Elk Restoration in the Northern Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee. Lisa Muller, Jason Kindall, Jason Lupardus University of Tennessee
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1 Elk Restoration in the Northern Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee Lisa Muller, Jason Kindall, Jason Lupardus University of Tennessee
2 Acknowledgments Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency University of Tennessee Campbell Outdoor Recreation Association Tennessee Conservation League Elk Island National Park Canadian Food Inspection Agency USDA Forest Service Land Between the Lakes
3 Native American History Wapiti Shawnee name for elk meaning white rump
4 Historical Elk Range
5 arliest Records Aboriginal record of elk dates back 10,000 years ago Paleo-Arctic period Earliest human culture in North America Elk bones found in campsite debris
6 The top of the mountain is described as being then, a vast upland prairie, covered with the most luxuriant growth of native grasses, pastured over as far as the eye could see, with numerous herds of deer, elk, and buffalo, gambooling in playful security over these secluded plains 1783 Ramsey-Cumberland Mountains, TN
7 Extirpation Overhunting and harvesting No game regulations
8
9 he Last Elk Ganier reported last elk shot in east Tennessee 1849 Last elk in TN in 1860 s Obion County
10 Current Elk Range
11
12 Adult Males Average weight 750 lbs Body height 4 ½ ft
13 Females Average weight 600 lbs Gestation 8 ½ months Parturition May-June
14 Reproductive Cycle Fall: Female breeds 1.5 year cycle Spring: Young leave mother Summer: Parturition Fall Winter: Young remain with mother
15 Social Groups Harems
16
17 GRAZERS - Opportunistic
18 Elk Reintroduction: Why? Originally a part of Tennessee s ecosystem Restore biodiversity Economic benefit: Wildlife viewing opportunity, aesthetic value Tourism Hunting opportunity Habitat management Tool: Umbrella/flagship species
19
20 Economic Benefits: Hunting
21 Economic/Social Benefits
22 Umbrella/Flagship Species Umbrella species: a species whose proper management provides habitat for many other species Flagship species: a species that by nature captures the interest of the general public and can be used as a catalyst for management activity and public relations thereof. Golden-winged warbler
23 Elk Reintroduction: How? T. Lewis
24 CORA Campbell Outdoor Recreation Association
25 Elk Restoration Zone 670,000 acres Portions of Scott, Campbell, Morgan, Claiborne and Anderson Counties Public lands Royal Blue WMA Frozen Head State Park Cumberland Gap National Park
26 Study Area Map
27 Kentucky Tennessee
28
29
30 Photo: Dan Hicks
31
32 Photo: Dan Hicks
33
34
35
36 Photo: Dan Hicks
37
38
39 Number of Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (Winter ) 2001) Number of Animals Released (Total = 86) Female Male Age (at time of release spring 2001)
40 Number of Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (Winter 2002) Number of Animals Released (Total = 50) Female Male Age (at time of release spring 2002)
41
42 Number of Animals Released : 31 US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Land Between the Lakes
43 Number of Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (Winter 2003). Source of elk: Land Between the Lakes Number of Animals Released (Total = 31) Age (at time of release spring 2002) Female Male
44 167 Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee Photo: Jason Lupardus
45 Photo: Terry Lewis
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49 Photo: Jason Kindall
50
51 Trail Master Cameras
52 Mortalities
53 Elk Bull Tag #44 Elk Cow Tag #325 Dr. Linden Craig
54 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
55 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
56 Found: 11/14/2003 Birth year: 2000 Source: Elk Island National Park Cause of death: Shot
57 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
58 Meningeal Worm Life Cycle
59 Elk Cow Tag #35 Dr. Linden Craig
60 Range of Meningeal Worm
61 Photo Credit: Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency
62
63 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
64 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
65 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
66
67 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
68 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
69 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
70 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
71 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
72 Causes of Mortality for Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/2005) Number % Undetermined Shot poaching 8 13 Known meningeal worm 6 10 Car accidents 5 8 Malnutrition 4 6 Accidents not involving 4 6 vehicles Train accidents 3 5 Shot for damage reasons 2 3 Founder from grain overload 1 2 Hypercalcinemia 1 2 Shot as a legal kill in KY 1 2 Verminous pneumonia Total
73
74 Photo: Jason Kindall
75 Animals Censored Elk Released in the Cumberland Plateau Area of Tennessee (1/25/05) Number % Collar transmitters dropped Elastic worn and broke Ear tag transmitters - dropped 7 13 Not collared 7 13 Malfunction 4 7 Total
76 Kaplan-Meier Method of Estimating Survival 365 days Survival = 0.79 (CI = ) Duration (days)
77 VORTEX version 9.33 Population Viability Analysis By Robert C. Lacy, Max Borbat, and J.P. Pollak
78 VORTEX version 8.41 Population Viability Analysis By Robert C. Lacy, Kimberly A. Hughes, and Philip S. Miller Life History Habitat Quality Disease Catastrophes POPULATION Human Impact Environmental Variation Inbreeding Depression
79 Vortex Simulation Basic Mortality for all ages 23.1% (SD=20.4) Reproductive Rate for 2.5+ = 74.9% and 1% produce twins Elk Population Size Year
80 Vortex Simulation Basic (No 1 st 6 wks.) Mortality for all ages 19% (SD=17.5) Reproductive Rate for 2.5+ = 74.9% and 1% produce twins Elk Population Size Year
81 Vortex Simulation Basic + Yrling Females Breed Mortality for all ages 23.1% (SD=20.4) Reproductive Rate for 1.5 and 2.5+ = 74.9% and 1% produce twins Elk Population Size Year
82 Vortex Simulation Basic + Yrling Females Breed + High Reprod. Rate Mortality for all ages 23.1% (SD=20.4) Reproductive Rate for 1.5 and 2.5+ = 93% and 1% produce twins Elk Population Size Year 100
83 Vortex Simulation Basic + High Reprod.. Rate Suppl. Mortality for all ages 23.1% (SD=20.4) Reproductive Rate for 2.5+ = 93% and 1% produce twins Elk Population Size Year
84 Vortex Simulation Basic + High Reprod.. Rate Suppl. Mortality for all ages 23.1% (SD=20.4) Reproductive Rate for 2.5+ = 93% and 1% produce twins Elk Population Size Year
85 Vortex Simulation Basic + High Reprod.. Rate + 25% Drop in Mortality Mortality for all ages 17.3% (SD=20.4) Reproductive Rate for 2.5+ = 93% and 1% produce twins Elk Population Size Year
86
87 Seasonal Food Habits of Reintroduced Elk in the Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee Jason L. Lupardus M.S. Candidate
88 Microhistological Analysis Collect scat Analyze at Washington State University-Habitat Lab Genus/Species Correction Factors Diet Percentages
89 Major forage classes for the seasonal elk diet composition determined from microhistological analysis of feces within 789-ha core area (50% kernel home range) 100% 80% Other Legumes November 2003 to October 2004 Diet Composition 60% 40% Grasses Ferns Forbs Royal Blue Wildlife Management Area, Tennessee, USA. 20% Woody Plants 0% Winter Spring Summer Fall S
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91 hoto by: Ray Stanfield
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