Animal pest control for freshwater wetlands
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1 R. Morris Dept. of Conservation (1982) An introduction Animal pest control for freshwater wetlands
2 assistance Purpose of module To assist owners of freshwater wetlands, or properties adjacent to these, to carry out sustainable control of animal pests for the benefit of wildlife. Tasman District s remaining freshwater wetlands are vitally important habitats for wildlife as they represent a fraction of what was once present. The Waimea Plains have lost 90 percent of their wetland area; Golden Bay has lost more than 70 percent, and West Coast and Abel Tasman each more than 30 percent. G. Finch Waimea Plains Patarau hills wetland, Golden Bay
3 Birds you may be able to protect support Freshwater wetlands will support a variety of birds depending on their mix of open water and vegetation. Of most interest are the Bittern and Marsh Crake which require dense vegetation in or adjacent to water. However there is also a wide range of waterfowl that may be present if there are areas of open water. All these species nest in low vegetation or on the ground so they are vulnerable to a range of predators. The wetland fringe may support fernbird. P.C. Hackett Bitterns favour wetlands with tall dense vegetation where they forage in still shallow water up to 0.3m deep. A sizeable such area may be needed to have resident birds but smaller wetlands may be important for birds on dispersal. Little has been recorded about threats posed by different predators but nests and young would be vulnerable to several species. Fernbird are relatively common on the western side of Tasman District and occasionally seen the east around St Arnaud and the Waimea Plains. Their breeding season extends from September to February. Nests are typically located off the ground in thick vegetation such as rushes. Stoats have been identified as probably the main predator of fernbird nests though rats and mice may also take eggs. S. Fordham
4 Taking Action 2 steps Step 1: Securing and enhancing the habitat Providing suitable wetland habitat is a key first step, giving the birds what they require and making life more difficult for the pests. Fencing out livestock removes the threat of nests being trampled and also allows long grass to develop making the site less suitable for rabbits which in turn would attract predators. Appropriate plantings can then provide more cover and food. Natural freshwater inflows may need to be restored and vegetation occasionally cut back to retain open water. Step 2: Identifying target pests and how to tackle them The key animal pests likely to pose most risk to wetland birds are rats, mustelids (stoats, ferrets, weasels) and feral cats. Shooting, trapping or poisoning are possible control options. This leaflet will cover the last two the principle with these is to put at least one trap or several baits within each individual animal s home range. A wetland, particularly one surrounded by farmland, will attract pests as a likely source of food. Intensive control around the wetland may protect birds nesting there, but you are relying on a pest finding a trap before it finds one of the nests you are trying to protect. It will be safer for species with large ranges, like stoats, to trap them more widely across the landscape to reduce the number visiting the wetland.
5 Mustelids Mustelids (Stoats, ferrets, weasels) Traps and trapping grid: The new DOC range of traps (250s for ferrets/stoats, 200s for stoats or 150s for stoats and rats) or Fenn traps (Mark VI if ferrets are present or Mark IV if they are not) are recommended. Fenns have not passed the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC) guidelines and are likely to be phased out in time. D. Garrick Dept. of Conservation (1970s) Mustelids are capable of high productivity when food supplies are good and their young disperse rapidly over large distances. One or two individuals can have a serious impact in a short time. A control programme needs to operate over a very large area and aim to reduce numbers to as low a level as possible. Trapping remains the main control technique though significant secondary kills of stoats have been recorded when some toxins are used for possum or rodent control. The use of specially trained dogs shows increasing success. Traps should be set in wooden or plastic tunnels and placed metres apart on lines no more than 1km apart. Lines should follow habitat features such as perimeters, ridges, tracks and waterways. Baits: White fresh eggs are the most commonly used bait but an occasional run of meat should be done two or three times a year rabbit or beef fat are frequently used. Checking frequency: These traps are classified as kill traps so they do not require checking daily as leghold traps do. Both the rates of capture and the decay of baits will be highest in summer and weekly or fortnightly checks may then be needed. In winter monthly checks could suffice.
6 Rats R. Morris Dept. of Conservation (1982) Rats Norway rat Two species of rat may be present, the ship rat Rattus rattus (found in black and brown forms) and the larger Norway rat Rattus norvegicus (brown rat or water rat) which particularly favours wet and urban habitats. The Department of Conservation had much of its initial successes with rat control on the mainland by using toxins, particularly 1080 and brodifacoum. While the use of the latter has been cut back in most areas due to residual and non-target effects (primarily on deer and pigs), work continues to investigate the effectiveness of a variety of other toxins. Toxins will continue to be a key way of providing effective rodent control in many situations; however extensive trapping has been increasingly promoted as an alternative. Poisoning: Various rat poisons are available for unlicensed public use and most of these are anti-coagulants. Bait stations can be purchased (many designs) or made out of lengths of mm coiled drainage pipe, e.g. Novacoil cut into 60mm lengths. They are best set out as a 100 x 100m grid. Norway rat R. Morris Dept. of Conservation (1982)
7 Rats Traps, baits and lures: Rats have small territories c.100metres in length though very variable so that a 100x50m trapping grid is recommended. Any Fenn or DOC 200 or 150 traps set for mustelids can be considered as part of a rat trapping grid, with additional traps provided by specific rat traps, such as the Victor Professional snap trap (passed NAWAC guidelines), in tunnels. In wetlands there may be obvious animal routes that allow the grid to be adapted for maximum effect. A typical set-up involves a single trap placed in a coreflute tunnel stapled on to a wooden base, with closed weldmesh at one end and with a 50mm square hole cut in coreflute or mesh at the other end. A mixture of peanut butter and rolled oats is attached to the trigger. An egg can also be used as an attractant near the closed end. Ship rat Checking frequency: Traps should be checked as frequently as possible when animals are being caught as their availability to capture new animals may be the key factor determining the effectiveness of rat control. Dept. of Conservation (1980s)
8 Feral Cats Feral Cats Cats have been recorded as taking adult and young Marsh Crakes and should probably be targeted in wetlands, though they may at times be contributing positively by taking rats. Reducing the source of feral cats may be the best place to start as trapping can be difficult. It may be possible to encourage neighbours to have any cats neutered and to discourage the dumping of unwanted pests through signage/education. Live capture using cage traps baited with meat may be the best method in built-up areas. Pets can be returned and feral cats despatched by shooting with low velocity bullets. G. Harper Dept. of Conservation If you have no near neighbours you might consider using kill traps such as the Steve Allan Conibear Trap and the Timms Possum Trap (baited with meat or fish). They should be set up to 200 metres apart along the edges of the wetland or on nearby tracks, fence lines or forest edges. Traps should be set out of reach of ground birds (700mm in the case of weka which has the longest reach ). Traps set for mustelids may catch kittens.
9 Other Other pests Possums may attack plantings or take some nests and chicks and there are a wide range of options for dealing with them. Hedgehogs are a proven threat to ground nesting birds in open areas and can be addressed in traps set for mustelids or by some toxins. stock.xchng R. Morris Dept. of Conservation (1984)
10 What you have to know information Timing of control For mustelids, control is needed year-round but for rats you can choose to adopt a shorter period to protect breeding birds. September to February would cover the season for waterfowl, fernbird and bittern. Interactions between pests Some of the pests listed feed on each other, so that controlling one affects others. Controlling rats can increase mouse numbers, though these may not be a problem, but controlling stoats may increase rats which clearly are. Targeting both stoats and rats is recommended. Safety Issues All toxins should be used as instructed on the label. It is advisable to obtain the manufacturer s Material Safety Data Sheet for the product which contains more detail the retailer should help you obtain this. You should also be able to obtain information on the safe use of traps from the retailer. Trap tunnels and bait stations should be marked with warnings and the traps and baits themselves placed out of the reach of small children. Larger warning signs may need to be erected if certain poisons are used. Legal Issues You need to ensure that: You have the permission of the landowner to control pests outside your own land Label instructions are followed for all toxins You have the necessary information or training to use a trap or poison safely All traps that are not kill traps are inspected daily. If in doubt seek advice from the Tasman District Council or Department of Conservation. Care of traps in moist environments: Fenn traps should be coated prior to use by dipping in heated Chefade cooking fat, melted preserving wax or fish and vegetable oil (electroplating is not recommended). A version of DOC traps (Combo ) has been designed that has its working parts made out of stainless steel. The company involved is ready to make these if there is sufficient interest. All traps should be cleaned regularly with a wire brush and sprung occasionally to check their workings.
11 Sources of further informations input Sources of further information Tasman District Council and its Biosecurity Contractors Tasman Nelson Regional Pest Management Strategy Department of Conservation Conservation Threats & Impacts Animal Pests (for DOC traps) Cunningham, D.P. & P.J. Moors Guide to the identification and collection of New Zealand rodents. Department of Conservation, Wellington. This leaflet was funded by the Biodiversity Advice Fund and Tasman District Council.
12 September 2007
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