? Circumstances (nature of situation, criminal activity, weapons)? No answers, for we have no decent data
3 Purpose and Method To shed some light on some issues re: DF, with focus on youth Who is involved in shootings? Who gets shot at? What types of circumstances? What types of weapons involved? What types of injuries suffered by citizens? To show a bit of what can be done with half-way decent data Primary data come from SLMPD records of firearms discharges from Will also touch on some St. Louis City crime data from same time
4 A bit more on Deadly Force & the Data DF does not = death, but rather action likely to cause death or serious injury Primary mechanism is gunfire Police parlance: officer-involved shooting (OIS) Obtained investigative case files of all (minus one due to FBI investigation on-going) SLMPD OIS s where officer(s) intentionally fired at humans (hits, misses, fatals) Not vs. animals Not unintentional/accidental discharges N=238 Extracted key factors (e.g., suspect info, officer info, nature of incident, injuries to officers and suspects, and location) 8 occurred outside city limits 38 citizens killed by police gunfire
5
6
7 OIS s by Violence and Race
8 Incident Types for City OIS s 49 Suspicious Persons or Vehicles 45 Person With Gun/Shots Fired 28 Robberies 17 Stolen Vehicles 16 Car Prowls 13 Burglaries 13 Traffic Stops Others fewer than 10 cases (e.g., domestics)
9 Select Descripitives for OIS s in St. Louis (N=230) Selected Characteristics of Police Shooting Incidents in St. Louis, Mean Sd Min Max N Officers present Officers firing Shots by officers Suspects present Suspects fired at Suspects struck Suspects killed Source: SLMPD
10 Age Distribution of all Suspects, Grouped (N=383) Age Groups Valid Under Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Total Missing Total System
11 Age Distribution of all Suspects, Individual (N=383) Age of suspects Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid
12 Age Distribution of Suspects Shot at, Grouped (N=251) Age Groups Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Under Total Missing System Total
13 Age Distribution of Suspects Shot at, (N=251) Age of Suspect Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid
14 Age Distribution of Suspects Killed, Grouped (N=38) Age Groups Valid Under Total Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
15 Age Distribution of Suspects Killed, (N=38) Age of Suspect Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Total
16 Weapon(s) Possessed/Used by Juvis Shot at by Police (N=40) Weapon Possessed/Used by Suspect Frequenc y Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid unarmed edged weapon possessed revolver possessed semi-auto possessed unknown handgun possessed shotgun possessed rifle fired revolver fired semi-auto fired unknown handgun vehicle Veh & poss semi-auto other weapon Poss rev, SA, & rifle Total Missing unknown Total
17 Weapon(s)Possessed/Used by YO s Shot at by Police (N=83) Weapon Possessed/Used by Suspect Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid unarmed edged weapon Poss Rev & other wep possessed revolver possessed semi-auto Poss SA & other wep possessed unknown handgun possessed shotgun possessed rifle fired revolver fired semi-auto fired unknown handgun fired rifle vehicle other weapon Poss 2 semi-autos Total Missing unknown System Total Total
18 Weapon(s) Possessed?Used by 25+ YO s Shot at by Police (N=128) Weapon Possessed/Used by Suspect Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid unarmed blunt object edged weapon possessed revolver possessed semi-auto possessed unknown handgun possessed shotgun fired revolver fired semi-auto fired unknown handgun fired shotgun fired rifle vehicle other weapon Poss rev & semi-auto Poss Rifle & fired rev Poss SA & fired shotgun Total Missing unknown System 1.8 Total Total
19 Scatterplot of Officer-Involved Shootings by Firearm Violence Rate (N=230)
20 Hmmm. Why are young black males disproportionally involved in OIS s? Why is median age of suspect in OIS s Fits with overall patterns of violence in US and St. Louis Predominately male and skews young Why are younger folk shot at less likely to die???? What might account for curvilinear violence-ois relationship across neighborhoods? Savvy Suspects and Mindful Officers The second part of equation offers hope from the police side We can train officers in, and hold them accountable for, sound tactical practices I don t know what to do about the citizen side, particularly youth behaving foolishly, so I leave that to my colleagues who study folk/kids doing stupid (and sometimes) criminal things
21 Hmmm. Part 2 All of this comes from a single city Does any of it hold elsewhere? We desperately need sound data from across the nation And it needs to be comprehensive There are efforts afoot Time will tell whether it happens Until it does, we will be left with popular conceptions driven by highly visible cases and activists This is no way to address issue and set policy So, if we are really serious about reducing police violence against youth (and in general) we need to know more about it
22 Thanks for having me! Professor David Klinger University of Missouri-St. Louis Department of Criminology and CJ One University Blvd St. Louis, MO
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