Elephants and rhino in Africa: Ban or market their products?
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1 Elephants and rhino in Africa: Ban or market their products? Twink Allen The Paul Mellon Laboratory Brunswick Newmarket Suffolk UK
2 The age-old trade
3 Ivory apocalypse: Africa Geographic 2013 by Tim Jackson From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April)
4 Annual legal ivory export from Africa 991 tons in tons in 1980 Poaching rampant in C & E Africa 400,000 elephant lost from E Africa CITES bans ivory trade Kenya burns 12 tons of ivory CITES sale of 50 tons to Japan Trade slows due to CITES ban? One-off sales of ivory Drastic rise in poaching in C & E Africa US & Europe ban imports of raw and carved ivory Meteoric rise in affluent middle class in China Prolonged financial recession in Japan - ivory use reduces
5 60 tons ivory from Zambia seized in Singapore CITES allow SA, Namibia & Botswana to sell 60 tons ivory China agrees to regulate ivory market CITES allows a record sale of 108 tons ivory. 9-year moratorium on further sales CITES does not allow Tanzania or Zambia to sell ivory stocks in Top years for seizures of illegal ivory Ivory stolen from government stores in Botswana, Zambia & Mozambique Tanzania withdraws application to sell 100 tons of stockpiled ivory Meteoric rise in affluent middle class in China Prolonged financial recession in Japan - ivory use reduces Majority of illegal ivory headed to China and Thailand
6 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in Central Africa DRC 20 yrs ago >100,000 Forest Elephant Now, only 5 places left with <500
7 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in Central Africa DRC Gabon >40,000 elephant still exist in the extensive rainforest.
8 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in Central Africa DRC Gabon Cameroon <2,000 Savannah Elephant left in the north.
9 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in Central Africa DRC Gabon Cameroon CAR Population in the NE ~35,000 in the 1970s. Now <100.
10 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in Central Africa DRC Gabon Cameroon CAR Chad 40,000 elephants 20 years ago. Now <200.
11 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in East Africa Sudan 130,00 in Down to <5000 today.
12 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in East Africa Sudan Ethiopia Lost 90% since 1980s. Down to 1,200 in 2007.
13 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in East Africa Sudan Ethiopia Kenya 289 elephant poached in 2011; 384 in 2012.
14 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in East Africa Sudan Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Population fairly stable at 4,000. Poaching increased in last 4 years.
15 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in East Africa Sudan Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Tanzania Holds 80% of E. Africa s elephant. Heavy poaching in last few years.
16 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in Southern Africa Namibia Around 20,000 elephant. Little poaching so far.
17 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in Southern Africa Namibia Botswana 130,000 elephant in Government resists poaching well.
18 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in Southern Africa Namibia Botswana South Africa None poached since 2008 sale of ivory. Kruger now has 16,500.
19 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in Southern Africa Namibia Botswana South Africa Zimbabwe 90,000 counted in Little poaching but not well recorded.
20 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Sources in Southern Africa Namibia Botswana South Africa Zimbabwe Mozambique 2,500 killed in north since Little enforcement action/capacity.
21 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Out of Africa Many illegal trafficking routes criss-cross Africa. E.g. Togo, Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast have few elephants yet all are active in the ivory trade. Ivory now air-freighted as much as 800 kg a shipment. All large scale seizures appear to be heading to China. China has upped its law enforcement on ivory imports and so the criminal syndicates have adapted (Tom Milliken).
22 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) The Asian dilemma Thailand has one of the largest unregulated ivory markets in the world. In China, ivory is consumed by the Chinese which means it remains in China (Tom Milliken). Japan is a story of demand reduction. In the 1980s Japan consumed >300 tons/year. Now it uses only 5 10 tons annually from legal stocks. Japan s strict government regulations act to deter ivory carvers and vendors (Tom Milliken). China displays ivory as an ostentatious form of wealth. In theory China has a regulated Ivory market but in practice the system is widely abused. Unlicensed ivory facilities in China outnumber legal ones by 6 to 1 (Peter Knight; IFAW).
23 From: Tim Jackson (2013) Ivory apocalypse. Africa Geographic (April) Guarding the assets Tanzania holds >100 tons of ivory; Zimbabwe holds around 50 tons. All from natural deaths or seized from poachers. In 2012 stockpiles raided and ivory stolen in Tanzania, Zambia and Mozambique. Also in 2012, Kenya and Gabon burnt government-held stocks of ivory. Throughout Africa protecting elephants is being given higher priority. But corruption is a major issue across the continent.
24 Human population influence At the turn of the 19 th century Africa s population was 100 million; today it is >450 million. People were once an island in a sea of wildlife. Now wildlife survives in Parks that are islands in an ocean of people. Raymond Bonner, 1996 At the Hand of Man Human increase and elephant decrease are two poles of the same phenomenon. The decline of elephants, rhinos and large mammals generally in East Africa has everything to do with human increase and displacement by people and relatively little to do with the value of their products. Ian Parker, 2010 What I Tell You Three Times Is True
25 From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report. The South Africa Viet Nam Rhino Horn Trade Nexus A TRAFFIC Report by Tom Milliken and Jo Shaw
26 South Africa The main source From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report; Photo: Lowveld Rhino Trust
27 From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report; Knight 2011 South Africa The main source SA now conserves 18,800 White Rhino (~25% are privately owned) and 2,350 Black Rhino (most privately owned). Since the 1960s, a marked shift towards wildlife-based land use amongst private landowners. Today, game ranches areas are 3 times bigger than the collective national game areas.
28 From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report; Knight 2011 South Africa The main source Trophy hunting has been a positive force for rhino conservation. It contributes to bio-management, range extension, revenue generation and incentive for wildlife conservation.
29 From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report South Africa Laws and policy Vietnamese White Rhino nationals population have of exploited SA downlisted SA s legislation to CITES Appendix in order II to in obtain 1994 to hunting allow international trophies for the trade Asian in live rhino animals horn trade. and trophy hunting. Rhino hunts are nowadays restricted to one hunt /hunter/12 months During : and government 1,000 personnel 1,300 White must Rhino witness hunted each in hunt. SA.
30 From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report Illegal trade in rhino horn In 2010, SA stocked 15 tons of horn - 12% owned privately poaching losses averaged 14 animals per year. Figures rose sharply to 83 in 2008, 122 in 2009, 333 in 2010, 448 in 2011 and 532 in Nevertheless, the annual birth of both Black and White Rhino in SA still exceeds the losses.
31 From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report Law enforcement High calibre rifles, dart guns and helicopters being used to poach rhino, reflecting the involvement of game industry insiders, e.g. game ranch owners, professional hunters, game capture operators, pilots and wildlife vets. Corrupt officials provide poaching gangs with intelligence. Private owners reluctant to report information on rhino numbers and stockpiles of horn.
32 From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report Law enforcement Arrest rate in 2012 double the rates in 2010 and Better intelligence and co-operation between government departments. 43 documented arrests of Asians for rhino crimes in SA; 56% Vietnamese and 28% Chinese. African nationals caught poaching rhino get 10 years jail. Couriers transporting horn out of Africa get 6 12 years.
33 From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report; Photo: Martin Harvey The end result A potent mix of unscrupulous wildlife professionals, some corrupt government officials and hardened Asian criminal syndicates has converged to create the perfect storm for wrecking havoc on South Africa s rhino populations. Tom Milliken and Jo Shaw
34 From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report Rhino horn: Uses in Asia Much of the rhino horn on the market in Vietnam comes from Water Buffalo. Overall, 90% of rhino horn products, especially jewellery items, are fake (Ammann 2012). Local demand for rhino horn far outstrips supply so that well known traders have months-long waiting lists for the genuine substance (Barton 2012). Like China, the younger generation in Vietnam is fuelling a booming market for luxury products. The rhino horn trade can be viewed as another aspect of the luxury products trade.
35 From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report Rhino horn: Users in Viet Nam Habitual/social users - Affluent, middle-aged urbanites imbibe rhino horn as a detoxifying beverage after drinking and bingeing. Elite gift givers - To curry favour and gain influence. Many horns purchased and offered as high value and status-conferring gifts Protective mothers - As a medicine to treat pyrexia in children. They firmly believe it to be better than any Western medicine. Seriously/terminally ill - Looking for a panacea. Dealers and touts actively seek out these people.
36 On the other hand. South Africa is still breeding more White Rhino annually than the number being poached. E.g. John Hume has accumulated >850 White Rhino in the past 10 years. From: Milliken T and Shaw J (2012) A TRAFFIC Report
37 On the other hand.. deer velvet industry A traditional Chinese medicine used as a growth tonic for children and to treat arthritis and other geriatric conditions. Dried and sliced for sale - boiled and mixed with herbs and consumed as tea. New Zealand is the world s largest producer of velvet 450 tons annually to China.
38 On the other hand Too many elephants in some locations. E.g. Botswana >130,000 Zimbabwe > 90,000 Kruger Park > 16,000 Hwange Park, Zimbabwe. November 2012 Relocation? Immunocontraception? Culling and product use?
39 Possible solutions?? Convince Asians to stop using rhino horn and ivory. Continue to hammer poachers, couriers and dealers. Allow controlled legal sale of stockpiled, farmed and? hunted rhino horn and ivory with equitable distribution of profits to producers and wildlife conservators.
40 Utopian dream A well organised and controlled, transparent pan-african marketing system to sell ivory and rhino horn to Asian user countries with fair distribution of the income to all those involved in creating it, especially indigenous Africans. Barriers Greed, jealousy and corruption at individual, institution and state levels. CITES the ultimate elephant in the room.
41 CITES the unworkable treaty? In 1979 Ian Parker noted As more countries accede to CITES it will become evermore unwieldy... While the motivation behind it is straightforward, it is too ponderous and impractical to succeed as it is. In 2010 he further noted that...the 2-yearly International Meeting of the Parties. is an unnecessary and wasteful jamboree.
42 CITES the unworkable treaty? Why should southern African countries, like Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa, put up with being told what they may or may not do with their wildlife by countries like Norway, Nicaragua and New Zealand?
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