Efficacy of Plant Extracts Against Honey Bee Mite, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)
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1 World Journal of Zoology 8 (2): , 2013 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: /idosi.wjz Efficacy of Plant Extracts Against Honey Bee Mite, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) Muhammad Asif Qayyoum, Bilal Saeed Khan and Muhammad Hamid Bashir Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Abstract: Plant extracts usage for agricultural pest controlling has become commonly. Honey bee parasitic mite, Varroa destructor is external parasite of honey bees in Pakistan. Chemical treatments are increasingly ineffective due to the development of widespread resistance in mites. Efficacy of plant extracts; Neem oil, Mixture (Neem oil, garlic oil and tobacco oil) and tobacco oil can be measured for the control of the Varroa mites. Plant extracts; Neem oil, Mixture (Neem oil, garlic oil and tobacco oil) and tobacco oil have obtained hopeful results. Key words: Plant Extracts Varroa destructor Honey Bee INTRODUCTION For these reasons, the more recent approach to control this mite was by the use of relatively safe natural Honey bee is vital to the pollination of agricultural products, especially volatile oils and/or mechanical and and wild plants [1]. There is widespread concern about biological managements [18]. Therefore, as a contribution the worldwide decline in the abundance of A. mellifera [2]. to Varroa control, this work was carried out to minimize The ectoparasitic varroa mite (Varroa destructor) is the Varroa mite population by applying cheap, available and most important pest of A. mellifera and plays a central almost safe plant materials [19] alone or by amplify their role to honey bee losses [3-5]. V. destructor originally effectiveness [20, 21]. parasitized the Asian bee (A. cerana) where it nearly exclusively parasitized the male bees (drones), thus MATERIALS AND METHODS making little impact on the bee colony [6, 7]. V. destructor associated with the virus to cause the diseases in Honey Four plant extracts were tested to control Varroa bee [8-10]. More recently, six bee viruses were detected in mites, extracted by water distillation. These extracts were bees infested by Varroa, so V. destructor amplifying Neem oil, Mixture (Neem oil, garlic oil and tobacco oil) pathogenicity in honeybees is expected [11]. This shift in and tobacco oil were tested. parasitized caste is significant because the workers make Koeniger and Fuch s [22] method was used for trial. up the bulk of the adult bee population within a colony Local hybrid worker bees (Apis mellifera and carnica) [12]. The mite causes damage by feeding on the naturally infested with Varroa were kept. Selected 10 alive haemolymph of both the developing bee within brood worker bees (Apis mellifera and Apis carnica) which were cells and the adult bee. Mites also transmit a variety of infested with Varroa were kept inside each of 3 plastic jars pathogens, most notably deformed wing virus [13, 14]. (15 cm ht. x 8 cm dia.). A cardboard (2 x 2 x 0.4 cm) In terms of both the number of enterprises affected and impregnated with 0.1 ml of the test substance was hung the impact of global food production, varroasis is inside the jar by means of a suitable wire. Each jar was arguably the most serious disease of livestock in any covered with a plastic cup provided with a screen mech species [15]. Previous control of V. destructor by chemical (6cm dia.) above the bottom that allows dead mites to fall treatment is increasingly ineffective due to the through to a sticky paper below. The dead bees or mites development of widespread resistance in mites to the were daily counted for 3 days. The confirmed bees were limited available acaricides [16, 17]. fed on sugar syrup (2:1) by a sponge placed in a suitable Corresponding Author: Muhammad Asif Qayyoum, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan. 212
2 plastic cup used as cover for the jar. Three jars with However, the present findings stand between agree untreated bees were used as control. Evaluation of the and disagree with those of Chiesa [25] who found high tested materials and techniques was based on the mites fall immediately following each application efficiency (%) was evaluated according to Henderson and influenced by outdoor temperatures. Low mites fall was Tilton [23] equation. also reported by Egyptian researchers [26, 27] and High mites fall after a day or two due to high initial infestation. % reduction of infestation = 100 x 1 {Ta x Cb} / {Tb x On the other hand, the present findings, in general, agreed Ca} with those of Rezk and Gadelhak [28] who reported that the total cumulative numbers of fallen mites (after a where: month) were 53, 14, 12 and 32 and 38, 12, 14 and 31 for T = % infestation of treated mites and C = % infestation of eucalyptus, peppermint, clove and chamomile treatments untreated mites (a = after; b = before treatment). in two treated apiaries, respectively. Mite fall were counts of dropped mites were recorded Infestation on Brood: Graph indicated that all the tested after 1, 15 and 30 days of the application using plastic oils reduced the infestation with different rates. sheets (51.5 x 36.5 cm) coated with Vaseline placed on the Infestation decreased from 25%, 20.76% and % hive bottom board. with 59%, 23% and 32.33% reductions in colonies treated Sealed worker brood areas (SWB) were recorded at with Neem oil, Mixture (Neem oil, garlic oil and tobacco 13-day intervals using a plastic sheet divided into square oil) and tobacco oil, respectively (Figure 2; Figure 3). inches, converted cm2 when multiplied by Infestation on Adult Bees: Infestation on adult worker Varroa Infestation (%): About 100 adult bees were bees (Figure 1) decreased from 11.41%, 9.43 and 10.84% collected, from combs with open brood and dipped in (reductions were 61.4%, 68.7% and 65.8%) in colonies water to which a detergent was added. The bees were treated with Neem oil, Mixture (Neem oil, garlic oil and collected in a wire net and removed after shaking several tobacco oil) and tobacco oil, respectively. times. Fallen mites found on bottom of the container [24] The higher % reduction of mites that occurred on were counted. The exact number of bees was counted as bees compared to brood may be due to the direct well and the infestation percentage was calculated as. exposure of mites to the released botanicals used, whereas mites on sealed brood get low doses due to slow No. of mites / No. bees x 100 release. In this respect, in Egypt, stated that infestation was reduced from 43% to 19% (60.26 % reduction) and An area of 5 x 5 cm in the middle of a worker comb from 36.4% to 27.3% (36.20 % reduction) in colonies (sealed brood) was selected. The cells were scratched and treated with wormwood and cumin, respectively [29]. all stages of Varroa females in each cell were counted. Some scientists found 32% - 45% reduction in infestation Data collected was statistically analyzed. when sprayed chamomile, thyme and pudding-pipe extracts, while dusting of neem and chamomile reduced RESULTS AND DISCUSSION infestation by 32% - 41% [30]. Thymol+garlic reported 85.6% % reduction in infested brood after the 3 rd Effect of Treatment on Mite Fall: The number of fallen treatment [31, 32, 33]. Coriander, caraway, chamomile and mites / colony after treatment averaged 33.65, 38.42, neem recorded 21%, 34.4%, 25% and 36% reduction after and in Neem oil, Mixture (Neem oil, garlic oil and th the 4 dusting respectively. tobacco oil), tobacco oil and control, respectively. The highest significant mites fall was observed after Effect of Treatment on Mortality of Adult Bees: The 15 days of treatment being 61.34, 91.46, and average numbers of dead worker bees were 3.12, 2.2, mites/colony for the previous treatments, and 0.91 /colony for Neem oil, Mixture (Neem oil, garlic oil respectively. On the other hand, the lowest mites fall was and tobacco oil), tobacco oil treatments and control, observed after one day of treatment 15.62, 17.4, and rspectively (Figure 2) [34, 35, 36]. The average number of 9.38 mites/colony, respectively which may be due to the dead bees was significantly high in case of Mixture (Neem slow effect of tested oils. Averages of mite fall were 24, oil, garlic oil and tobacco oil) but with harmful impact on 6.4, and after 30 days respectively (Figure 1). adult bees [37, 38, 39]. 213
3 Fig. 1: Effect of Treatments on the mites falls Fig. 2: Effect of treatments on % infestation to broods, bees and No. of dead bees Fig. 3: Effect of treatments on the % reduction on broods and bees CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Among the plant extract application at first day 1. Klein, A., B.E. Vaissière, J.H. Cane, I. Steffantobacco oil, 15 days after application mixture is Dewenter, S.A. Cunningham, C. Kremen and more effective against mites fall. Percentage T. Tscharntke, Importance of pollinators in infestation of mixture is more effective at all changing landscapes for world crops. Proceed. of the categories. Mixture also plays a vital role in % reduction Royal Soc. B: Bio. Sci., 274: of mites from broods while neem oil in % reduction on 2. Baily, L., Honey Bee Pathology. Academic bees. Press, London, UK. 214
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