Kindergarten. Slide 1 / 212. Slide 2 / 212. Slide 3 / 212. Plant and Animal Environments. Table of Contents

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1 Slide 1 / 212 Slide 2 / 212 Kindergarten Plant and Animal Environments Table of Contents Environment Ecosystem - Transfer of Energy Ecosystem Animals The Wetlands - Plants and Animals Wetland Animals Wetland Plants Wetlands Food Chain People and the Wetlands The Forest - Plants and Animals Forest Environment Survival - Camouflage Forest Environment - Winter Survival Winter Survival - Hibernation Click on the topic to go to that section Slide 3 / 212

2 Table of Contents (continued) Slide 4 / 212 Winter Survival - Migration Forest Animals - Defenses Forest Food Web People in the Forest The Desert - Plants and Animals Desert Water and Survival Desert Animals - Adapting to Heat Desert Homes/Shelter Desert Food Web People in the Desert Changes in the Environment Click on the topic to go to that section Teacher's Notes About Unit Slide 5 / 212 Environment is an area where plants and animals live. Students will learn how plants and animals change their environment. If a plant or animal can find everything it needs to live in a place, we say it has adapted to that place. The animals find food and shelter, and the plants have enough food in the soil and enough water. Some animals change shape or color over a long time, so they can catch food or hide easily. All plants and animals want to thrive (live and grow successfully) in their environment. Slide 6 / 212 Environment Return to Table of Contents

3 Environment Slide 7 / 212 Environment is an area where plants and animals live. The environment includes conditions such as land, water, soil and climate. Environments vary in temperature, moisture, light, and many other factors. Environment Slide 8 / 212 The natural home of a plant or animal is called its habitat. Each habitat is a complex system that provides living things with all they need for survival. Each habitat has its own kind of plants and animals. The plants and animals and their surroundings make a system and they work together to meet needs. Question - What do living things need to survive? Environment Needs Slide 9 / 212 food water air shelter

4 Environment - Ecosystem Slide 10 / 212 An ecosystem is the community of living things, together with the environment in which they live. We will examine the relationships between the plants, animals, environment, and climate in which they live. Environment - Animals and Food Slide 11 / 212 There is a relationship between animals and what they eat. Animals choose places to live that have the food they need. For example- deer eat buds and leaves so they live in the forest because they can find this food. Environment - Animals and Food Slide 12 / 212 Fish get their oxygen from water and eat small floating bugs. What environment would meet their needs? Owls eat small animals like mice and watch for their meal high in a tree. What environment would meet their needs? Scorpions hide under rocks and can tolerate hot weather and sand. Where could we find scorpions?

5 Environment and Temperature The temperature of an area affects the weather patterns and what can live there. Slide 13 / 212 We will learn about what animals do when the temperature changes in their environment. 1 Environment is an area where plants and animals live. Slide 14 / 212 True False 2 Animals need food, water, air, and. Slide 15 / 212 A money B clothes C shelter

6 3 A deer lives in the forest because it eats buds and leaves. Slide 16 / 212 True False Slide 17 / 212 Ecosystem Transfer of Energy Return to Table of Contents Ecosystem and Transfer of Energy Slide 18 / 212 Animals cannot make their own food so they have to eat to get energy. Some animals eat plants. Some animals eat other animals. Some animals eat both plants and animals. Animals eat to thrive. Thrive means to live and grow successfully.

7 Ecosystem and Transfer of Energy In the ecosystem there is a transfer of energy. Energy moves from plants to animals. This can be followed through a food chain. There is a transfer of energy from plants to different animals. Slide 19 / 212 The owl is the predator of the mouse. Predator is an animal that lives mostly by killing and eating other animals. food chain Ecosystem - Food Chain Slide 20 / 212 Activity 3 Make this mobile to see how the transfer of energy works. Copy the shape of an owl, a mouse, and a piece of grain (or use real seed) onto construction paper. Have students cut out shapes. Need to punch hole at top and bottom of owl's head. Use string to attach mouse at the bottom of owl's head. Glue seed or grain on mouse's stomach. Then attach string at top so mobile can be hung. Lead discussion of how seed grows(plant), mouse eats seed and owl eats mouse. Ecosystem - Food Chain Activity 3 Slide 21 / 212 The seed grows on a plant. The mouse eats the seed. The owl eats the mouse. owl seed mouse

8 Ecosystem - Food Chain Slide 22 / 212 A leaf, caterpillar, bird, and hawk are all connected. Together they form a food chain. Each is a link in the chain. The caterpillar is prey to the bird. Prey is an animal that is killed or eaten by another animal. Ecosystem - Food Chain Slide 23 / 212 The plant grows. The caterpillar eats the leaf. The bird eats the caterpillar. The hawk eats the bird. The hawk is at the top of the food chain, because no other animal attacks and eats the hawk. The animal at the top of the food chain is always the last eater. Ecosystem - Plants Slide 24 / 212 All food chains begin with green plants. Green plants can make their own food. All animals depend on green plants for food, even animals that don't eat plants. How is this true? Think about the owl food chain.

9 Ecosystem - Food Chain Every time you eat a meal, you become the top of the food chain. We can draw a picture to show this. If you ate an apple, bread, and milk; the chains may look like this. Slide 25 / 212 tree apple bread grain Ecosystem - Plants Slide 26 / 212 The types of plants growing in an area often define what kind of biome it is and what else can survive there. The plants offer food and shelter (homes) for many animals. Ecosystem - Plants Slide 27 / 212 Look outside your classroom window. What types of plants do you see? What animals use those plants for food and shelter? Use activity sheet 5 to record your observations.

10 4 Plants make their own food. Animals cannot make their own food. They eat to get. Slide 28 / 212 A energy B lazy C smaller 5 Is this an example of a food chain? Slide 29 / 212 Yes No 6 All food chains begin with animals. Slide 30 / 212 True False food chain

11 Slide 31 / 212 Ecosystem Animals Return to Table of Contents Ecosystem - Animals Slide 32 / 212 Animals must eat something that is or was alive in order to grow and survive. For example... Hawks do not eat green plants. But the hawk ate the bird that ate the caterpillar that ate the green leaf of a plant. So the hawk is linked to green plants through the food chain. It needs the green plants as much as the caterpillar does. Ecosystem - Animals Slide 33 / 212 Look at this tree. What animals do you see using this tree for food and shelter? Complete activity sheet 6 by placing animals where they find food and shelter.

12 Ecosystem - Animals Plants and animals have features that help them survive in different environments. They may use these features to change their environment to get food. Animals that are meat eaters have amazing ways to capture prey. Slide 34 / 212 They may create webs or traps. They may work in teams. They hunt in large group so there will be enough food for their young. The young have a better chance of being protected and surviving. Or, they rely on their speed and power to capture prey. Spiders - Predator Changing Environment Slide 35 / 212 The spider is a carnivore. This means it eats other animals. It is the predator of many small insects. Spiders - Predator Changing Environment Slide 36 / 212 Spiders are able to produce a string of very fine silk. They use this silk in web building. This is one of the most unique ways of trapping small animals. Not all spiders make webs. Some catch their meals by stalking prey and pouncing on them unexpectedly.

13 Spider Feature Game Activity 7 Slide 37 / 212 Use yarn to create a spider web on the floor. You can add a plastic spider to web. Cut up an egg carton and add tissue paper petals around cups. Place the cups around the outside of the web. Make hoverflies: crush a small piece of tissue paper into body shape about an inch long; wrap it in tape; cut tissue paper wings and stick them onto middle of body. Spider Game Slide 38 / 212 Hoverflies feed off nectar from flowers. The spider is one of their predators. Let each student try to gently throw a hoverfly toward a flower in hopes it will land there to feed. If it lands on the floor you may try again(three chances) If it does not get nectar by then it will die of exhaustion. If it gets caught in the web, it will be the spider's food. The spider built its web near the flowers. The spider used its web to catch its prey. Ecosystem - Animals Animals use their own features to help them survive in their environment. Animals must try to protect themselves from becoming another animal's food (prey). Slide 39 / 212 They have many defenses. they may have armor or stingers they may hide in burrows they dig their bodies may look like camouflage they may live together in large groups to keep from being attacked Teacher Notes

14 Slide 40 / 212 Ecosystem - Animals Slide 41 / 212 Animals also use their senses to survive in their ecosystem. Most animals have five senses: sound, smell, touch, taste, sight. Many animals have one or two senses that are more highly developed (are better). For example- animals that move around at night might have poor vision (sight) but their sense of smell and sound are better than a lot of animals. This helps them find food at night. 7 Which animal would not use a tree for food and shelter? Slide 42 / 212 A squirrel B fish C bird

15 8 How does a spider catch its prey? Slide 43 / 212 A B runs fast spins a web C joins a group of spiders 9 Which is not a way an animal protects itself? Slide 44 / 212 A B C digs a burrow has a stinger sings a song Ecosystem - Biome Slide 45 / 212 A large, general habitat, such as a desert or rain forest, is called a biome. We are going to learn how plants and animals survive and interact in three different biomes. We will be looking at the wetlands, the forest, and the desert. We will examine the relationships between the plants and animals, the environment, and the climate in which they live.

16 Slide 46 / 212 The Wetlands Plants and Animals Return to Table of Contents Wetlands - Plants and Animals Slide 47 / 212 The wetlands are swampy areas where the ground is wet and soggy most of the year. This still water supports many aquatic plants and animals. Many animals live in wetlands. Dragonflies, mosquitoes, and thousands of other insects fill the air. Fish lay eggs in shallow wetland water. Slide 48 / 212 Wetlands Animals Return to Table of Contents

17 Wetlands - Animals Many animals in the wetlands hide to avoid drying out in the sun. The wetland provides them with many places to hide. They may hide in heavy seaweed or crevices in rocks( crabs). Slide 49 / 212 fiddler crabs Teacher Notes Animals with shells burrow in the sand and emerge when the water returns. Wetlands - Animals Slide 50 / 212 Animals that live in the wetlands might spend part of their lives underwater; others live all their lives there. Some can breathe underwater, using gills. Others need to come to the surface to breathe air. Wetlands - Animals Slide 51 / 212 These animals live in or near the wetlands. fiddler crab marsh wren herring gull diamondback terrapin mudflat crab arrow guby

18 pickleweed Wetlands - Animals Some animals live in the sand, others live under the water, and others find protection in the plants that grow along the shore. Teacher Notes Slide 52 / 212 fiddler crab mud crab striper striper pipe fish arrow goby burrow Wetlands - Animals Slide 53 / 212 A gull flies above the wetlands searching for food. herring gull These animals and plants live along the shore where they find food and protection. marsh wren salt grass diamondback terrapin 10 Crabs can hide under rocks. Where else can they hide? A in seaweed Slide 54 / 212 B in tree branches C on the beach

19 11 Which animal does not live in the wetlands? Slide 55 / 212 A B C Slide 56 / 212 Wetlands Plants Return to Table of Contents Wetlands - Plants With plenty of sunshine, plants thrive in this environment. When the plants grow and die they become part of the food chain. Slide 57 / 212

20 Wetlands - Plants There are three types of plants in the wetlands. 1. Some plants have roots in the soil but they extend above the water's surface. 2. Some plants are completely underwater. 3. Some plants float on the water's surface Slide 58 / 212 All of these plants provide food and shelter for wetland animals. Wetlands - Shelter A variety of fish lay their eggs among the plants in order to hide them from predators. Fish eggs cannot swim at all, making them easy prey. Jellyfish and bigger fish will eat the eggs. Slide 59 / 212 fish eggs fish eggs Wetlands - Shelter The wetlands provide shelter and protection for many species. Slide 60 / 212 The wetlands also provide food, a place to cool off, a place to build nests, and a nursery for small animals to grow. The wetlands are also used as migratory stopovers for many bird species.

21 Wetlands - Shelter Activity 10 Use activity sheet Have the students cut strips of green tissue paper and glue to plant. 2. Then have students cut out small circles of wax paper to represent eggs. 3. Have the students glue the eggs to the picture where they will be protected from predators. 4. Have the students draw an animal searching for the eggs so they can eat. Teacher Notes Slide 61 / 212 Migration in the Wetlands Ducks and other birds nest in the wetlands. Birds that migrate long distances stop in wetlands to rest and find food. Slide 62 / 212 nesting resting and looking for food Migrate- to go to a different place at the same time each year; many birds migrate south to live in warm areas during the winter; they fly north in the spring. Migration is round trips made by animals between habitats in search of food or to reach a place to lay eggs. 12 All wetland plants grow completely under the water. Slide 63 / 212 True False

22 13 The wetlands provide food, shelter, and a place to build nests for many animals. Slide 64 / 212 True False 14 Fish lay their eggs among plants so they can predators. Slide 65 / 212 A B play with eat with C hide from Slide 66 / 212 Wetlands Food Chain Return to Table of Contents

23 Wetlands Food Chain Slide 67 / 212 The plants in a wetland provide food for many animals. Tiny organisms feed on dying plants. Insects, snails, and worms eat the organisms. Animals such as frogs, small fish, and birds eat the insects, snails, and worms. The small animals become food for larger animals like gulls, herons, and hawks. Simple Wetlands Food Chain Slide 68 / 212 grass plants shrimp minnow crab terrapin herring gull Let's discuss what is happening in this food chain. Simple Wetlands Food Chain Slide 69 / 212 The grass shrimp eat the plants. Minnows eat the grass shrimp. Crabs eat the minnows. Diamondback terrapins eat the small crabs. Teacher Notes Herring gulls eat the terrapins.

24 Food Web Slide 70 / 212 We have drawn simple food chains. If you put the food chains on one page you have a food web. Food webs are made up of many food chains. The animals in an environment survive because there are other plants and animals to eat. Wetlands Food Web Slide 71 / 212 Wetlands Food Web Activity Have the students collect various pictures of plants and animals that live in the wetlands. You might assign this as homework. Have available several magazines or pictures you copied from internet for those who may not have access to sources. Slide 72 / When the pictures have been collected lead discussion about animals. Questions you might ask... would this animal live in the wetlands, where would it find food and shelter, what type of food would it eat?

25 Wetlands Food Web Activity Slide 73 / After your discussion, lead the children in creating simple food chains of wetland animals and plants. Have them place their pictures on the floor or on the board creating a food chain. 4. If you think your group is capable, have them join several of the chains into a wetlands food web. 5. Use activity sheet #13 to draw an illustration of the chain they created. Wetlands Food Web "Action" Activity 14 Slide 74 / 212 Now that the students have created food chains that include plants and animals, have them act out life in the wetlands. 1. Assign pictures of plants and animals to students. 2. Some students may hold pictures of where animals hide and find shelter in the wetlands. 3. Now have the students perform the daily activities of animals in the wetlands. Create a food chain through their actions. Teacher Notes 15 Wetlands food chains start with plants. Slide 75 / 212 True False

26 16 Which animal would not be in a wetlands food chain? Slide 76 / 212 A crab B giraffe C fish Slide 77 / 212 People and The Wetlands Return to Table of Contents People and the Wetlands Slide 78 / 212 Many people do not live in the wetlands but they enjoy the food it provides and the activities that take place there.

27 People and the Wetlands Slide 79 / 212 Because of the abundance of animal life, wetlands attract scientists, hunters, artists, and other people who appreciate natural places. Many people hunt, fish, and bird watch or photograph wetland wildlife. Painters and writers capture the beauty of wetlands on canvas, or through cameras. People and the Wetlands Others appreciate the wetlands through hiking, fishing, and boating. Almost everyone likes to be near the water. They enjoy seeing the fascinating animals that live in the wetlands. Slide 80 / 212 Teacher Notes 17 Wetlands attract scientists, fishermen, and artists. Slide 81 / 212 True False

28 18 You cannot in the wetlands. Slide 82 / 212 A fish B go boating C snowboard Slide 83 / 212 The Forest Plants and Animals Return to Table of Contents Forest - Plants and Animals Slide 84 / 212 A forest is an area of land covered with trees. The good temperatures in this biome provide rich sources of food in spring, summer, and fall. There is food high in tree branches - leaves, nuts, flowers, and fruit. This food attracts birds and squirrels.

29 Forest - Plants and Animals Slide 85 / 212 Forests give shelter to animals. Birds make their nests in the trees. The trees are the home and food source for many insects. There are many types of forests. The animals you find in each kind are different. Watch this video to discover the different types. Can you think of other animals that might make a home in a tree or the forest? Click for video Forest - Plants Many small plants grow in the shade under the trees. On the forest floor are flowering plants in the spring. (crocus, primrose). Berry bushes also grow under the trees. Slide 86 / 212 During the summer months ferns and mosses grow. They have adapted to the shade the trees provide. They don't need as much sunlight to grow. Forest - Plants and Animals These plants and the insects they attract are food for small mammals such as wood mice, voles, chipmunks, and squirrels. These animals eat the plants and then grow. Slide 87 / 212 But there are predators of the small animals in the forest. Foxes, some owls, and weasels are searching for food. The small animals are just the right size for dinner.

30 Forest Environment Slide 88 / 212 Melting snow in spring and rain during the summer provide water for streams and ponds in the forest. Water birds, insects, and fish live in these streams and ponds. Frogs, snakes and lizards live near the stream eating the insects and other small creatures. 19 A forest is an area of land covered with trees. Slide 89 / 212 True False 20 Forests give to animals. Slide 90 / 212 A food B shelter C place to build nests D all of the above

31 Slide 91 / 212 Forest Environment Survival Camouflage Return to Table of Contents Forest Environment - Survival Slide 92 / 212 We know animals must eat in order to live. Sometimes when they are searching for food they have to hide to survive. Why do you think animals have to hide? How does the forest provide good hiding places? Animals may hide in holes, burrows, in plants, and beneath rocks. Animals are hiding from predators and danger in order to survive. Forest Environment - Survival Slide 93 / 212 Can you find the animals hiding in this picture?

32 Adapting to Environment - Camouflage Even through the forest has an abundance of food, animals have to protect themselves from predators or they cannot get the food they need. Slide 94 / 212 Some animals can hide in a special way.the color of their coats or fur blend into the colors of nature surrounding them. Each one of these animals is camouflaged. Can you find the frog? Camouflage- The way that the coloring and markings of an animal blend in with its surroundings, making the animal difficult to see. Adapting to Environment - Camouflage Slide 95 / 212 What color is camouflage? Camouflage can be a certain color, or pattern of colors. Animal camouflage makes an animal hard to see. Camouflage helps an animal hide from enemies. It can help an animal sneak up on its prey (food). Teacher Notes Adapting to Environment - Camouflage Slide 96 / 212 All living things need some way of protecting themselves in their environment. A wasp can sting, a snail can hide in its shell, and a spider can run. A caterpillar has no sting, no shell, and cannot move fast, so it protects itself by camouflaging its body. This means its body is the same color or shape as things in its environment.

33 Camouflage Activity 16 Let's see if we can create an environment where a caterpillar can use camouflage to hide from predators. Slide 97 / 212 tube with twigs and leaves Make a tree branch by using a thin cardboard tube. Cover the tube with natural materials (leaves and twigs) to make it look like a tree branch. Make your caterpillar from clay and place it on your branch. What would be the best color for your caterpillar? Why? Adapting to Changing Environment Camouflage When the surrounding world changes color, certain animals can change right along. How can animals with dark fur protect themselves when their environment turns white from snow? Slide 98 / 212 Snowshoe hare's fur will turn white during the winter months. Only the dark eyes and tips of ears can give them away to predators. Adapting to Changing Environment Camouflage A snowshoe hare does not look the same in winter as it does in summer. Slide 99 / 212 In winter it has white fur. In summer it has brown fur. A white coat is hard to see in winter. A brown coat is hard to see in summer. The enemies of the hares have trouble finding them.

34 Adapting to Changing Environment Slide 100 / 212 Snowshoe hares eat buds, twigs, and bark. Predators are owls, hawks, and foxes. At a young age they learn to sit so still that predators can't see them. They run very fast so foxes have trouble catching them. Snowshoe Hare Camouflage Activity 17a & 17b Slide 101 / 212 Use the snowshoe hare pattern (17a). Have the children color one side brown. Glue a craft stick to bottom end of hare. Now use activity sheet (17b) to create winter and summer environments. Students might just color the scenes or they could use materials such as artificial snow, grass, and twigs as accessories to pictures. Now have them demonstrate which side of hare would survive in the winter and summer because of camouflage. Encourage them to take the props home and explain their thinking to their families. 21 If a forest animal is in danger it might. Slide 102 / 212 A sleep B hide C eat

35 22 Camouflage helps an animal hide from enemies. Slide 103 / 212 True False 23 Camouflage makes an animal hard to. Slide 104 / 212 A hear B smell C see Slide 105 / 212 Forest Environment Winter Survival Return to Table of Contents

36 Forest Environment - Winter Survival Slide 106 / 212 Animals in the forest enjoy the long summer weather. There is plenty of food and shelter available. But the winter weather provides challenges. The weather is cold and food is scarce. Forest Environment - Winter Survival Slide 107 / 212 The only way some animals can survive cold winters is to keep eating to provide energy. Some animals use much of their energy to keep warm. We are going to set up an experiment to see if an animal's fur can help him stay warm Forest Environment - Winter Survival Activity 18 - Lab 1 Slide 108 / 212 This experiment must be done on a cold day. Pour an equal amount of hot water from a pitcher into each of four identical jars. Use a thermometer to check that the water is the same temperature in each jar. Now look around outside for good places to put the jars where they will hold their warmth.

37 Maintaining Warmth Activity Slide 109 / Put one of the jars out in the open. 2.Wrap another jar in a pile of leaves. 3.Put a wet cloth around the third jar. wet 4.Put dry fur-like material around the fourth. After ten minutes use the thermometer (or your finger) to see which jars have held their heat and which have gotten cold. Keep checking at intervals to see which stays warm the longest. Maintaining Warmth Activity Slide 110 / The jar in the open will lose heat quickly, as our unprotected skin would in cold places. 2.The jar with leaves around it will keep fairly warm, through leaves do not insulate all that well. 3. A wet cloth will cool the water quickly. The evaporating water in the cloth draws heat from the water in the jar. wet 4. The dry fur cloth provides good insulation, much as an animal's coat. This jar will stay the warmest. Slide 111 / 212 Winter Survival Hibernation Return to Table of Contents

38 Forest Animals Survive Cold Winters Slide 112 / 212 Many forest animals have fur to help keep them warm in the winter. But sometimes they must save energy in the winter. One way some animals save energy in the winter is to let their body become much cooler. A lot less fuel is needed. These animals hibernate in the winter. Forest Environment - Winter Survival Hibernation Hibernation- Some animals that live in the forest have limited food supply in the winter.to adapt to the cold weather they hibernate during the winter months. Slide 113 / 212 Click for video Hibernation- rest during winter when food is limited Forest Animals Survive Cold Winters Slide 114 / 212 When they cannot find the food they need, the animals will look for shelter. Animals find different places in their environment to hibernate.they will stay here until the weather gets warmer and then they can find food to eat.

39 Forest Animals Survive Cold Winters Slide 115 / 212 Animals choose to hibernate in different places in the forest environment. Some animals will dig to change the environment by creating holes or burrows to hibernate in. Forest Animals Survive Cold Winters Slide 116 / 212 Some animals will find logs or caves that already exist in the environment. We are going to learn about a few of the forest animals that hibernate and their choices of shelter. Forest Animals Survive Cold Winters Slide 117 / 212 On the next slide you will see forest animals that hibernate in the winter. Which animals do you recognize? What do you know about them? What would you like to learn about them? Look through classroom books or visit the library to learn more about these forest animals.

40 bear Forest Hibernating Animals bat hornet turtle Teacher Notes Slide 118 / 212 frog snake raccoon Hibernating Shelters Slide 119 / 212 bottom of pond in trees Where can they go? under rocks or in burrows in log in cave Match Animal to Hibernating Shelter Slide 120 / 212 pond tree hollows Move each animal to the habitat where it could hibernate through the winter. frog raccoon turtle

41 Match Animal to Hibernating Shelter Slide 121 / 212 under rocks or in burrows in cave hollow log hornet bat bear snake Forest Animals Hibernation Mural Activity 19 Let's create our own mural of animals hibernating in winter. Slide 122 / Break your class into small groups. 2. Instruct the students that they will be creating a mural. They will add the forest animals and shelters for them. 2. Use a large piece of rolled paper for background. 3. Have the children draw the different areas of shelter. (see notes) 4. Now have the children draw or cut out animals provided by you. 5. Finally, have the children glue the animals onto mural to show where these animals would find shelter in the winter and hibernate. Label shelters and animals. 24 Forest animals save energy in the winter by. Slide 123 / 212 A hibernating B camouflage C eating

42 25 Which is not shelter for a forest animal in winter? Slide 124 / 212 in cave A log B cave C house 26 Some forest animals have fur to help them keep warm in the winter. Slide 125 / 212 True False Slide 126 / 212 Winter Survival Migration Return to Table of Contents

43 Winter Survival - Migration Slide 127 / 212 Migration - Insects attract birds to the forest. However, when cold weather arrives and the insects disappear, many birds migrate southward. They return when the warm weather returns in the spring. migrationmove to warmer area for food Winter Survival Migration Slide 128 / 212 Some geese fly (migrate) south for the winter. They migrate to places that do not have snow and there is more food to eat. When geese migrate they fly in a "V". Each goose takes a turn to be the leader so the lead goose does not get too tired. You can hear them honking in the sky as they fly south. Honk Honk Winter Survival Migration Slide 129 / 212 Some butterflies hibernate in the winter. They find shelter in trees and logs. Some butterflies do not hibernate in the winter. Before it gets cold they fly (migrate) to places where the weather is warmer.

44 Winter Survival Migration Activity 20 Slide 130 / 212 The students will become geese who are migrating south. Take students outside where you have more room and they can feel the wind blowing against them. Have the children form a V and then take turns being the lead. Encourage them to "honk"! Honking geese encourage the lead goose to keep flying to warmer weather. 27 Some birds migrate because insects disappear in the winter. Slide 131 / 212 True False 28 Which forest animal does not migrate in the winter? Slide 132 / 212 A goose B owl C butterfly

45 Slide 133 / 212 Forest Animals Defenses Return to Table of Contents Forest Animals - Defenses Animals have defenses that help them live in their forest environment. Porcupines are slow-moving tree climbers. They have rows of sharp quills (stiff hairs with hooked ends).other animals will stay away from sharp quills. Slide 134 / 212 Skunks - Skunks identify themselves with a white stripe. Stay away! If the other animals get too close the skunk will spray them. Forest Animals - Defenses Yellow Jacket- Yellow jackets use their stingers if another animal gets too close. Slide 135 / 212 Once sprayed by a skunk or stung by a bee, a hunting animal learns to avoid them next time. Teacher Notes

46 Forest Animal No Defense Slide 136 / 212 woodpecker Some animals cannot adapt to things happening in the forest. There used to be a lot of woodpeckers. Woodpeckers peck at tree limbs, searching for insects. There are less trees in the forests now so there are less woodpeckers. There are less places to build their nests. People also killed them for their pretty feathers. Farmers also killed them so they would not damage their fruit and berry crops. 29 Animals have defenses that help them live in their forest environment. Slide 137 / 212 True False 30 What animal will spray to defend itself? Slide 138 / 212 A porcupine B skunk C bee

47 31 Because there are less trees in some forests there are less. Slide 139 / 212 A woodpeckers B owls C mice Slide 140 / 212 Forest Food Web Return to Table of Contents Forest Food Web Slide 141 / 212 We have learned that the forest is home for many different types of plants and animals.the animals may have to make changes to the environment or their bodies to survive in the forest. The abundance of plants helps many animals survive.we have learned that animals will protect themselves from other animals. For most animals to survive they must eat other animals. We can follow a food web to see how these animals survive in the forest.

48 Forest Food Web Slide 142 / 212 A food web is several food chains combined in an ecosystem. bears owl squirrels rabbit deer acorns plants food web Forest Food Web Slide 143 / 212 Teacher Notes This is another example of a forest food web. Remember we always start with the plants. 32 Most animals in the forest eat other animals. Slide 144 / 212 True False

49 33 A food web always starts with plants in the environment. Slide 145 / 212 True bears owl squirrels rabbit deer False acorn plants s food web Slide 146 / 212 People in the Forest Return to Table of Contents People in the Forest Slide 147 / 212

50 People in the Forest We have learned that the forest provides a habitat for many plants and animals. Slide 148 / 212 Did you know that three hundred million people live in or near forests? Just like the wetlands, scientists spend a lot of time in the forest studying plants and animals. People in the Forest Slide 149 / 212 People use forest products (timber, bush foods/berries, medicinal plants). Some people hunt and fish animals that live in the forest. People in the Forest Slide 150 / 212 The forest inspires our artistic nature and provides places for recreation. People like to hike, camp, and enjoy picnics in the forest. Teacher Notes

51 People in the Forest Slide 151 / 212 Some people build their homes in the forest. Some live without electricity, running water, and grocery stores. They find everything they need to survive in the forest. People in the Forest How do you think people can survive in the forest? Slide 152 / 212 Where would they find water for drinking and cleaning? What could they eat? What do you think they could do at night without TV, videos, or electric lights? Would you like to live in the forest? Teacher Notes 34 Scientists spend time in the forest studying plants and. Slide 153 / 212 A oceans B sunlight C animals

52 35 The forest provides people with products like timber and berries. Slide 154 / 212 True False 36 People cannot live in the forest without electricity. Slide 155 / 212 True False Slide 156 / 212 The Desert Plants and Animals Return to Table of Contents

53 Desert Slide 157 / 212 A desert is a place that has few life forms. Sometimes animals adapt to living in the deserts, but conditions tend to be extreme, and survival is challenging. Desert Slide 158 / 212 The desert is the driest place on the planet. This makes it a great challenge for plants and animals to survive.the soil is so poor that very few plants can grow. Desert surface contains sand, gravel, and rocks. desert surface Desert Slide 159 / 212 When there are a few plants in the desert there is Very little shelter for the animals from the strong winds. 2. Very little protection from hot temperatures during the day. 3. Very little protection from freezing temperatures at night. Deserts are inhabited by unusual plants and animals that have adapted to tough conditions.

54 Slide 160 / 212 Desert Water and Survival Return to Table of Contents Desert Water and Survival Slide 161 / 212 All living things need water. Green plants need sunlight to make food; and animals must eat to get energy. Sometimes food and water are hard to come by, so plants and animals need to change their lifestyles in order to survive. Desert - Water and Survival Slide 162 / 212 Let's learn about water in the desert. The desert receives 1/10 of rainfall that a forest receives. There can be years between rainfall in the desert. The plants and animals that survive in the desert make the most of the tiny amount of existing water. Desert plants gather and store water that animals can use. Plants and animals need to be able to quickly use any rain that does fall.

55 Desert Plants and Water Slide 163 / 212 Desert plants have far-reaching webs of fine roots. They store water in large underground tap roots, out of reach of the sun's soaring temperatures. Desert Plants and Water Slide 164 / 212 Some desert plants store water in waxy, waterproof stems. These plants are not tasty as food. Desert Plants and Water Slide 165 / 212 Some desert plants have leaves. They will lose leaves when it is too hot to minimize water loss. Desert plants offer little shade for insects, animals, and man. Desert plants do not grow close to each other because there is not enough moisture (water) in the soil to support more plants.

56 Desert Plants and Water Slide 166 / 212 For weeks, months, or even years, a seed can remain inactive (it does not grow). But when the conditions are right it will burst into life and begin to grow. What is going on in the desert? Desert Plants and Water If it rains enough the desert will burst into life. Slide 167 / Seeds begin to grow. 2. Everything grows quickly. 3. The plants attract insects. 4. The insects become food for other animals. 5. The plants will live only a few weeks. Why do you think the new plants will live only a few weeks? What do plants need to grow? Desert Plants and Water Activity 25 Slide 168 / 212 Set up experiment by putting seeds in sandy soil. Place pot by sunny window for weeks without water. Then add water for a few days to a week so they can grow. Observe the growth of plant. Then stop giving water and see what happens. How is this like plant life in the desert? Teacher Notes

57 37 Desert surface contains. Slide 169 / 212 A B C grass and flowers sand, gravel, and rocks streams and rocks 38 Which statement is not true about desert plants? A provide shelter from winds Slide 170 / 212 B C protect against hot days protect against hot nights 39 If it rains enough, seeds grow quickly in the desert. Slide 171 / 212 True False

58 Slide 172 / 212 Desert Animals Adapting to Heat Return to Table of Contents Desert Animals Slide 173 / 212 Most desert animals are small, because food and water is scarce. Many desert animals never drink at all. They eat the desert plants that have water in them The other animals eat the animals that ate the plants. water plant plant-eating animals animals that eat other animals Adapting to the Desert's Heat Slide 174 / 212 Animals that live in the desert have adapted to the extreme heat of the desert. Toads and turtles will dig burrows in the sand and wait underground until rain arrives.

59 Adapting to the Desert's Heat Birds cannot burrow into the ground so they seek shade between rocks and under low-lying bushes. Or they might fly higher where the air is cooler. Some may flutter their wings to remove the heat from their bodies. Slide 175 / 212 Adapting to the Desert's Heat Slide 176 / 212 Desert animals have very little fat on their bodies.this helps keep their bodies cooler by cutting down on body heat. scorpion Adapting to the Desert's Heat Slide 177 / 212 When an animal is out during the day some will adapt ways to move over the hot ground. A sidewinder snake moves in S shapes.this way only a tiny part of the snake's body touches the burning-hot ground. Click for video have students act out being snakes moving across the hot desert sand

60 Adapting to the Desert's Heat Slide 178 / 212 Reptiles scaly skin allows them to move across the hot terrain without burning their bodies. Adapting to the Desert Environment Surviving Desert Animals Slide 179 / 212 Lizards use camouflage to change and blend in with the environment. The color of their skin is the same as the desertsand making it hard for other animals to see them. This makes it easier for them to catch their prey. Adapting to the Desert Environment Surviving Desert Animals Slide 180 / 212 Some desert animals like camels hold up to 10 gallons (40 liters) of water in the fat of their humps.

61 Adapting to the Desert Environment Surviving Desert Animals Slide 181 / 212 Other desert animals like the sandgrouse (bird) must drink everyday. The adult birds will fly far to find the water they need. Their chicks cannot fly. So the adult birds will sit in water hole, soaking up water in their feathers.they carry this water to their chicks. Adapting to the Desert Environment Slide 182 / 212 The desert is very hot during the day. Animals will try to stay cool They are light in color (reflects more light) keeping their bodies cooler. 2. They burrow underground where it is cooler. 3. They seek shelter in the shade of rocks or plants. 4. They seek food at night when the air is cooler, because the sun is not shining. Adapting to the Desert Environment Night Eaters Slide 183 / 212 Even animals that are plant eaters will eat at night. Because the temperature goes from very hot to much cooler, dew (water) forms on the plants.the animals will drink the dew drops on the plants. Teacher Notes

62 40 Most desert animals are small because. A the sun never shines Slide 184 / 212 B C they sleep alot there is little food and water 41 Animals in the desert try to stay cool in the heat. Which of these statements is not true? A Toads and turtles dig burrows. Slide 185 / 212 B C Some birds flutter their wings. Snakes move by rolling over and over. Slide 186 / 212 Desert Homes/Shelter Return to Table of Contents

63 Adapting to the Desert Environment Desert Homes Slide 187 / 212 Many animals live in burrows under the ground. These burrows can be up to 33 feet long. They even contain storage space for food. Some animals will block the entrance to the burrow with plugs of sand to keep out the heat. Close the door or you will let the hot air in! Adapting to the Desert Environment Desert Homes Slide 188 / 212 The cactus is home to several kinds of birds and animals. Adapting to the Desert Environment Desert Homes Slide 189 / 212 The ladderback woodpecker chisels out holes high above the ground, where it is cooler. When the woodpecker moves on, desert owls inhabit their old nesting holes in the cactus. Teacher Notes

64 42 Desert birds might make their home in a cactus. Slide 190 / 212 True False 43 Which animal would not live in a cactus. Slide 191 / 212 A coyote B owl C woodpecker Slide 192 / 212 Desert Food Web Return to Table of Contents

65 Desert Food Web Slide 193 / 212 birds foxes spiders insects scorpions lizards plants food web snakes rodents Talk about each food chain (different colors). See how when you put them together you have a food web. Let's try to create our own chains and web. Teacher Notes Desert Food Web Activity First, pass out different desert animal pictures to students. (They may draw or you provide pictures). 2.One child will hold picture of sun and one will hold picture of desert plant. 3. Divide students into groups that represent a food chain.(use previous slide as a guide). 4.Have the children stand apart connected by different colors of yarn for each chain. 5.Lead the groups in discussion of the order their group should follow. Which animal eats the previous animal? 6.Then interconnect the groups with each group starting from desert plant. 7.The sun should stand near the plant. 8.Finally ask the students, "What would happen if one of the animals was not in the chain?". What would happen if the plant died? Slide 194 / A desert food web starts with plants. Slide 195 / 212 True False

66 45 Which animal would be at the top of a desert food web? Slide 196 / 212 A lizard B snake C fox Slide 197 / 212 People in the Desert Return to Table of Contents People in the Desert Slide 198 / 212 People also live in the desert. Humans have been living in the desert for thousands of years. People's skin is darker to handle the sunlight and heat. They may live near oasis. An oasis is a pocket of water. They might farm close to this water supply.

67 People in the Desert Shelter Slide 199 / 212 Other people move from oasis to oasis hunting as they move across the desert; to find food and water. Nomads carry portable homes as they move from place to place. Tents may be made from woven goat hair. People in the Desert Water People need water and salt to survive. Slide 200 / 212 Since the weather is so hot in the desert, people sweat (lose water). When they sweat their bodies also lose salt. If they do not have enough salt they will have cramping muscles and headaches. So they must carry water as they move or stay near a water source. People in the Desert Clothing Slide 201 / 212 Because of severe heat, people have to dress carefully.they wear long, flowing robes that protect their skin from the sun and allow air to reach their bodies.they cover their heads to shield the sun. They may pull a veil across their face to protect it from the sun and keep sand out of their mouths.

68 46 People that move across the desert, carry their homes with them. Slide 202 / 212 True False 47 It is very hot in the desert. People need water and to survive. Slide 203 / 212 A sugar B salt C pepper Slide 204 / 212 Changes in Environment Return to Table of Contents

69 Changes in Environment Plants and animals can change their environment to meet their needs. Slide 205 / 212 Let's look at a tree in the forest or even in your own yard. We have learned that the tree is home to many animals. At the bottom of the tree its roots spread into the soil. A squirrel can change the environment at the bottom and top of the tree. Changes in Environment Slide 206 / 212 In the summer the squirrel will use leaves and twigs to build a nest high in the tree for baby squirrels. The squirrel will dig into the ground and hide its food. In the winter the squirrel will build another nest closer to the trunk of the tree. Changes in Environment Slide 207 / 212 Foxes change the environment to make a home for their young. Foxes often dig their dens among the roots of trees, where they can rear up to five young cubs every year.

70 Changes in Environment Slide 208 / 212 A tree can change the environment as it grows. We often see the roots of a tree breaking the concrete of sidewalks. Humans may have to fix the sidewalks or remove the trees. Changes in Environment Slide 209 / 212 When birds eat at a feeder they may drop some of the seeds to the ground. These may then sprout and grow into plants at that spot. Changes in Environment Slide 210 / 212 Birds also like to eat berries on bushes. As the birds fly they may drop the seed to the ground.these seeds may grow into berry bushes at the new location.

71 Changes in Environment Nature Walk Slide 211 / 212 Take your class on a nature walk. Have them look for changes in the environment that were caused by animal behavior or plant growth. Have them record what they saw on activity sheet 29. Plant and Animal Environment Slide 212 / 212 Just like a scientist you have studied plants and animals that live in different environments. Keep observing your environment. Look for plants and animals, then draw/write about what you see. Share your pictures with family and friends.