Taxonomy and Conservation

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1 Taxonomy and Conservation Biodiversity: based on a foundation of taxonomy Confounded by different species concepts original classifications Correct phylogenies are essential

2 Mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

3 NOMENCLATURAL CONFUSION Buffon 1764 Pallas 1776 Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1827 Smith 1827 Gray 1851 Brooke 1874 Sclater & Thomas 1898 Neumann 1906 Dollman 1927 Groves & Lay 1985 Thouless & Al Bassri 1991 Groves & Karami 1993 Groves 1996 Mendelssohn et al Antilope gazella Gazella gazella gazella Antilope arabica Antilope cora Gazella vera Gazella muscatensis..1 Gazella muscatensis..2 Gazella arabica erlangeri Gazella arabica hanishi Gazella bilkis Gazella gazella farasani Gazella gazella darehshourii Gazella erlangeri Gazella gazella acaciae

4 35 Distribution Geographic of G. gazella implications Arabian Peninsula

5 35 G. g. Geographic gazella implications Arabian Peninsula

6 35 G. g. Geographic acaciae implications Arabian Peninsula

7 35 G. g. Geographic muscatensisimplications Arabian Peninsula

8 35 G. g. Geographic cora implications Arabian Peninsula

9 35 G. g. Geographic farasani implications Arabian Peninsula

10 35 G. g. Geographic darehshouriiimplications Arabian Peninsula

11 35 Thumamah Geographic subspecies implications Arabian Peninsula

12 35 G. bilkis Geographic & G. erlangeri implications Arabian Peninsula 20 15?

13 35 G. arabica Geographic implications 30? 25? Arabian Peninsula 20 15?

14 IUCN Red List (2003) Gazella bilkis EX Gazella arabica EX* Gazella gazella VU G. g. gazella EN G. g. cora VU G. g. acaciae CR G. g. muscatensis CR G. g. farasani VU G. g. darehshourii* VU

15 DOES IT MATTER? Monitoring and conserving biodiversity IUCN Red List objectives Ecological / evolutionary considerations Adaptation to local conditions ESUs Management Identification of management units Captive breeding

16 35 Samples of wild origin

17 Idmi GH GH-17 G. spekei (3462) G. dorcas (843) G.s. subgutturosa G. s. marica (1321) G. granti 0.01

18 GH-2 GH % % %

19 35 Taxonomic Units 30 G. g. acaciae 25 G. g. cora G. g. muscatensis 20 G. g. farasani

20 35 G. g. gazella Taxonomic Units 30 G. g. arabica G. g. cora

21 Tahr (Hemitragus) Himalayan (H. jemlahicus) Nilgiri (H. hylocrius) Arabian (H. jayakari)

22 Arabian Himalayan Nilgiri

23 Arabian tahr Largely unstudied No specimens outside Arabia Adapted to environment? Hot, arid climate Requires free water Long-haired Favors northern exposures Crepuscular/nocturnal Allopatric with Nubian ibex Originally translocated or migrated across land bridge?

24 Addax nasomaculatus 100 Gazella gazella Gazella subgutturosa Pantholops hodgsoni Cytochrome-b ML phylogeny Oreamnos americanus Pseudois nayaur Capra sibirica Himalayan tahr 100 Himalayan tahr Himalayan tahr Capra ibex Capra nubiana Capra falconeri 96 Capra caucasica Capra cylindricornis Capra aegagrus Ovis dalli 100 Ovis ammon Ovis aries 88 Ovis vignei Capra Ovis Nilgiri tahr Nilgiri tahr Ammotragus lervia Arabian tahr Arabian tahr Arabian tahr Arabian tahr Rupicapra rupicapra Rupicapra pyrenica

25 Himalayan goat? Nilgiri sheep? Arabian tahr

26 Conclusions Tahr as a group do not exist Arabian tahr are more phylogenetically distinct than expected Arabian tahr is an endemic, monotypic genus Arabian tahr a relict species? Molecular phylogenies essential to biodiversity assessment and conservation

27 IDENTIFICATION OF SAND GAZELLES Gazella subgutturosa Güldenstaedt 1780 In: Sclater & Thomas 1898 Gazella leptoceros Cuvier 1842 In: Sclater & Thomas 1898 Gazella marica Thomas 1897 In: Sclater & Thomas 1898

28 CHRONOLOGY OF SAND GAZELLE DISCOVERY Güldenstaedt 1780 Gazella subgutturosa Thomas 1897 Gazella marica Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951 Gazella leptoceros marica Groves & Harrison 1967 Gazella subgutturosa marica 2000

29 WHICH IS THE NEAREST RELATIVE OF MARICA? Ellerman & Scott-Morrison 1951 Gazella leptoceros marica Allied with African Slender-horned gazelle Groves and Harrison 1967 Gazella subgutturosa marica Allied with Asian Goitred Gazelles..

30 marica vs. subgutturosa - WHY DOES IT MATTER? 1) FUNCTIONAL ARGUMENTS marica adapted to Arabian desert It is more likely to be suited to modern conditions than any Asian gazelle, despite development and changes 2) ETHICAL ARGUMENTS The objective of scientific reintroduction is maintenance or restoration of natural biodiversity. not the gratuitous introduction of novel / alien biodiversity Both types of argument are central to IUCN REINTRODUCTION GUIDELINES

31

32 075 G. s. marica - Al Khunfah KSA 536 G. s. marica - Syria/Jordan G. s. marica - Western Iraq 090 G. s. marica - Al Khunfah KSA G. s. marica - H. al Harrah KSA G. s. marica - Al Khunfah KSA G. s. marica -Oman Captive at Arar KSA - from Iraq? 782 G. leptoceros - Tunisia 770 G. leptoceros -Egypt G. s. yarkendensis Captive at Arar KSA - from Iraq? 865 Captive at Arar KSA - from Iraq? 866 Captive at Arar KSA - from Iraq? G. s. subgutturosa - E. Iraq 867 Captive at Arar KSA - from Iraq?

33 075 G. s. marica - Al Khunfah KSA 536 G. s. marica - Syria/Jordan G. s. marica - Western Iraq 090 G. s. marica - Al Khunfah KSA 632 G. s. marica - H. al Harrah KSA G. s. marica - Al Khunfah KSA G. s. marica -Oman 868 Captive at Arar KSA - from Iraq? 770 G. leptoceros - Egypt 782 G. leptoceros - Tunisia G. s. yarkendensis 864 Captive at Arar KSA - from Iraq? 865 Captive at Arar KSA - from Iraq? 866 Captive at Arar KSA - from Iraq? G. s. subgutturosa - E. Iraq 867 Captive at Arar KSA - from Iraq? San Diego (ex Teheran Zoo).

34 . GENETIC COMPARISON: CYTOCHROME b Gazella s. yarkandensis vs. G. subgutturosa marica 5.7% 5.7% 5.7% 5.7% 5.4% 5.7%

35 . GENETIC COMPARISON: CYTOCHROME b Gazella s. yarkandensis vs. G. subgutturosa marica Gazella s. subgutturosa vs. G. s. marica Gazella leptoceros vs. G. subgutturosa marica 5.7% 1.8% 1.8% 1.8% % % 5.7% 5.7% 5.7% 5.4%

36 GENETIC COMPARISON: CYTOCHROME b 35 Syria/Jordan % 0.0 % 20km E Samarra Harrat al Harrah % Abu al Jir % Al Khunfah % % Qarn Sahma 1980 Ramlat Fasd

37 Conclusions Without proper taxonomy, distinct groups cannot be identified for conservation purposes Scarce conservation resources can be wasted Distinct taxa can be ignored

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