An Overview of the Canadian Labour Market

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1 An Overview of the Canadian Labour Market ECO339Y Department of Economics University of Toronto 2006/2007

2 Table 1 Percentage of Selected Groups in Low Income, After Tax (92 LICOs Base), Canada All Persons Persons 65+ Unattached Individuals 65+ Children < * Source: CANSIM database, except child poverty rates from Canadian Council on Social Development (* break in series).

3 Table 2: Recent Estimates of the Female/Male Compensation Ratio in Canada Earnings Based Source Year Raw Ratio Adjusted Ratio Data Source Baker et al. (1995) Census Census Census SCF SCF Gunderson (1998) Census Census 1990 Census Wage Based Doiron and Riddell (1994) SWH SUM LMAS Drolet (2002a) SLID Drolet (2002b) WES Drolet (2004) SWH SUM LMAS LFS LFS 2003 LFS Data Sources: Census~Canadian Census, SCF~Survey of Consumer Finances, SWH~Survey of Work History, SUM~Survey of Union Membership, LMAS~Labour Market Activity Survey, SLID~Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, WES~Workplace and Employee Survey, LFS~Labour Force Survey. The raw ratio is the simple ratio of average female compensation to average male compensation. The adjusted ratio is from a Oaxaca decomposition of the the simple difference

4 in means. The explanatory variables included in the decomposition vary by study and include years of education, major field of study, years of potential (or actual) experience (or age), region, marital status, children, vocational training, language, immigrant status, province, hours worked, occupation and industry, union status, public sector employment, job tenure, age of youngest family member, part time status, firm size, urban size, work responsibilities, workplace characteristics. Sources: Baker, M, Benjamin, D., Desaulniers, A., and M. Grant. The Distribution of the Male/Female Earnings Differential: , Canadian Journal of Economics, 28, August 1995, Doiron, D. and W.C. Riddell, The Impact of Unionization on Male-Female Earnings Differences in Canada, Journal of Human Resources, 1994, 29, Drolet, M., New Evidence on Gender Pay Differentials: Does Measurement Matter?, Canadian Public Policy, 28, 2002a, Drolet, M., Can the Workplace Explain Canadian Gender Pay Differentials, Canadian Public Policy, 28, 2002b, S41-S63. Drolet, M. Evidence on Gender Pay Differentials from , Gunderson, M., Women and the Canadian Labour Market: Transition Towards the Future, Statistics Canada: Census Monograph Series, , 1998.

5 Figure 1: Participation Rates by Sex and Age, Canada Notes: Source CANSIM database M20-24 M25-44 M45-64 F20-24 F25-44 F45-64

6 Figure 2: Unemployment Rates by Sex and Age, Canada Notes: Source CANSIM database M20-24 M25-44 M45-64 F20-24 F25-44 F45-64

7 Figure 3: Real GDP Growth Notes: Source CANSIM database

8 Figure 4: Average Hours Notes: Source CANSIM database All Jobs Main Job

9 Figure 5: Average Wages Including Overtime (1992 $) RW1 RW Notes: Source CANSIM database. RW1 uses the 1980 industrial codes and RW2 uses the NAICS.

10 Figure 6: Canadian Average (Employment Weighted) Minimum Wage as Fraction of Average Wage MW1 MW Notes: Source HRDC and CANSIM database. MW1 uses the 1980 industrial codes and MW2 uses the NAICS.

11 Figure 7: Annual Immigration as a Percentage of Population Notes: Source CANSIM database

12 Figure 8: Regression Adjested Log weekly Wage Gap of Various Education Groups (relative to High School Graduates) for Male Full Time workers Reproduced from Recent Trends in Wage Inequality and the Wage Structure in Canada, Brahim Boudarbat, Thomas Lemieux, and W. Craig Riddell, University of British Columbia, September 2003

13 Figure 9: Regression Adjested Log weekly Wage Gap of Various Education Groups (relative to High School Graduates) for Female Full Time workers Reproduced from Recent Trends in Wage Inequality and the Wage Structure in Canada, Brahim Boudarbat, Thomas Lemieux, and W. Craig Riddell, University of British Columbia, September 2003

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