trophy hunting in selected species

Transcription

1 UNEP-WCMC technical l report Review of trophy hunting in selected species (Version edited for public release)

2 2 Review of trophy hunting in selected species Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium Published April 2014 Copyright European Commission 2014 Citation UNEP-WCMC Review of trophy hunting in selected species. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with policy advice and the development of decision tools. We are able to provide objective, scientifically rigorous products and servicess to help decision- they do. To do makers recognize the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that this, we collate and verify data on biodiversity and ecosystem services that we analyze and interpret in comprehensivee assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for national and international level decision-makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners where needed, so that they can provide the same services at national and regional scales. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, contributory organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commission or contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Tel: UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Printing on paper from environmentally sustainable forests and recycled fibre is encouraged.

3 Contents Introduction and summary... 3 Methods... 4 Loxodonta africana... 5 Panthera leo Ovis ammon Hippopotamus amphibius Ceratotherium simum simum Appendix Introduction and summary The provisions of Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 338/97 will soon apply to the first introductions into the EU of hunting trophies of six prominent taxa: Loxodonta africana, Panthera leo, Ursus maritimus, Ovis ammon, Hippopotamus amphibius, and Ceratotherium simum simum. As current SRG opinions for these species will be taken into consideration during the assessment of new imports, a review of some of these opinions was considered necessary. At SRG 67, 17 species/country combinations were selected for in-depth review: Loxodonta africana: Botswana, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe Panthera leo: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe Ovis ammon: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan Hippopotamus amphibius: Namibia, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe Ceratotherium simum simum: South Africa This report presents reviews of the abovementioned species/country combinations, with a focus on trophy hunting.

4 4 Methods 4 Data included Trade data for this report were extracted from the CITES Trade Database on 19 March The analysis includes the following data: data for the selected species/country combinations for the period , including direct and indirect trade to the EU-28, and direct trade to countries other than the EU-28 trade in all subspecies, where applicable trade in all terms, excluding live animals and specimens, with a focus on trophy items (whole trophies, bodies, parts and non-manufactured derivatives) trade in purposes H, P, T, and reported without a purpose specified trade in all sources, excluding source O (pre-convention), with a focus on wild-sourced trade units converted, as outlined in the Appendix trade between EU Member States excluded. Detailed raw trade data relating to each species/country combination reviewed (including all terms, purposes and sources) can be accessed via the links provided within the trade sections. Data analysis The analysis of hunting trophy data is complicated by the variety of ways in which hunting trophies can be reported. The Guidelines for the presentation and submission of CITES annual reports 1 states that all the trophy parts of one animal, e.g. an elephant s two tusks, four feet, two ears and one tail, constitute one trophy if they are exported together on the same permit. However, in practice, many Parties do not follow these Guidelines and report multiple trophy items from a single animal separately (e.g. one skin plus one skull rather than one trophy). To facilitate analysis, certain terms have been combined together when presented in the trade tables. Trophy items other than trophies that directly equate to numbers of individual animals, e.g. skins, skulls, bodies and tails, have been combined as other trophies. Trophy items that do not directly equate to numbers of individual animals (i.e. more than one of the item could be obtained from a single animal), e.g. feet, ears, skin pieces and hair, have been combined as trophy parts. The term trophy items is used to refer collectively to trophies, other trophies and other trophy parts. Where there was a notable quantity of trade in skins or skin pieces for commercial purposes (>100 units), these terms are not combined with other trophy items in the tables. Manufactured products, such as leather products and carvings, have not been combined with trophy items and are included in the tables only where these items constitute a large portion of the trade. The term leather products is used to refer collectively to small leather products, large leather products and garments, while the term derivatives includes trade reported without a description specified. Where notable discrepancies were identified between exporter- and importer-reported data, an analysis of permit numbers reported by both trading partners was undertaken to assess whether the discrepancy was the result of differences in reporting practices for trophy items, due to yearend trade or whether a portion of the trade was not reported by one of the trading partners. 1 See CITES Notification to the Parties No. 2011/019 and Annex VII of EC Regulation 865/2006.

5 Loxodonta africana MAMALIA: ELEPHANTIDAE Loxodonta africana I/A (populations of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe II/B) 5 SYNONYMS: Loxodonta cyclotis COMMON NAMES: African elephant (English), Eléphant Africain (French), Elefante Africano (Spanish). RANGE STATES: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi (ex), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti (ex), Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (ex), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania (ex), Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland (ex, reint), Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. UNDER REVIEW: Botswana, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania (hereafter referred to as Tanzania), Zimbabwe. EU DECISIONS: Current positive opinions for Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe confirmed on 23/02/2012. Previous positive opinion for hunting trophies from Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe formed on 11/11/1997. Previous no opinion (i) for wild-sourced trophies from Mozambique formed on 14/09/2010, replaced by a no opinion (ii) on 28/05/2013 then a positive opinion on 12/09/2013. Current negative opinion for hunting trophies from Cameroon formed on 06/12/2013. Previous positive opinion for Cameroon formed on 15/12/1997, replaced by a negative opinion on 26/11/1998 then replaced by a positive opinion on 05/01/2000. Current no opinion (i) for Ethiopia formed on 02/12/2011. Previous positive opinion for Ethiopia formed on 11/11/1997 and removed on 02/12/2011. IUCN: Vulnerable

6 Loxodonta africana 6 Loxodonta africana from Botswana, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe was reviewed by UNEP- WCMC for SRG59 (UNEP-WCMC, 2012), hence this report focuses on any newly available information on conservation status and management, whilst summarising much of the information in the previous report. Relevant reports published since SRG59 include updates from MIKE (CoP16 Doc. 53.1) and ETIS (CoP16 Doc (Rev. 1)), a provisional 2013 update to the African Elephant Status Report (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013), and a rapid response assessment produced by UNEP, CITES, IUCN and TRAFFIC (2013). Taxonomic note CITES currently recognises one species of African elephant, Loxodonta africana (Wilson and Reeder, 1993). However, recent taxonomic studies indicate that African elephants form two phylogenetically distinct species: savanna elephants Loxodonta africana and forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis (Rohland et al., 2010; Ishida et al., 2011). The African Elephant Specialist Group still have outstanding queries regarding elephant taxonomy, in addition to the practical problem of where exactly to draw the geographical line between the two potential species, hence they consider any division of the African elephant into two separate species to be premature (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013). Trade patterns Populations of Loxodonta africana from Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe are listed in Appendix II/Annex B (for trade in hunting trophies for non-commercial purposes, amongst others see UNEP-WCMC Species+ for more details). Other specimens from these populations and populations from other countries are listed in Appendix I/Annex A. Botswana: Botswana has submitted CITES annual reports for all years ; annual reports for 2011 and 2012 have not yet been received at the time of writing (April 2014). Botswana published CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks in all years 1997 onwards (Table 1). In 1999, 2000 and 2013 the quota specified tusks as hunting trophies, while between 2001 and 2012 the quota also included other hunting trophies ; in 2014 Botswana published a zero quota for raw ivory and tusks as trophies. The apparent quota excess according to importer-reported data in 2008 is due to the despatch of government-owned ivory stocks authorised at CoP14 2. The trade in tusks by weight that was recorded by importers in 2009 represents the same trade in stockpiled ivory. The combined trade in tusks and trophies appears to be within quota in all other years for which trade data are available ( ). In all years Botswana also published a zero quota for wild-sourced raw ivory other than trophies. Trade in wild-sourced raw ivory reported from 2007 onwards for purposes other than purpose H, and not included in the authorised despatch of ivory stocks described above, comprised 25 tusks for personal purposes, two tusks for educational purposes and 154 ivory pieces for scientific purposes, all reported by importers only. 2 See Notification to the Parties No. 2007/022.

7 Loxodonta africana Table 1: CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks and other trophies (reported as number of items) of Loxodonta africana from Botswana and global direct exports from Botswana, as reported by the importers and exporter, (Botswana s CITES annual reports for have not yet been received; trade data for are not yet available). Values rounded to whole numbers, where applicable. 7 Reported by Quota i 0 ii trophies iii Importer tusks Importer tusks (kg) Importer Subtotals Importer (excluding kg) i Quota in 2013 applies to tusks as trophies. ii Quota in 2014 applies to raw ivory and tusks as trophies. iii Includes bodies, skins, skulls, tails and trophies. Direct exports of Loxodonta africana from Botswana to the EU primarily comprised tusks and trophies (Table 2). All trade in trophies and trophy parts was wild-sourced and primarily recorded as either hunting trophies (purpose H ) or personal possessions (purpose P ). The principal importing country was Spain. Importer-reported volumes of trophies and trophy parts exceeded those reported by Botswana in most years; of the 50 export permit numbers reported by EU importers for trophy items in 2010 (the most recent year for which data reported by Botswana are available), 40 were not reported by Botswana in either its 2009 or 2010 CITES annual reports for L. africana. Imports of trophies decreased between 2009 and 2011 but tripled between 2011 and 2012 to return to the level recorded in 2009 (Figure 1). Details of all direct trade to the EU-28, by EU Member State, are available at

8 Loxodonta africana 8 Table 2: Direct exports of Loxodonta africana trophy items from Botswana to the EU-28, (Botswana s CITES annual reports for 2011 and 2012 have not yet been received). All trade was wild-sourced (source W ). Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by Total trophies - H Importer P Importer tusks - H Importer P Importer kg H Importer other trophies (skins, skulls and tails) - H Importer P Importer other trophy parts (bones, ears, feet, hair, skin pieces and teeth) - H Importer P Importer kg P Importer Subtotals (trophies, skins, skulls & tails) - Importer Subtotals (tusks & other trophy parts reported in number of items) - Importer

9 Loxodonta africana No. Imported Figure 1: Importer-reported direct trade in Loxodonta africana trophies (skins, skulls, tails and trophies) from Botswana to the EU-28, by purpose, All trade was wild-sourced (source W ). H P 9 Indirect trade in L. africana to the EU-28 originating in Botswana principally comprised skin pieces, ivory carvings, trophies and tusks (Table 3). All trade was wild-sourced and was primarily recorded as hunting trophies (purpose H ), with smaller quantities reported as purposes P and T. Again, the principal importing country was Spain, while the primary re-exporting country was South Africa. Direct trade in L. africana from Botswana to countries other than the EU primarily comprised trophies, tusks and ivory pieces (Table 4). All trade in trophies and ivory was wildsourced, with a small number of trophy parts reported without a source specified; small numbers of seizures/ confiscations were reported primarily by the United States (including five trophies and four tusks). The majority of trophies and trophy parts were recorded as purpose H and P, while the tusks and ivory pieces were primarily traded for commercial purposes. In several years (including 2010, the most recent year for which data reported by Botswana are available), importer-reported trade in both trophies and trophy parts exceeded that reported by Botswana. The principal importers were China, Japan, the United States and South Africa.

10 Loxodonta africana 10 Table 3: Indirect exports of Loxodonta africana trophy items originating in Botswana to the EU-28, All trade was wild-sourced (source W ). Term Purpose Reported by Total trophies H Importer P Importer tusks H Importer P Importer T Importer 2 2 other trophies (skins, skulls and tails) H Importer P Importer other trophy parts (derivatives, ears, feet, genitalia, skin pieces and teeth) H Importer P Importer T Importer Subtotals (trophies & other trophies) Importer Subtotals (tusks, skin pieces & other trophy parts) Importer

11 Loxodonta africana Table 4: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) Loxodonta africana trophy items from Botswana to countries other than the EU-28, (Botswana s CITES annual reports for 2011 and 2012 have not yet been received). Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. 11 Term Units Purpose Reported by Total tusks kg T Importer H Importer P Importer 2 2 T Importer Importer 1 1 ivory pieces i kg T Importer H Importer trophies - H Importer P Importer T Importer other trophies (bodies, skins, skulls and tails) other trophy parts (bones, bone pieces, derivatives, ears, feet, genitalia, hair, skin pieces and teeth - H Importer P Importer H Importer P Importer T Importer Importer 2 2 Subtotals ('trophies' & 'other trophies') - Importer Subtotals ('tusks' & 'other trophy parts') - Importer i This trade represents the sale of government-owned ivory stocks that was authorised at CoP14 in July 2007 (see Notification to the Parties No. 2007/022).

12 Loxodonta africana 12 South Africa: South Africa has submitted CITES annual reports for all years South Africa published export quotas for wild-sourced tusks in all years from 1997 onwards; from 1999 onwards the quota specified tusks as hunting trophies (Table 5). If we simply combine global direct trade in tusks and trophies, the trade appears to be within the quota in every year according to both exporter- and importer-reported data; however, if each trophy is assumed to include two tusks, the quota would have apparently been exceeded in 2004, 2011 and 2012 according to data reported by South Africa (extrapolating to 143 tusks, 314 tusks, and 354 tusks, respectively) and in 2010 according to data reported by importers (by 60 tusks). South Africa s CITES annual reports are compiled on the basis of permits issued rather than actual trade; 117 tusks and 12 trophies reported by importers in 2010 were recorded as purpose P rather than purpose H. Table 5: CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks as hunting trophies of Loxodonta africana from South Africa and global direct exports, as reported by the importers and exporter, (trade data for are not yet available). Includes all purposes except purpose E (purposes H, P and T ). Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Reported by Quota trophies Importer tusks Importer tusks (kg) Importer Subtotals Importer (excluding kg) In addition to trade recorded in number of items, trade in tusks by weight (in kg) was recorded in In both 2001 and 2002 South Africa published a zero quota for raw whole tusks, while in 2007 and a zero quota was published for raw ivory other than trophies. Trade in wild-sourced raw ivory reported in these years for purposes other than purpose H, and not included in the authorised despatch of ivory stocks described above, comprised four tusks and 13 ivory pieces reported as purpose T, as well as larger quantities of ivory pieces and tusks reported as purpose P and S (for details see Direct trade in L. africana from South Africa to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally comprised skins and skin pieces, with notable quantities of tusks and other trophy items (Table 6). The trophy items were primarily recorded as purpose H, while the majority of the skins and skin pieces were recorded as purpose T. The majority of trade was wild-sourced, with small numbers of trophy items reported without a source specified. In addition, four EU Member States reported the import of small numbers of seized/confiscated items. The principal importers were Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom and Austria. -reported quantities exceeded those reported by importers in most years; South Africa s CITES annual reports are compiled on the basis of permits issued rather than actual trade. EU imports of trophies increased over the period overall; imports declined in 2011 but in 2012 returned to the same level recorded in 2010 (Figure 2). Details of all direct trade to the EU-28, by EU Member State, are available at 3 This trade represents the sale of government-owned ivory stocks that was authorised at CoP14 in July 2007 (see Notification to the Parties No. 2007/022).

13 Loxodonta africana No. Imported H P T unspecified Figure 2: Importer-reported direct trade in wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) Loxodonta africana trophies (skins, skulls, tails and trophies, reported as numbers of items) from South Africa to the EU-28, by purpose, All trade was wild-sourced (source W ). 13 Indirect trade in L. africana from South Africa to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally consisted of leather products, the majority wild-sourced and re-exported via Mauritius to Italy for commercial purposes (Table 7). In addition, a small number of trophy items were imported recorded as purpose H, P and T, most notably 1287 derivatives and 993 hairs reported by importers for commercial purposes. Direct trade in L. africana from South Africa to countries other than the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally comprised skins, skin pieces and leather products, with notable quantities of tusks and other trophy items also traded; the majority were recorded as wild-sourced and purpose T (Table 8). Small quantities of trophy items were recorded as purpose H and P. In addition to the wild-sourced items, trade also included small quantities of captive-bred trophies (one, reported by the importer only), ranched leather products and bodies, and small numbers of items reported as source U and without a source specified. A number of items were reported by the United States and New Zealand as seizures/confiscations, including 191 trophy items. The principal importers of trophy items were China, Japan, the Republic of Korea and the United States.

14 Loxodonta africana 14 Table 6: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) Loxodonta africana trophy items from South Africa to the EU-28, Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by Total trophies - H Importer P Importer T Importer Importer 1 1 tusks - H Importer P Importer Importer 2 2 kg H Importer skins - H Importer P Importer 6 6 T Importer m 2 T Importer skin pieces - H Importer P Importer T Importer m 2 T Importer

15 Loxodonta africana Term Units Purpose Reported by Total other trophies (skulls and tails) - H Importer P Importer T Importer Importer H Importer other trophy parts (bones, derivatives, ears, feet, hair, ivory pieces and teeth) P Importer T Importer Importer 4 4 Subtotals (trophies, skins & other trophies) - Importer Subtotals (tusks, skin pieces & other trophy parts) - Importer Table 7: Indirect exports of wild-sourced (source W and U ) Loxodonta africana trophy items and leather products originating in South Africa to the EU-28, (no trade was reported in 2008). Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by Total leather products - P Importer T Importer trophies (skins and trophies ) - P Importer T Importer m 2 T Importer Importer other trophy parts (derivatives, hair and skin pieces) - P Importer T Importer

16 Loxodonta africana 16 Table 8: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W, U and source unspecified) trophy items and leather products of Loxodonta africana from South Africa to countries other than the EU-28, Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by Total skins - H Importer P Importer T Importer Importer 2 2 kg T Importer m 2 T Importer skin pieces - H Importer P Importer T Importer kg T Importer m 2 T Importer leather products - H Importer P Importer T Importer Importer 2 2 m 2 T Importer

17 Loxodonta africana Term Units Purpose Reported by Total tusks - H Importer P Importer T Importer kg T Importer trophies - H Importer P Importer T Importer other trophies (bodies, skulls and tails) - H Importer P Importer T Importer 1 1 other trophy parts (bones, derivatives, ears, feet, genitalia, hair, ivory pieces, and teeth) Subtotals (skins, trophies & other trophies) Subtotals (skin pieces, tusks & other trophy parts) - H Importer P Importer T Importer kg T Importer Importer Importer

18 Loxodonta africana 18 The United Republic of Tanzania: Tanzania has submitted CITES annual reports for all years with the exception of Tanzania published CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks as hunting trophies in every year (Table 9); combined trade in tusks and trophies (all purposes) appears to be within quota for all years where trade data is available ( ), according to both exporter- and importer-reported data. However, if each trophy is assumed to include two tusks, the quota appears to have been exceeded according to importer-reported data in 2003 (by 47 tusks) and 2005 (by 110 tusks). In both 2003 and 2005, all but 11 of the trophies and tusks reported by importers were recorded by as purpose H. In addition, Tanzania published a zero quota for wild-sourced raw ivory other than hunting trophies in every year ; all wild-sourced tusks reported in trade in those years were recorded as either purpose H or P (13 tusks were reported by importers as purpose P from 2008 onwards). Table 9: CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks as hunting trophies (reported as number of items) of Loxodonta africana from Tanzania and global direct exports of wildsourced tusks and trophies from Tanzania, as reported by the importers and exporter, (Tanzania s annual report for 2007 has not yet been received; trade data for are not yet available). Includes all purposes ( H, P and T ). Reported by Quota trophies Importer tusks Importer Subtotals Importer Direct trade in L. africana from Tanzania to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally comprised wild-sourced trophies, tusks and ivory carvings (Table 10). The majority of trade in trophy items was recorded as purpose H and P. The principal EU importers of trophies and trophy items were France, Germany and Spain. Imports of trophies to the EU-28 decreased every year between 2009 and 2011, but increased by 29 per cent in 2012 (Figure 3). Details of all direct trade to the EU-28, by EU Member State, are available at Although importer-reported volumes of trophies exceeded those reported by Tanzania in all years, quantities of tusks and other trophy parts reported by Tanzania exceeded those reported by importers. A permit analysis revealed that a notable proportion of the export permits reported by importers for trophies were not reported by Tanzania, indicating that the discrepancy is primarily due to differences in the volume of trade reported rather than differences in reporting practices for trophies (reporting whole trophies versus trophy parts).

19 Loxodonta africana Table 10: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) trophy items of Loxodonta africana from Tanzania to the EU-28, (Tanzania s CITES annual report for 2007 has not yet been received). 19 Term Purpose Reported by Total trophies H Importer P Importer T Importer 1 1 tusks H Importer P Importer other trophies (skins, skulls and tails) H Importer other trophy parts (bones, derivatives, ears, feet, genitalia, skin pieces and teeth) H Importer Subtotals (trophies & other trophies) Importer Subtotals (tusks & other trophy parts) Importer

20 Loxodonta africana H P 100 No. Imported Figure 3: Importer-reported direct trade in wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) Loxodonta africana trophies (skins, skulls, tails and trophies) from the United Republic of Tanzania to the EU-28, by purpose, Indirect trade in L. africana from Tanzania to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally comprised leather products, all of which were reportedly wild-sourced and re-exported via South Africa to the United Kingdom; the majority were recorded as purpose H (Table 11). Smaller quantities of trophies, tusks and other trophy parts were also traded, the majority of which were recorded as wild-sourced and reported as purpose H. Direct trade in L. africana from Tanzania to countries other than the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 primarily consisted of trophies, tusks and other trophy parts, the majority of which were reported as purpose H (Table 12). With the exception of six tusks reported as source F by importers in 2007, all trade in trophy items was wild-sourced. In addition, the United States and New Zealand both reported imports of small numbers of seized/confiscated items. The principal importer was the United States. Importer-reported trade in all trophy items exceeded that reported by Tanzania in both 2011 and 2012.

21 Loxodonta africana Table 11: Indirect exports of wild-sourced (source W ) trophy items and leather products of Loxodonta africana originating in Tanzania to the EU- 28, (no trade was reported in or 2009). Term Purpose Reported by Total leather products H Importer P Importer 3 3 tusks H Importer T Importer 2 2 trophies H Importer other trophies (skins, skulls and tails) H Importer other trophy parts (ears, feet and skin pieces) H Importer P Importer Importer 1 1 Subtotals (trophies & other trophies) Importer Subtotals (tusks & other trophy parts) Importer

22 Loxodonta africana 22 Table 12: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W ) Loxodonta africana trophy items from the United Republic of Tanzania to countries other than the EU-28, (Tanzania s CITES annual report for 2007 has not yet been received). Term Purpose Reported by Total trophies H Importer P Importer 1 1 tusks H Importer P Importer other trophies (bodies, skins, skulls and tails) H Importer other trophy parts (includes bones, bone pieces, derivatives, ears, feet, hair, skin pieces and teeth) H Importer P Importer Subtotals (trophies & other trophies) Importer Subtotals (tusks & other trophy parts) Importer

23 Loxodonta africana Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe has submitted CITES annual reports for all years Zimbabwe published CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks as hunting trophies in all years (no quota was published in 2003; Table 13); combined trade in tusks and trophies appears to be within quota for the years where trade data is available ( ), according to both exporterand importer-reported data. However, if each trophy is assumed to include two tusks, the quota appears to have been exceeded according to importer-reported data in 2009 (by 96 tusks). Fiftythree tusks and trophies (potentially equating to 84 tusks) were recorded by importers with purposes other than H ( P and T ). In addition, trade in tusks and trophies was reported by weight Table 13: CITES export quotas for wild-sourced tusks as hunting trophies (reported as number of items) of Loxodonta africana from Zimbabwe and global direct exports of wild-sourced tusks and trophies from Zimbabwe, as reported by the importers and exporter, (no quota was published in 2003; trade data for are not yet available.) Includes all purposes ( H, P and T ). Values rounded to whole numbers, where applicable. Reported by Quota trophies Importer trophies (kg) Importer tusks Importer tusks (kg) Importer Subtotals (excluding kg) Importer Zimbabwe also published a zero quota for wild-sourced raw ivory other than hunting trophies in every year The majority of wild-sourced tusks and ivory pieces reported in trade in those years were recorded as either purpose H or P ; ivory recorded as purpose T was reported in trade in 2009 (32 kg tusks reported by Zimbabwe; four tusks, 2555 kg tusks and 1207 kg ivory pieces reported by importers 5 ) and 2012 (two ivory pieces reported by Zimbabwe only). The export permit numbers reported with the ivory pieces in 2012 were not reported by the importers; Zimbabwe did not specify whether its annual reports are compiled on the basis of permits issued or actual trade. Direct trade in L. africana from Zimbabwe to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 principally consisted of trophies, tusks and other trophy items (Table 14); with the exception of 157 tusks and smaller numbers of other trophy parts reported without a source specified, all trade in trophy items was wild-sourced. The majority of trade was reported as purpose H. In addition, four EU Member States reported imports of small numbers of seized/confiscated items. The principal importers were the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain. Imports of trophies to the EU-28 decreased in both 2010 and 2011 but increased by a third in 2012 (Figure 4). Details of all direct trade to the EU-28, by EU Member State, are available at 4 A portion of this trade may be associated with the sale of government-owned ivory stocks that was authorised at CoP14 in July 2007 (see Notification to the Parties No. 2007/022). 5 This trade again may be associated with the sale of government-owned ivory stocks mentioned above.

24 Loxodonta africana H P T unspecified 200 No. Imported Figure 4: Importer-reported direct trade in wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) Loxodonta africana trophies (skins, skulls, tails and trophies) from Zimbabwe to the EU-28, by purpose, (excludes trade reported by weight). Although importer-reported volumes of trophies exceeded those reported by Zimbabwe in all years, quantities of tusks reported by Zimbabwe generally exceeded those reported by importers. A permit analysis revealed that while differences in reporting of trophy items between Zimbabwe and its trading partners was apparent (with some instances of the same items being reported as a whole trophy by one trading partner and a trophy part by the other), a notable proportion of the export permits reported by importers for trophies were not reported by Zimbabwe, indicating that the discrepancy is primarily due to differences in the volume of trade reported rather than differences in reporting practices for trophies. Indirect trade in L. africana from Zimbabwe to the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 primarily comprised wild-sourced skins, skin pieces and leather products, of which the majority were traded for commercial purposes (Table 15). Smaller quantities of trade in trophies, trophy parts and ivory carvings recorded primarily as purpose H, P and T were also reported. In addition, the import of eight seized/confiscated small leather products was reported. The principal importing countries were the United Kingdom, Italy and Germany, while the main re-exporter was South Africa. Direct trade in L. africana from Zimbabwe to countries other than the EU-28 between 2003 and 2012 also primarily comprised skins, skin pieces and leather products, the majority recorded as purpose T ; large quantities of trophies, tusks and other trophy parts were also traded, primarily recorded as purpose H, P or T (Table 16). All trade in trophy items was wild-sourced with the exception of small quantities of skins and skin pieces recorded as source C and R, and a number of items recorded without a source specified or of unknown source. The United States and New Zealand also reported a number of seizures/confiscations. The principal importer was the United States. Again, importer-reported trade in trophies exceeded that reported by Zimbabwe in most years, with Zimbabwe reporting higher numbers of trophy parts than importers.

25 Loxodonta africana Table 14: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W and source unspecified) trophy items of Loxodonta africana from Zimbabwe to the EU-28, Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by Total trophies - H Importer P Importer T Importer tusks - H Importer P Importer T Importer kg H Importer P Importer Importer other trophies (skins, skulls and tails) - H Importer P Importer T Importer Importer 4 4 kg P Importer

26 Loxodonta africana 26 Term Units Purpose Reported by Total - H Importer other trophy parts (bones, derivatives, ears, feet, hair, ivory pieces, skin pieces and teeth) P Importer T Importer Importer kg H Importer Importer m 2 T Importer Subtotals (trophies & other trophies) - Importer Subtotals (tusks & other trophy parts) - Importer Table 15: Indirect exports of wild-sourced (source W ) trophy items and leather products of Loxodonta africana originating in Zimbabwe to the EU- 28, Term Units Purpose Reported by Total skins - H Importer T Importer m 2 T Importer skin pieces - H Importer P Importer T Importer kg H Importer m 2 T Importer

27 Loxodonta africana Term Units Purpose Reported by Total leather products - H Importer P Importer T Importer m 2 T Importer trophies and other trophies (including skulls and tails) - H Importer P Importer Importer 2 2 other trophy parts (bones, derivatives, ears, feet, teeth and tusks) - H Importer P Importer T Importer Importer 2 2 kg P Importer Subtotals (skins, skin pieces and leather products) - Importer

28 Loxodonta africana 28 Table 16: Direct exports of wild-sourced (source W, U and source unspecified) trophy items and leather products of Loxodonta africana from Zimbabwe to countries other than the EU-28, Values rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Term Units Purpose Reported by Total skins - H Importer T Importer kg T Importer m 2 T Importer skin pieces - H Importer P Importer 1 1 T Importer kg H Importer m 2 T Importer leather products - H Importer T Importer m 2 T Importer trophies and other trophies(skulls and tails) - H Importer P Importer 1 1 T Importer kg H Importer

29 Loxodonta africana Term Units Purpose Reported by Total other trophy parts (bones, bone pieces, derivatives, ears, feet, genitalia, hair, ivory pieces, teeth and tusks) Subtotals (skins, skin pieces & leather products) Subtotals (trophies & other trophies, excluding kg) - H Importer P Importer 2 2 T Importer kg H Importer T Importer Importer Importer Subtotals (other trophy parts, excluding kg) - Importer

30 Loxodonta africana 30 Conservation status The African elephant Loxodonta africana is assumed to have once been widespread across sub- Saharan Africa, including in tropical swamp forests, savannas and deserts (Blanc et al., 2007; Wilson and Mittermeier, 2011). It currently occurs in 37 countries in sub-saharan Africa and is found in most habitats (Blanc et al., 2007; Blanc, 2008b), but in greatest densities in dry wood/shrublands (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2011). It is categorised as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (Blanc, 2008b). However, its distribution and abundance varies widely between geographic regions (Blanc et al., 2007), and regional Red List assessments categorise the species as Endangered in Central Africa, Vulnerable in Eastern and West Africa and Least Concern in Southern Africa (Blanc, 2008a). The most comprehensive assessment of elephant conservation status, numbers and range comes from the African Elephant Status Report 2007 (Blanc et al., 2007), for which a provisional update incorporates data up until the end of 2012 (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013). At that time, the species had a total estimated range of >3.3 million km 2 with a total estimated population size of > individuals, of which roughly 88 per cent occur in Southern and Eastern Africa (Blanc et al., 2007; IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013) (Table 17). Population estimates for 2012 show a reduction 6 in the Definite category compared with 2007, from to individuals, and an increase in the Probable category, from to individuals (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013). Table 17: Continental and regional totals for Loxodonta africana in 2012 (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013). Region Definite Probable Possible Speculative Range Area (km²) Central Africa Eastern Africa Southern Africa West Africa Totals The first pan-african aerial survey, scheduled to start in February 2014, will aim to count elephants in 22 countries, constituting >90 per cent of the continents savanna elephants; results of this survey should be available by 2016 (Main, 2013). The main threats to African elephants continue to be the loss and fragmentation of habitat caused by ongoing human population expansion and rapid land conversion, human elephant conflict and illegal killing for ivory and meat, as well as lack of institutional and enforcement capacity (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013; Blanc, 2008b; Blanc et al., 2007; African Elephant Range States, 2010; UNEP et al., 2013). Existing elephant range (classed as Known and Possible in Blanc et al. 2007) is heavily impacted by human development with 29 per cent already impacted according to information from the GLOBIO models (which integrate data from satellite imagery with land use changes and other pressures); this may increase to 63 per cent by 2050, particularly in West, Central and Eastern Africa (UNEP et al., 2013). If combined with poaching, elephant ranges are likely to be greatly reduced in parts of Eastern Africa, with elephants eradicated locally across parts of Central and West Africa (UNEP et al., 2013). In an analysis of data collected up until the end of 2011, the CITES Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) programme reported an increase in levels of illegal killing of elephants, with 2011 displaying the highest Proportion of Illegally Killed Elephants (PIKE 7 ) across Africa since 6 This reduction in the Definite category was attributed to degradation of data older than 10 years into the Speculative category (mainly for Zimbabwe), as well as some updated estimates for sites where comparable survey techniques were employed, and a reduction in the area surveyed in Botswana (IUCN/SSC AfESG, 2013). 7 Defined as the total number of illegally killed elephants found divided by the total number of carcasses encountered per year for each MIKE site. PIKE values range from a scale of 0 to 1.