CWD 102 for Managers. Chronic Wasting Disease - the beginnings Colorado Univ. of Wyoming
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1 CWD 102 for Managers Bryan Richards CWD Project Leader USGS U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Chronic Wasting Disease - the beginnings 1967 Colorado Mule deer research facility Loss of condition Neurological symptoms Uniformly fatal 1978 Univ. of Wyoming Dr. Elizabeth Williams Examined brain sections Vacuolization Similar to sheep scrapie Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE)
2 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) - definition Transmissible Capable of being transmitted from one to another Spongiform Resembling a sponge, porous Encephalopathy Disorder or disease of the brain TSEs - examples Humans Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Kuru Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS) Variant CJD (vcjd or nvcjd) Domestic animals Scrapie sheep Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy (TME) mink Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) cattle Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy (FSE) cats BSE in other ungulates Wildlife Chronic Wasting Disease N.A. deer, elk and moose
3 TSE Management Examples Kuru TSE Management Examples Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Kuru BBC USDA
4 TSE Management Examples Scrapie Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Kuru AVMA TSE Management Examples CWD in captive facilities Scrapie Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Kuru
5 TSE Management Examples CWD in free-ranging populations CWD in captive facilities Scrapie Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Kuru Chronic Wasting Disease - what we know TSE (prion disease) of North American deer, elk, & moose Rare, geographically dispersed, local foci with higher prevalence Progressive neurological degeneration Uniformly fatal Contagious (only CWD & Scrapie) Transmissible via contact (direct transmission) Transmission via contaminated environment (indirect transmission) Long incubation period (months to years) Animals are infectious (shed prions) before onset of clinical signs Tests are post-mortem * No vaccination or treatment No strong evidence of widespread genetic resistance Possible genetic resistance in elk (Hamir et al. 2006) Possible genetic resistance in deer (Johnson et al. 2006) Resistance does not confer immunity in elk (O Rourke et al. 2007) Effective management in free-ranging herds - extremely difficult
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7 Colorado State University CWD Annual Report
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9 Chronic Wasting Disease - is it a problem? Common Allegations: It doesn t cross into cows People don t get sick from it It hasn t hurt deer populations So why should we worry? Why should we try to manage CWD? It s just another deer disease We need to learn to live with it Wisconsin DNR
10 What are the risks? Domestic livestock Low? Human health Low? Other wildlife Largely unknown Exposure occurs Cervids Presumably high Long-term issue Not yet realized Other? Chronic Wasting Disease - risk to cervids? In free-ranging populations: Higher prevalence in males (2-4x females) Higher prevalence in adults Geographic spread is apparent Prevalence is increasing locally >30% in localized populations No evidence of equilibrium No strong evidence of management success In captive populations: Prevalence can near 100% Population-level impacts? Caribou? Michigan DNR
11 Examples of high CWD prevalence Wisconsin Wyoming High prevalence in Wyoming white-tailed deer (WTD) Overall CWD prevalence in study area is 27% CWD prevalence is higher in female WTD (32%) than in male WTD (22%) 50% 40% 30% 11/32 7/16 13/27 41% Prevalence 20% 5/35 10% 0% 1/27 Fawn WDA Abstracts 2007 WG&F
12 High prevalence in a Wisconsin game farm CWD first detected in % prevalence at depopulation (2006) 23/29 males positive (79.3%) 37/47 females positive (78.7%) 80.00% 61/ % 40.00% 20.00% 1.2% 1/84 4.5% 6/ % 1/44 8.3% 4/ % National Wildlife WI DATCP Health Center data CWD management If you don t have it: Implement preventative measures to minimize risk of introduction If you do have it: Establish management goals Implement management actions Monitor and adapt Conduct and support research Wisconsin DNR
13 Preventative measures - reduce risk of disease introduction/amplification Introduction risks Game farm movements/imports Game farm/wild contacts, escapes Hunter carcass movements/imports Establishment/Amplification risks Feeding and baiting High deer densities Mitigating risks Regulations Education & Information Conduct surveillance Michigan DNR CWD management goals No action Monitor distribution Monitor prevalence Slow the spread Contain spread Eliminate sparks Control prevalence Wisconsin DNR Eradicate CWD
14 CWD management goals passive No action Monitor distribution Monitor prevalence Slow the spread Contain spread Eliminate sparks Control prevalence Wisconsin DNR Eradicate CWD CWD management goals active No action Monitor distribution Monitor prevalence Slow the spread Contain spread Eliminate sparks Control prevalence Wisconsin DNR Eradicate CWD
15 Disease control - theoretical CWD CWD CWD R0 = Max R0 = 1 Maximum Spread Equilibrium Slow the Spread Contain Control x R0 = 0 Eradication Reduce Disease Active CWD management (I) Live cervid restrictions Carcass movement restrictions Selective removal of CWD+ animals Tonsil biopsies RAMALT biopsies Predators? Wisconsin DNR NPS
16 Active CWD management (II) Dramatic, sustained deer population reduction Hunting Landowner culling Alternative (supplemental) techniques Agency personnel (sharpshooting) Other techniques? Goals: Reduce # of CWD infected deer Reduce environmental contamination Reduce # of potential carriers Reduce disease transmission Wisconsin DNR Prevalence cannot be shot down in the short-term Hunters and disease control? Hunter numbers Access issues Time issues Per capita maximum harvest Consumption limit Desire to not harm the resource Wisconsin DNR Hunters do not view themselves as disease control agents Human dimensions research suggests hunters will avoid high prevalence herds
17 CWD Management in Illinois Extended hunting opportunities Intensive agency sharpshooting Aerial surveillance Land access IL DNR data Deer Removals in Illinois CWD Area - Boone, Winnebago, McHenry, DeKalb counties Hunting Sharpshooting IL DNR data
18 Sharpshooting 1255 Samples/19 Positives = 66 Samples per Positive IL DNR data Hunter Harvest: 21,472 Illinois Deer Tested By Source (n=28,165) Roadkills: 53 13% Suspect Animals: 89 IDNR Sharpshooting: 3,573 Other Sharpshooting: 2,978 Hunter Harvest: 78 Suspect Animals: 17 CWD-positive Deer By Source (n=189) Roadkills: 3 37% IDNR Sharpshooting: 71 Other Sharpshooting: 20 IL DNR data
19 Sharpshooting in Illinois - population impact? 250 Roadkills in CWD* counties Collisions per billion miles Year * Boone, Winnebago, McHenry, DeKalb counties IL DNR data Can Illinois succeed?
20 Alberta: CWD detected in 2005 Intensive agency culling Helicopter culling (2007 & 2008) Effectiveness: ~200/day ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN BRITISH COLUMBIA Montana CWD management in Alberta
21 Can Alberta succeed? Considerations for this workshop Realistic timeline for management True management experiments Monitoring issues Appropriate disease metrics Effective communications Regional aspects of disease management Explore alternative means for population reduction Explore alternative means for disease control
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